social development

As carriers of cultural values and information in different dimensions, the media plays a vital role in achieving comprehensive development in all societies, especially in the marginal areas of less developed countries, which can affect various aspects of development. The present study is an analysis of the role of the national media in promoting the cultural and social development of the villagers with an emphasis on the provincial TV channel (case study: central part of Hamoon Township). The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of television as a national media, especially Hamoon provincial TV channel, in improving the level of cultural and social development in the central part of Hamoon Township. The statistical population of the research is 96 villages located in the central part of Hamoon Township, which has a population of 27545 people (7096 household). The sample community consists of six villages of Ebrahim Abad, Bahram Abad, Dak Dahmardeh, Siah Poshte, Firoozehee, Sekoohe, which have a favorable position compared to other vallages in this sector in terms of access to the national media and Hamoon provincial TV channel and receiving the full signal. A total of 812 rural households lives in the villages. The sample size was determined based on Cochran’s formula of 260 people and the sample selection is random according to the population of the villages. The tool used in the survey method is a questionnaire. To analyze the data obtained from the questionnaire, statistical tests were used in SPSS software. In this research, descriptive statistics methods have been used to describe the collected data and information. In the inferential statistics department, after confirming the normality of the data, Simple T-Tests Pearson’s correlation and Friedman’s ranking test were used to rank the effectiveness of the investigated factors in the cultural development of the villagers. The results show that according to the respondents, Hamoon provincial TV channel with an average of 3.14 and a standard deviation of 0.33 has a great role in promoting the cultural and social development of the villagers in the region. Also, the level of residents’ satisfaction with the activity of the Hamoon TV channel is low with an average of 2.88 and a standard deviation of 0.17. Finally, the results show that this network can have a great impact in promoting the cultural and social development of the villagers in the study area, provided that the programs of the provincial network are appropriate to the culture and customs of the villagers.

Rural entrepreneurship is a concept that has been examined from different perspectives and it is believed that it is necessary as an efficient strategy for the social development of the village. Women's entrepreneurship in the village is a multi-dimensional phenomenon and is influenced by various factors. In today's Iranian society, women have played a significant and expanding role in the field of business. The present study was conducted to explain the role of women entrepreneurs in the social development of the villages of Soumesara.

The research method is applied and based on library, documentary, and field studies. To analyze the data, SPSS software and integrated models (FARAS+FCOPRAS) and WASTPAS fuzzy model were used. The results of the research showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the social development of Soumesara villages and women entrepreneurs.

Also, the findings of the research showed that the social participation index with a score of 71.44, improving the quality of life a score of 71.31, demographic transformation of the village with a score of 71.20, and education and awareness with a score of 15.1 71, strengthening communication and social trust with a score of 71.11, they have assigned the highest and lowest effectiveness of the role of women entrepreneurs in the villages of Soumesara. Also, the results of the research findings showed the central districts with a weight value of 3.891, Tolem district with a weight value of 3.775, and Mirza Kochuk district with a weight value of 3.678, respectively, have the highest and lowest amount of social development with an emphasis on the role of women. The entrepreneur is dedicated to himself.

Based on this, according to the results of the research, rural women entrepreneurs, as creative, innovative, and thoughtful forces in their field of activity, have been able to create a transformation in the social development of the rural areas of Soumesara and contribute to the dynamism of the villages of this county.

Free zones are gateways to world markets by taking advantage of the potentials and opportunities of the domestic economy in international trade. If the goal of the country's development is to develop the areas outside the big cities so that it includes all the rural areas in addition to the cities, one of the most important efforts is to pay attention to the small towns and somehow determine and evaluate their role in the development of the region. is In this research, the role of Aras Free Trade Zone in the development of medium and small cities has been evaluated. The main purpose of the research is to investigate the role of the Aras Free Zone on the development of medium and small cities around. The collection of information was done in two ways: library and field. The statistical population studied are the residents of small and medium towns around the region. The reason for choosing this community is the impact of Aras Free Zone on the lives of these residents. 150 of these people were randomly selected; Also, Cochran's formula was used to estimate the sample size. Cronbach's alpha method was used to measure the reliability of the research. Factor analysis and Spearman's test were used for the analysis. According to the results obtained from the questionnaires and the analytical test, Aras Free Zone is an effective factor in the development of small and medium cities and has caused the economic and social development of these cities. Suggestions for further development of small and medium cities have been presented. 

Free zones serve as gateways to global markets, capitalizing on the potentials and opportunities of the domestic economy in international trade. If the country's development goal encompasses the expansion beyond major urban centers to encompass all rural areas as well, it is imperative to prioritize attention to small cities and delineate their role in regional development. Over the past few decades, one of the pivotal economic policies pursued by the country's decision-makers and policymakers has been the establishment and implementation of commercial-industrial free zones. This policy has been driven by various objectives, including enhancing the competitiveness of the national economy, gradual integration into the global economy, regional development, alleviating deprivation, attracting both foreign and domestic capital, creating new employment opportunities, acquiring advanced technology, and augmenting exports. Presently, metropolitan areas in developing countries are witnessing robust growth, absorbing the majority of the country's resources, services, and capital. Nonetheless, they grapple with a myriad of urban challenges such as housing shortages, escalating unemployment rates, marginalization, transportation issues, and deficiencies in other urban services, compounded by environmental degradation. Conversely, other areas within these countries, such as medium-sized cities, small towns, and rural regions, have lagged behind in development, experiencing stagnation and impediments to progress. Global experiences underscore the importance of addressing the problems of major cities and achieving spatial population distribution balance and regional development, with a strong emphasis on supporting small cities.The establishment of commercial-industrial free zones lags behind in many countries' measures and development plans for underdeveloped areas. Each new economic endeavor carries significant potential for the host region's development. Successful economic activities generate added value and profitability, serving as incentives to attract further investment, thereby increasing job opportunities for local residents. Hence, it is crucial to prioritize attention to small cities and assess their role in regional development. This research evaluates the role of the Aras Free Trade Zone in fostering the development of medium and small cities. The primary objective is to examine the impact of the Aras Free Zone on the development of the surrounding medium and small cities, namely the central part, Jolfa city, Hadi Shahr, and Siehroud part.

The research methodology follows a descriptive-analytical approach with practical objectives. Data collection involves documentary methods and field studies to explore the role of the Aras Free Trade Zone in the development of medium and small cities, utilizing interviews and questionnaires. Data analysis is based on existing data and survey results from residents of small and medium cities surrounding the region, chosen due to the impact of the Aras Free Zone on their lives. The statistical population consists of residents of small and medium cities in the vicinity, with 150 individuals randomly selected using Cochran's formula to estimate the sample size. Cronbach's alpha coefficient is utilized to ensure the reliability of the research, particularly useful for measuring the internal consistency of Likert-type scales. A pre-test with 10% of the sample population was conducted to validate the questionnaire, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated using SPSS software, confirming the questionnaire's validity with a coefficient exceeding 0.80. Data analysis employs the factor analysis model and Spearman correlation coefficient in SPSS software.

The establishment of successful free zones has the potential to attract capital from cities of any size and dimension, leading to optimal management practices, mitigating cultural, social, and service-related issues, fostering peace and comfort, implementing justice, and boosting morale through participation. However, small and medium cities encounter their own set of challenges. Without appropriate plans and strategies to address urban management issues at national, regional, and local levels, these problems persist. Neglecting the development of small cities and lower-tier urban areas while focusing solely on high-level plans and investments exacerbates disparities, leading to imbalanced population distribution nationally and regionally. This imbalance poses a significant challenge for governments, as achieving balanced spatial development is crucial for national economic and social progress. Urban centers, characterized by their strength and prosperity, tend to repel labor and population, attracting more resources and opportunities, while peripheral areas, including small cities and rural regions, often struggle with poverty and underdevelopment. Addressing these disparities is essential for fostering sustainable and inclusive growth.

The results reveal that out of the 34 indices utilized in this study, 12 factors were identified, all possessing high eigenvalues, collectively explaining 68.7% of the variance. The first factor, with an eigenvalue of 3.911, elucidates 11.5% of the variance and exerts the most significant influence among the 12 factors, primarily within the economic domain. The second factor, comprising four indices, has an eigenvalue of 3.172, explaining 9.3% of the variance, ranking second. The third factor encompasses three loaded indices with an eigenvalue of 2.645, accounting for 7.8% of the variance. The fourth factor, composed of four indices, has an eigenvalue of 2.272 and explains 6.6% of the variance. Factors five through twelve have eigenvalues of 1.118, 0.971, 0.449, 0.223, 0.873, 0.394, 0.240, and 0.141, respectively, indicating lower variances. Based on the results, various components such as employment generation, income increase, economic development of small and medium regions, social development of small and medium regions, rapid provision of infrastructure, increase in domestic production and handicrafts, improvement in green spaces and tourist destinations, increased income from transport services, improved public services in surrounding areas, and rapid service delivery to small and medium regions around the Aras Free Trade Zone were identified. The findings demonstrate an increased dependency of small and surrounding areas on the Aras Free Zone.Furthermore, the correlation coefficient test employing Spearman's correlation coefficient between the development of the Aras Free Zone and the development of small and medium cities revealed a significant and positive relationship, indicating that an increase in one leads to a corresponding increase in the other. Therefore, the development of the Aras Free Zone has significantly contributed to the economic and social growth of small and medium cities, including the central district, Jolfa city, Hadi Shahr, and Siehroud part. Additionally, it has led to reduced migration from these cities to other areas, attributable to employment opportunities and economic growth and development in small and medium cities.

The idea of ​​establishing and launching free zones in Iran was formed in the early 1951s. In February 1971, a law was passed by which the government was allowed to exempt all stores of specified islands of the Persian Gulf from the payment of duties and taxes, customs, commercial profit, monopoly, various duties, and the right to register an order for all goods which are used for consumption, use, and sale. With the occurrence of the revolution and the cultural and social alterations that followed, in February 1980, the Revolutionary Council finally designated Kish Island as the first free trade zone. In 1989, according to the law of the First Development Plan, the government was permitted to establish free trade-industrial zones in three border points of the country. After that, the government proclaimed Qeshm Island and Chabahar Port as the country's free zones. The Islamic Parliament established Aras as a Free Zone on October 24, 2003, in order to accelerate the implementation of infrastructure, development, prosperity, economic growth and development, investment and increase the public income, create healthy and productive occupation, active presence in global and regional markets, production and export of Industrial and alterant goods and services. Arvand Free Zone officially started its activity on July 25, 2004. Anzali Free Trade-Industrial Zone is one of the free zones of Iran, which was established in 2005 due to the economic plans of this country. 

This study is applied and descriptive-analytical based on field studies. The statistical population of the current study is the rural households of 5 villages in the Rural District of Licharaki-Hasan Rud, which has over 2500 households and a population equal to 7596. Considering a 5% error level, the required number of samples was determined to be 312 according to Cochran's formula. The questions in this study were set on a Likert scale in five grades (very low, low, medium, high, and very high). The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the research components equals 83%. The questionnaire data were analyzed and evaluated using SPSS software and descriptive and inferential tests. Moreover, the required maps were designed in ArcGIS software. Bandar Anzali County is in Gilan Province; it has a longitude of 49 degrees and 28 minutes, a latitude of 37 degrees and 28 minutes, and a height above sea level minus 26 meters. Anzali Port is connected to the Caspian Sea from the north to Someh Sara County from the south, Rasht County from the east, and Rezvanshahr County from the west. This city is in a plain area in a narrow strip along the Caspian coast and has a temperate and humid climate. Part of the natural environment of this county is the Caspian Sea (40 km of Coastal strip), and another essential part is the valuable ecosystem of Anzali Lagoon. The area of Anzali County is 275 square kilometers, of which the share of the urban area is 49.31 square kilometers. Due to the population concentration, Anzali County is one of the densest cities in Iran. Bandar Anzali County has a central district, two rural districts called Licharaki-Hasan rud and Chahar-Farizeh and 32 villages, and its center is Bandar Anzali. Its population is 139015 people, of which 118564 live in cities and 20459 in villages. There are 7 villages in Licharaki Rural District and 25 villages in Chahar-Farizeh Rural District. 

Free trade-industrial zones should be considered as a bridge between national and international economies. On the one hand, it strengthens the basis of export expansion by attracting foreign direct investment. On the other hand, it converts the proportional advantages of the economy into an actual one via potential resources and talents. The purpose of designating and developing free zones is to increase and develop exports, create jobs, attract domestic and foreign investors and transfer technology, increase public revenues, increase tourism, improve the country's economic position and benefit from a competitive economy. The results of the Chi-square correlation analysis to investigate the relationship between economic, social, and physical indexes with the establishment of a free zone indicate a significant relationship up to a 99% confidence level. Friedman's results also demonstrate a significant difference between the studied indexes, and the values ​​assigned to each indicate their importance. Furthermore, Wilcoxon and McNemar's tests are exerted to compare the studied indicators before and after the establishment of the free zone, which illustrates a significant difference of 99%.

A free trade zone is a specific territory often located inside or near a port, where free trade with other parts of the world is permitted, and goods can be exported or imported without paying customs duties and taxes. Therefore, free zones are a way to enter global trade and facilitate economic activity in the world. In this regard, surrounding villages are affected by the activities of the free zones. Their performances significantly impact the region's sustainable economic and socio-cultural development. After establishing the free zone, most of the economic, social, and physical indicators of the villages in the study area were improved despite some limitations. Accordingly, the quality of villagers' lives has improved. 

There is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

This research aims to explain the socio-economic development model of the tourism industry of Iran's free zones from a sociological point of view.

Design/methodology/approach: 

Through targeted sampling, the information of 15 people from the Chabahar Free Trade Zone Organization, tourism activists, officials related to tourism, the local community, and tourists, was collected and analyzed through semi-structured interviews and using the Grounded theory method, the socio-economic development model of tourism industry in Iran's free zones was designed from a sociological point of view.

The dimensions of the socio-economic development model of the tourism industry of Iran's free zones from a sociological point of view can be categorized into 69 main categories in the form of causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, strategies, and consequences.

The correct application of this model can lead to the country's development in the shadow of the development engine (tourism), creating stable employment, prosperity of small and local businesses, development of international tourism, and better income generation of tourism institutions.

Originality/value:

 Providing new methods for developing tourism in the free zone from a sociological point of view; including the level of tourists' satisfaction with social services, the level of social support of tourism institutions for tourists, and the level of social participation of tourists.

Reverse migration is one of the important factors that change the economic, social, cultural and physical environment of villages and cities in the current era and causes changes in the living conditions of the villages that accept immigrants, because in the current era and considering the critical situation of the cities in terms of economy , life, health, etc., people are returning to the villages and in order to live far away from the traffic and noise of the city, they settle in the villages by buying gardens and houses and continue their lives. And they also try to produce their own consumer items in order to save money in the family's livelihood. The aim was to explain the direct and indirect effects of reverse migration on the economic, social and cultural development of the villages of Urmia (Mahal Anzal) in West Azerbaijan province in 2017-2021. The research design was descriptive and analytical. The statistical population of the research was 944 households who returned from the city to the villages of Mahal Anzal, of which 275 households were selected by quota sampling method and answered the questionnaires randomly. The research questionnaire has the validity of exploratory factor analysis 0.847 and confirmatory factor analysis was accepted. Data with questionnaire, researcher made with reliability 0.818 collect and with (SPSS-V.28) and (Lisrel-V.10) software were analyzed. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between reverse migration, economic development, social development and cultural development (P≤0.01). Reverse migration has a direct and positive effect on economic development (0.69), social development (0.70) and cultural development (0.28) has been and also, reverse migration has an indirect and positive effect (0.39) on cultural development was through social development (P≤0.01). The authorities should review the positive effects of reverse migration to the villages, by formulating new laws and by maintaining the rural body, it causes development and income generation of villages and villagers in order to improve the employment and income situation and become a livelihood for all people, especially the residents of the villages.

Today, the transition from abstract urban planning and its connection to the field of implementation through the necessary preparations in the field of organization, leadership; Monitoring and optimal allocation of urban resources with the aim of reducing tensions and cultural conflicts and educating participatory and local citizens has taken place in the macro-policies of urban management. In this research, the descriptive-analytical method of neighborhood-oriented policy indicators effective in social and cultural development was carried out through a field study based on setting up a questionnaire by referring to an expert community of 30 people. With the analysis done on 45 selection indicators in the framework of the content validity ratio (CVR) questionnaire, all indicators qualified to achieve the minimum value of CVR, i.e. 0.33. Based on this, the content validity index was calculated based on 45 indices, the minimum value of which was calculated as 0.67. Next, on the basis of this index, the CVI questionnaire, which was a 4-item Likert spectrum questionnaire designed to evaluate the items of relevance, clarity and simplicity, was evaluated and all the indicators qualified for the minimum CVI value, i.e. 0.67.

Understanding the climate of each region in different seasons and coordinated planning for the construction of climate-friendly structures leads to the fundamental growth of the urban fabric. As a result, proper efficiency of structures, both commercial and residential, leads to a reduction in staggering energy costs in each urban area. The purpose of this study is to study the role of climatic parameters in political and social development. It was the city of Ilam. This research was considered in terms of applied purpose and in terms of implementation method, descriptive-analytical research and in terms of field information collection method. In this study, considering the method of exploratory factor analysis, seven main categories of political and social factors were considered. The statistical population of this study, including 25 current city managers, researchers and urban experts, was used. SWOT technique was used to analyze the data. The results showed that from the point of view of the role of climatic parameters in the political and social development of Ilam city, based on the results, the most important strength is the appropriateness of selection and orientation to the development of urban lands in proportion to soil temperature The technical part was the rupture of physical tissues according to the type of climate in the region. The most important opportunity in the human resources sector was the existence of appropriate scientific knowledge to deal with climate problems and the existence of specialized and efficient forces in the discussion of the environment.

Achieving the goals of sustainable development, especially sustainable rural development, required to empowerment of rural households in different dimensions. Therefore in this study has attempted to investigate the most important constraints and limitations of rural households in the Central and Zeberkhan Districts of Nishapur County. This was a descriptive-analytic documentary field research. The field studies were performed through completing village and household questionnaires as well as related forms to field observations. The reliability of the household questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha (87%). The rural households in the study region formed the statistical population of the research. A sample size of 373 household legal guardians was determined considering the number of households and using Cochran’s formula. Data analysis was performed using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique and Expert Choice. Statistical and spatial analyses were carried out employing SPSS and ArcGIS. The findings suggested that there were enormous or extremely enormous barriers and limitations to the social empowerment of 17.43% of the studied households. On the other hand, The results of one-way variance analysis confirms that indicators related to educational facilities by coefficient of 0.1292, partnership by coefficient of 0.1032 and social capital by coefficient of 0.0588, are considered the most influential factors in the onset or exacerbation of social empowerment constraints and limitations of studied rural households.

The purpose of this study was to explain the native model and evaluate it in the neighborhoods of Zanjan. In this study, according to the purpose and nature of the research, the combined research method was used in two formats: data foundation method and structural equation modeling method. The statistical population of the qualitative part of the research was the experts of the scientific community and academic experts who were conducted by purposive sampling method with 12 semi-structured in-depth interviews. Statistical population in the quantitative part of the study, including residents of neighborhoods in Zanjan who were selected by cluster sampling method and purposefully 25 neighborhoods. Using Cochran's formula, 384 people were selected as the sample size and a researcher-made questionnaire was distributed in the neighborhoods. The results of the qualitative section showed that the social development model of Zanjan includes 5 dimensions, 19 components and 52 indicators. After presenting the model, it was hypothesized based on 5 extracted dimensions and the effect of the dimensions of solidarity and social harmony, social justice, quality of life, social security and social development ethics on social development in Zanjan using structural equation modeling and Smart PLS software Was evaluated. The construct validity of the questionnaire was evaluated along with the combined reliability. The results of structural equation modeling showed that the dimension of social solidarity and harmony is 0.727, the dimension of social justice is 0.513, the dimension of quality of life is 0.770, the dimension of social security is 0.411.

The purpose of this study is to present a model of the effects of sports facilities tourism on sustainable urban development. This research is a descriptive-survey research that has been done prospectively. The statistical population including university physical education professors, physical education experts, tourism experts and tour leaders were used using 385 people using Krejcie and Morgan table. They answered the questions of the questionnaire voluntarily. Karimi Sports Tourism Standard Questionnaire (2011) and Javid Sustainable Urban Development Questionnaire (1397) were distributed among them and 258 correct questionnaires were collected and analyzed. To analyze the data, first the Kolmogorov- Smirnov test was used to check the normality of the collected data, then to check the construct validity of the research variables and the resulting indices, the confirmatory factor analysis test was used. Finally, in order to test the research hypotheses, the structural equation modeling method was used. Also, for data analysis, SPSS software version 24 and LISREL version 8.1 were used. The results of model analysis showed that the proposed model has a high fit. Therefore, sports tourism has a positive and significant effect on sustainable urban development in sports facilities in Mehdi Shahr. Also, sports tourism has a positive and significant effect on the components of sustainable urban development (economic development, social development and environmental sustainability) in sports facilities in Mehdi Shahr.

communication technologies have made it possible to extract knowledge from the minds of knowledge holders, which has led to the transfer of this knowledge to rural areas and territories. Using these types of technologies, it can be considered for the villagers by prioritizing the needs, activating them, investing in infrastructure, and providing social services as an effective process in sustainable rural development. Also, if the technology is used correctly and in accordance with the needs of the community, it will have significant effects on rural social development. The problem of the present study is how information and communication technology has the necessary capability for social development in rural areas? Accordingly, the statistical population of the study includes 25 villages in the Rudbar Qasran area. The sample size of this research is 267 people. The research method in this study is descriptive-survey and the research is applied type. Also the research tools is questionnaire and observation. In descriptive and inferential methods, SPSS statistical software was used to analyze the data. The research indicators include reduced migration, virtual education, tendency to use the Internet and computers, increased awareness in the field of participation, and family solidarity. The results show that the development of information technology has not had a significant relationship with the social development of the village. research findings, executive solutions such as providing institutional and administrative services, increasing facilities and equipment through ICT offices in the village, communication between officials and villagers through ICT offices for social information are suggested.

Development in terms of affirming the world of politics in Iran society after the Islamic Revolution is the most important concern of researchers. The current study investigated the effect of social capital on the social and political development of Iran after Islamic Revolution with an emphasis on the academic community of Tehran city. The statistical population of this research included the university community of Tehran. The sample volume was determined 384 individuals using Cochran sampling formula having 95% confidence level; however, considering the desire of the supervisor, 600 individuals were selected to this end using the simple random sampling method. To test the research model, a standardized social capital questionnaire (Nahapiet & Ghoshal, 1998) and a researcher-made questionnaire of the role of social capital in social-political development were utilized in administering the survey of the current research. The results obtained from testing hypotheses indicated that there was a correlation between social-political development and various dimensions of social capital among the academic community of Tehran city. In the case of ranking the correlation between social capital dimensions and social-political development, it could be stated that the highest correlation (r=0.621) was between the cognitive dimension of social capital (cooperation and values); further rankings included respectively, structural dimension (networks and relations) (r=0.509), and communicational dimension (mutual understanding, confidence, and commitment) (r=0.476). Considering the results, it could be mentioned that social capital had a determining role in the social and political development of Iran after Islamic Revolutionary.

Today, the tourism industry can bring various aspects of development, including social development to the host regions, if properly managed and managed. The attitude and perception of local residents on tourism is an important factor in identifying the priorities and strategies of tourism management in each region and influencing future planning. The purpose of this article is to investigate the relationship between social variables and citizens' attitude to the relationship between tourism and social development. The method of this research is survey. The statistical population of the study is citizens of Chelgerd over 15 years. According to Cochran's formula, the sample size for this study was 324. Required data were collected using a questionnaire and multistage cluster sampling. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between social trust, citizenship participation and place attachment with the dependent variable, but there is no significant relationship between the cultural capital variable and the dependent variable. Regression analysis showed that the variables of social trust, citizenship participation and social attachment were able to explain 11.3% of the variance of attitude towards the relationship between tourism and social development.

The purpose of this study is explanation of the relationship between maritime location of countries and their economic and social development Index. This research is basic in terms of goal and is descriptive - analytic and correlational in terms of the nature and method. 

The data obtained is based on the secondary data from specialized agencies. The research is firstly intended to index and rank the access to seas and economic and social development of maritime states using the TOPSIS technique. According to the TOPSIS technique findings, the relationship between sea access index and the index of level of economic and social development. Using SPSS software. The regression analysis is adopted to explain the relationship between the index of sea location and economic and social development attributes.

The research findings indicate that offshore states with different levels of size, shape, population, etc., are predominantly included in rankings of this study. The level of economic and social development of the states is affected by sea location of the states. The results regarding to the explanation of the relationships between sea access and the index of the level of economic and social development show that there is a meaningful relation between the two indexes in which the sea access is one of the factors adversely affecting the level of economic and social development of states.

The tourism industry in rural areas of developing countries has played an important role in the economic and social sustainability of rural areas through diversification of income sources, reduced migration, and so on. Rural tourism is a source of income and plays an important role in the social, economic and environmental development of villages. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of rural tourism in the social and economic development of villages (Case study: villages of Lordegan city, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province). This research is of descriptive-analytical type and has been used by survey and library methods. The statistical population in this study includes villagers living in rural areas of Lordegan city. According to the 1395 census, it has a population of 9027 people and 2512 households. In the study population, Cochran's formula was used and the sample size was 368.37 and for more accuracy, the sample size was 369. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the quantitative reliability of the questionnaire. The alpha value for different parts of the questionnaire was calculated to be 0.74 to 0.80. In order to obtain residents' views on the mentioned components, statistical tests of mean responses and variance and one-sample t-test were used. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between rural tourism and economic and social components of the study. The most important role of rural tourism in the economic and social development of rural areas is that in the economic dimension the income component with an average (-1.36) has the most impact and the poverty component (-1.11) has the lowest and in the social dimension the participation component with the average (-1.33) had the most impact and quality of life component with (-1.11) percent had the least impact on rural tourism.

Studying the abilities and capabilities of each region, especially itsreligious, historical, cultural and natural tourist attractions, is the mostimportant step in understanding and underpinning economic and socialdevelopment programs. Today, tourism is the world's largest and most diverseindustry and many countries consider this dynamic industry as their main sourceof income, employment and infrastructure development. Our country, Iran, with all kinds ofimportant tourist attractions, can play a very effective role both in economicsand in recognizing itself as an independent culture in today's world. Therefore, tourism as one of the most important factors of socio-economic developmentof different regions can be considered for comprehensive development. Religiousand cultural tourism, as one of the most important forms of tourism, can make asignificant contribution to the country's economic development and lack ofself-reliance on oil and mineral revenues. Religious tourism is one of the mostpopular types of tourism in our time, and most of our tourism is religioustourism. Tuyserkan with an area of ​​about1556square kilometers is one of the cities of Hamadan province which islocated in the western part of the province. The average altitude of the cityis 1784 meters above sea level. The city has a temperate mountainous climatedue to its high mountain and elevation. The city consists of three towns, namely Tuiserkan, Serkan and Farsfaj, as well as two parts of Central andQalqal-e Rood and 7 villages. Having a tomb of a prophet and a great poet, aswell as other historical and naturalattractions, the city has the potential to develop the tourism industry. If there is a planning and investment in the tourism sector, the quality oftourist facilities and equipment as well as the network of roads and transportlines, and all the infrastructures affected by the tourism sector will be morefavorable to the industry as an axis of economic development in the region. Alsothe existing tourism of the city can be improved through proper planning and guidancein the area of tourism.

The use of citizen capability in different societies is a strong point in promoting the social status of citizens and enhancing security at the community level. The purpose of this study is to investigate the status of citizen participation in Herat city and its impact on enhancing citizens' security and social development.

In order to achieve this goal after collecting the initial data using Pearson correlation, linear regression, t-test and the like in SPSS software, the relationship between the variables was investigated and then analyzed using Waspas and GIS analyzes. Necessary space has been surveyed around Herat.

The findings confirm that the highest and lowest levels of participation were observed in the tenth and ninth districts respectively, in terms of status and tendency for citizen participation, and the highest and lowest in terms of social development indicators in the 7th district of Herat, respectively. The ninth district and finally according to the indices of urban security got the highest score in the 14th district and the lowest in the tenth district.

The results of the study confirm that the citizens' willingness to participate in urban affairs is high, while the authorities are negligent about this issue and the ability and bias of citizens to establish security and consequently Increasing social development of the community has been neglected, which requires further scrutiny.

Economic development is complex phenomenon which is created by numerous factors that include: cultural factors, educational systems, official systems and society management, the economic systems of capital accumulation and economic policy stability and social consistence and national sustainability mangers tact and merit to society management for providing a suitable background on create creativities and the innovations of private sector. This study is an applied research conducted in an explanatory-analytical method in 2014 and generally aims at investigating the effects of social cohesion reinforcement in improvement economic index of wheat farmers in Meshginshar County. Statistical society includes wheat farmers in Meshginshar County. Data collection is done through a questionnaire in a survey method the validity and reliability of which were approved earlier according to Cochran formula, 185 individuals are randomly selected. Moreover, as shown by the results of Pearson test, there as significant relation between the variables of social dependency, social orders, social participation, social interaction, trend of rural peoples related to themselves, trend to group values, and social-institutional confidence and improvement of the economic index of wheat farmers in Meshginshar County. Finally, according to the study results, a number of recommendations in solving the wheat farmer’s problems are also presented.