sustainability

Part of the development of tourist villages depends on the environmental parameters and their optimal management. In this context, geophysical damages can be a clear example of factors and natural hazards that are effective in the development of tourist villages. Therefore, the recognition and analysis of tourist villages in terms of geophysical vulnerability can be very important, and action should be in line with environmental planning and crisis prevention. In this research, this topic has been done for Iran's tourism target villages based on fuzzy scenarios in GIS. The analytical-quantitative research method compiles and analyzes data based on fuzzy logic scenarios (optimistic, pessimistic, and balanced) in GIS. In this research, geophysical variables, including active faults, soil texture and granularity, flood plains, protected areas, Landslide points, Land slope, and geological formations, were used. The results showed that more than 543 Tourist villages of Iran in the pessimistic scenario have a maximum geophysical vulnerability with a value of one; 201 villages in the balanced scenario have a maximum vulnerability with a maximum value equal to 0.7, and in the optimistic scenario, 98 villages have the maximum geophysical vulnerability with a value of 1. Also, examining the spatial distribution pattern of Iran's tourist villages in terms of geophysical vulnerability in three pessimistic, balanced, and optimistic scenarios through Moran's index showed that the dominant spatial pattern is a cluster. As a result, the vulnerability of tourist villages is influenced by various geographical factors such as roads, formations, topography, landslides, etc. Consequently, significant touristic villages are exposed to geophysical risks, which should be adopted according to the priority for risk management and prevention

Rural tourism, recognized as one of the most community-centered forms of tourism, has substantial economic, social, and cultural impacts. It contributes to retaining local populations in villages and supports sustainable rural development. The rapid growth of rural tourism has led to numerous studies in this area. Consequently, this study aims to examine the conceptual evolution of rural tourism and explore its research trends over the years using bibliometric and visualization techniques. To achieve this, 2,407 articles were retrieved from the Web of Science database and analyzed using VOS Viewer software. The findings indicate a steady increase in the publication and citation of articles in this field, with a record of 352 articles published in 2022 and 7,934 citations in 2023. Additionally, the top researchers, journals, countries, and universities were identified based on citation counts, and a co-authorship analysis of countries illustrated global collaborations in this domain. The co-occurrence analysis of keywords revealed that terms such as "rural tourism," "sustainable development," and "rural development" were the most frequently used in this field. This analysis also uncovered temporal trends, indicating that early research focused on culture, community participation, and service quality. As the concept of sustainable tourism gained importance, topics like environmental sustainability, ecotourism, resilience, and later, innovation, value co-creation, tourist experience, and the circular economy became more prominent. Recently, the influence of technology, such as smart tourism, has become a significant area of focus in this field

The judicial system in the Qajar era is the history of a nation that was formed within the framework of certain cultural conditions and political structures, laws that reflect the traditions, customs, rituals and ceremonies and set of values ​​of that nation. And due to the lack of codified laws, it had many shortcomings due to the royal tyranny and the spirit of secrecy, the spirit of anti-regulation and self-centeredness, relationalism, and irrationality in decision-making. In the present study, while dealing with the Iranian judicial system from the perspective of European travel writers, the issue of whether the reform of the judicial system was a function of change in the legal structure or the political and social structure of society with the constitutional movement aimed at limiting the monarchy and its axis The establishment of the rule of law, which has always played an important and key role in the transformation or progress or underdevelopment of societies, was the most fundamental and unsuccessful event in creating a fundamental change in the administrative and executive structure of the country. In this research, an attempt has been made to use the method of analyzing the content of sources and references of this period while presenting the description of the characteristics of the judicial system of the Qajar period in European travelogues of its inadequacies, inadequacies, structural anomalies. To reform this system, the causes and factors of the failure of these efforts to recognize the roots of the continuation of the heterogeneous.

Examining the impact of the virtual world on the real world, particularly in the domain of transportation and traffic, is of significant importance. While the metaverse offers potential benefits for the future of transportation, it must be approached with a critical perspective. This theoretical study investigates the influence of the metaverse on real-world transportation systems.

The primary aim of this study is to challenge our understanding of the metaverse and its implications for transportation, identify its opportunities and challenges, and propose an agenda for future research. This foundational research adopts a document-based and literature review approach. The findings suggest that transportation policymakers must remain aware of metaverse trends and critically evaluate their feasibility.

Developing a digital twin for transportation infrastructure is both complex and costly, requiring stakeholder collaboration. A cost-benefit analysis is essential to ensure the practicality of such integration. Brand managers can leverage the metaverse to create immersive experiences and enhance brand awareness. Moreover, the metaverse enables virtual tours and virtual test drives. The paper concludes that despite the challenges, the metaverse offers numerous opportunities and demands substantial investment. Finally, recommendations for future research are provided, emphasizing the need to examine the benefits, technical requirements, and socio-economic implications of integrating the metaverse into transportation.

In recent decades, the concept of a smart city has become very common in urban planning in response to challenges. However, there are complexities about the definition of the concept of a smart city, and a smart city contains different concepts and meanings for urban activists. Based on this, the current research has sought to clarify and reduce the ambiguities and complexities of the concept of a smart city in a way that tries to extract the main common meanings and concepts for the concept of a smart city. Responding to the purpose of the research was done by relying on the qualitative method and meta-synthesis (meta-analysis) of the authentic studies written on the topic of smart cities (68 selected articles), which were mainly done in the last decade. The findings show that the use of information and communication technologies along with human and social capital are responsible for advancing the plans of a smart city. In addition, these are the driving forces that lead to the creation of other main concepts of the smart city, such as innovation and creativity, increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the urban system. The current state of the concept of a smart city, which is accompanied by an increase in the human-centered view and its greater connection with concepts such as holistic, sustainability, and flexibility, while making this concept larger and more comprehensive, has made the ability to measure the smartness of a city more complicated.

The crisis of climate change and global warming along with the increasing growth of urbanization has faced serious threats to the life of human society and urban and territorial tissues, since no solution has yet been provided with regard to carbon neutrality in densely populated areas. In this research, by addressing this research gap, the land should be considered as a single organism. In fact, the purpose of this research is to integrate different theories and methods such as bivarianism, urban acupuncture, and designing energy communities in order to formulate and propose two new approaches to urban acupuncture. Thermal comfort and extra-urban acupuncture and combining these two in order to deal with the most important contemporary challenge (that is the crisis of climate change and global warming) along with presenting a conceptual model in the direction of transition to carbon neutral with a relief and adaptation approach, the present research aims In terms of its research nature, it is descriptive-analytical (using internet and library resources) and in terms of method, it uses descriptive structure. In order for this theory to work properly, multi-scale and multi-discipline analyzes are necessary in the whole city and territory on a micro scale. and the macro level should be done and needle intervention points should be identified and then the design and connection of each neighborhood and individual area should be done. In the following, compiling and combining the two new approaches of extra-urban (terrestrial) and urban thermal comfort acupuncture, a new solution in

Nowadays, due to the high position of Mashhad in smartening all related issues, the classic risks and threats are not the only dangers. As various urban networks are interconnected, disruption in one part of the system will affect all other parts, which can make governing the city difficult and in danger of disasters. As complexity increases in cities, the need to pay attention to risk management increases. Mashhad is considered the leading city in urban smartening in Iran. It holds a certificate of successful implementation of the key indicators of a sustainable smart city from the World Smart Sustainable Cities Organization (WeGO). Moreover, Mashhad Municipality faces huge challenges in technology, the external environment, and the ability of organize risks and hazards. Therefore, it is a must to identify the most significant risks in this regard. Using a descriptive analytical method, this applied study tried to identify threats and risks a high level of impact and probability of occurrence in Mashhad Municipality.

Taking into account the approach, the technology dimension entails 14 indicators and 49 variables, the organization dimension has 14 indicators and 43 variables, and the environment dimension consists of 10 indicators and 41 variables related to risks. A researcher-made questionnaire was used as a tool for collecting the required data. The statistical population consists of 55 experts and specialists on the subject matter of this research, who were selected based on accessibility in the Mashhad’s municipality. The collected data were analyzed using structural equation modeling and AMOS software.

The results revealed that the most significant risks that threat smart urban governance of Mashhad Municipality among the three studied dimensions have to do with the organization dimension. Regarding the technology dimension, the highest factor loads related to threats, in terms of the impact and probability of occurrence, is related to artificial intelligence (0.79), software (0.768), sensors (0.767), cyber security (0.761), and big data (0.719). Regarding organization, electronic transactions (0.820), confidentiality (0.760), electronic communication (0.753), and information accuracy (0.752) held the highest percentage. Among the risk indicators examined for the urban environment, public places (0.798), energy (0.795), urban safety (0.760), and wastewater (0.684) were identified as the most threats in the Mashhad Municipality. 

his study tried to identify the impact and probability of risks from several studies on the Iranian context and at the international on three dimensions of the approach (technology, organization, environment) through field study. The results showed that Mashhad Municipality faces several dangers and threats in all three dimensions of the approach this study (technology, organization, and environment). It showed that the existing plans for addressing these risks have many weaknesses, and it is necessary that the policies regarding the management of risks be implemented by the managers and officials of the municipality, especially the policies on to the organization dimension, which has the highest level of risk. Afrakhteh et al. (2021) had focused on evaluating the risks of the municipalities’ information technology sector through questionnaires completed by 751 municipalities of Iran. They concluded that safety, operational, strategic, and financial risks in the field of information technology of municipalities in Iran are the most important type of threats. The results of this study are in line with the results of the risks studied in the technology dimension of the Mashhad Municipality, which faces threats in terms of safety. Beiramizadeh and Mollahosseini (2019) conducted a study on the challenges of cyber security in smart cities. They emphasize that the field of smart city cyber security in Iran is in its infancy level and needs the efforts of governments and developers. The finding is true about the Mashhad Municipality, since the results showed that in the Mashhad Municipality, cyber security is also a threat with a high risk. Among the studies conducted on the international level, Ullah et al. (2021) analyzed the risk management in the governance of sustainable smart cities that have a technology, organization, and environment approach. They conducted a systematic review and showed that from among the 56 identified risks, 7 risks (38.7%) were technological risks, 11 organization risks consist 15.0% of the total, and 24 risks are related to the external environment. The results of the present study showed that the most risks are related to the organization dimension of Mashhad Municipality. The results revealed that the most significant risks among the three dimensions (technology, organization, and urban environment) in Mashhad Municipality are related to the organization dimension and its risk indicators. The indicators related to the environment and technology are the second and third, respectively, in terms of threats and risks. The results on the impact and probability of risks in all three dimensions showed that the most risks in the technology sector, both in terms of impact and in terms of probability of occurrence, have to do with artificial intelligence and software, and the least impact and probability of occurrence are related to urban smart displays. Regarding the organization dimension, the highest level of impact and probability of risks belongs to the indicators of electronic transactions and confidentiality, and the least impact and probability belongs to flexibility in the organization. Regarding the urban environment dimension, the highest level belongs to public places and energy, and the lowest level of impact and probability of occurrence is related to the population density.

Sustainable development is one of the key objectives of the tourism industry in any country, and this industry is influenced by economics, politics, and geography, with its development also impacting each region. Sustainable development in tourist areas accelerates the national development process through policies that preserve resources and the environment in each region. The aim of this research is to examine the role of urban policy in selecting top tourist regions and evaluating the criteria and capabilities of tourist destinations in the city of Mahshahr. The analytic hierarchy Process (AHP) model and a likert scale questionnaire were used in this research. Firstly, the questionnaires were distributed and their data were analyzed. After obtaining the compatibility of the criteria, the weights of each criterion and option were determined and then analyzed. The findings of this study indicate that among the factors of gravity, value, distance, and selected demand for tourism in the study area, the demand criterion has been assigned the highest weight (0.54) and the attraction criterion has been assigned the lowest weight (0.06) in tourism. Furthermore, the final ranking of selected tourist areas in Mahshahr has shown that bandar imam Khomeini and Aram Park Lake, with scores of 0/354 and 0/29 respectively, are ranked first and second in priority, while the historical city of Esk is ranked seventh in a lower position. Therefore, making informed decisions based on tourism criteria has a significant impact on economic activities, and the demand criterion has a more significant impact on regional tourism development.

One of the main issues in the development of the agricultural field is the pattern of agricultural systems. Considering the ever-increasing population growth, the need for food is increasing. Special attention should be paid to one of the fundamental issues of agricultural systems as providing food and agricultural self-sufficiency. For this reason, this research aims to measure the sustainability of agricultural systems in Chaharmahal O Bakhtiari province. The research's statistical population comprises small farmers and rural production cooperatives in Chaharmahal O Bakhtiari province. Considering the wideness of the statistical population, the sample size of the research using the Cochran formula was a total of 750 farmers. To compare the two agricultural systems, the sample size in the smallholder and production cooperative agricultural systems was determined to be 380 and 370. The main research tool is a researcher-made questionnaire, and the data gained was analyzed using SPSS 22 software and the VIKOR model. The research results showed that 7 cooperatives are stable, 10 are semi-stable, and 4 are unstable. Also, the agricultural system of smallholders for Farrukhshahr and Saman cities are stable; Sudjan, Sheikh Shaban, Ben, Dastana, Boldaji, Faradonbeh, Heydari, and Aloni, are semi-stable, and Nafch, Shamsabad, Avergan, Gandoman, Konrak, Imam Qais, Deh Nu, Behesht Abad, Gahro, Tishniz and Junghan are completely unstable.

The intensification of social and economic inequalities in cities around the world has led to the emergence of new urban theories. Inclusive cities are of great importance due to their ability to improve the quality of life of all residents and reduce inequalities. This research aimed to identify the influential factors and how these factors influence each other, which in a way affect the future of the city of Sari and its inclusive status, so that by identifying these factors and driving forces, the necessary basis and context for efficient decision-making in the field of inclusive cities can be provided. Analyzing the structural relationships between indicators will reveal a clearer vision of the city's future. Data and information were collected in the form of documents and fieldwork. The statistical population of the study included 20 experts and specialists, and the sampling method was also carried out purposefully. MICMAC software (for cross-effects calculations) was also used to analyze the data. The findings indicate that urban planning and management indicators, land-based financing, access to financial resources, affordable land and housing, and public space reconstruction are key and effective indicators for realizing an inclusive city. Also, cross-effects calculations showed that the distribution of indicators in the coordinate diagram indicates the unsustainability of the inclusive city system of Sari.

This study aimed to analyze the sustainability of fish propagation and breeding cooperatives, identifying the key factors influencing their sustainability. The goal was to provide solutions to enhance the effectiveness and longevity of these cooperatives.

This research was applied in nature and used a survey-based approach. A structured, researcher-made questionnaire was employed for data collection. The questionnaire’s validity was confirmed through content analysis by a panel of experts, while its reliability was assessed via a pilot study, yielding a Cronbach's alpha coefficient between 0.59 and 0.94. The study’s statistical population consisted of 454 members from 61 active fish propagation and breeding cooperatives in the central district of Ahvaz County. Using Morgan's table, a sample of 150 cooperative members was selected via simple random sampling. To explore the challenges faced by cooperatives, content analysis was conducted, focusing on 20 members from successful cooperatives, continuing until theoretical saturation was reached.

The study found that the sustainability of fish propagation and breeding cooperatives was influenced by three main stages:
Feasibility and Design
Establishment and Exploitation
Cooperative Development
Key factors affecting sustainability in these stages included organizational identity, identical commitment, and the legal framework. The cooperatives were found to be vulnerable in several dimensions, particularly in terms of education, infrastructure, social dynamics, and economic conditions.

This study used a concurrent parallel design, integrating both quantitative and qualitative data to provide a comprehensive view of sustainability in fish breeding cooperatives. The quantitative analysis identified the primary predictors of sustainability, while the qualitative insights offered a deeper understanding of the contextual factors, such as the role of organizational identity and the emotional connections among members. The findings highlighted the importance of education and social dynamics, revealing that sustainability extends beyond quantitative measures. This mixed-methods approach enriched the understanding of cooperative sustainability and emphasized the need for a holistic view of the factors that influence their long-term success.

Taking a step in the path of sustainable development of rural tourism requires a comprehensive understanding and understanding of the state and degree of tourism sustainability. The development of tourism activities in different geographical areas, especially in rural areas, is doomed to failure, regardless of sustainability concepts and issues, because the development of tourism only in villages does not lead anywhere and the future of rural tourism activities and fields faces challenges and obstacles. If rural tourism is properly planned and managed with a sustainable approach, it may be the creator or driver of a development process in rural areas as well as the sustainability of local communities in all economic, social, cultural sub-branches as well as tourism activity. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out a scientific and accurate assessment of the sustainability situation in different dimensions, taking into account the sustainable tourism development approach. The best known tool for measuring the level of sustainability is the sustainability barometer; because this model is a useful tool in creating awareness of the sustainability of tourism and shows the planners and policy makers the direction of changes and the tolerance capacity of the tourist destinations. Therefore, the present study evaluates the sustainability of tourism in villages with potential in Neyshabur County using the barometer model. 

The descriptive-analytical research method has an applied purpose, and it is cross-sectional in terms of time. Information was collected using documentary and field methods. In this study, 13 villages of the city's tourism destination were identified and studied. The unit of analysis is 189 people from rural households who were randomly selected and participated in quantifying the sustainability of rural tourism under three dimensions with 40 indicators including environmental sustainability (16 variables), social (9 variables), economic (15 variables) dimensions. In the analysis of data in order to check the sustainability of rural tourism dimensions from the One Sample T- test, investigating the linear relationship between sustainability dimensions from Pearson's correlation coefficient, Non-statistical methods such as sustainability barometer and VIKOR were used to measure tourism sustainability and rank villages in terms of sustainability. 

According to the results, the average dimensions of rural tourism sustainability are significantly lower than the theoretical average (3). So that the average sustainability of rural tourism is 2.68. The average sustainability in the social dimension is 2.1 less than the sustainability in the economic dimension 2.25 and environmental 2.45. There is a significant relationship between the dimensions of sustainability of tourism. So that the relationship between ecological sustainability and social sustainability with moderate intensity of the direct incomplete type with 0.49, economic sustainability with social index with moderate intensity of the direct incomplete type with 0.43, environmental sustainability with direct economic sustainability with strong intensity and to The rate is 0.89. The state of sustainability of tourism development in the studied villages shows that the total sustainability score based on people's point of view is 0.26 and is relatively unstable And there is a significant difference between the studied villages in terms of tourism sustainability And in the environmental and social aspect, 92.31% of villages are in relatively unstable condition and 7.7% of villages are in unstable condition. Based on the results obtained from Vikor method, the lowest numerical value of Q is related to the villages of Dizbad Bala and Buzhan, which shows that sustainability indicators in these villages are more favorable than other villages. Considering that the highest numerical value of Q is related to the village of Qaleh Shisheh, it is the most unsuitable village in terms of sustainability.

The results of tourism sustainability based on the barometer method showed that the natural ecosystem welfare score is 0.26 and human welfare is 0.26. This shows that from the point of view of the local people, the sustainability of the human welfare system and ecosystem welfare is low, and tourism development in the studied villages is at a relatively unstable level. In fact, from the point of view of local people, the degree of stability of the system is low, and the development of tourism in the villages of the city's tourism destinations is relatively unstable. Despite the existence of instability in various dimensions in tourism destination villages, laws, policies and programs are being carried out without paying attention to the sustainability category. Therefore, in order to minimize the negative effects of tourism development in specific destinations and maximize positive goals, it is necessary to create a balance between the needs of visitors, tourism industry, environment and local communities.

Despite the importance of resilience in achieving sustainable urban development, urban resilience has not been able to show its efficiency and operational aspect as it should. Therefore, this research conducted with the aim of promoting the realization of urban resilience in Ghaleh neighborhood of Dezful by combining resilience theory and critical theory. This study was conducted in a qualitative way using the methodology of grounded theory and semi-structured interviews with experts. Data analysis was performed during three stages of open, axial and selective coding and led to the emergence of 429 open codes, 99 concepts in the form of 17 main categories. The results showed that earthquake risk, structural instability, the need to maintain the texture of the neighborhood and the vulnerability of the residents of Ghaleh neighborhood, as causal conditions have led to the need to promote physical resilience in Ghaleh neighborhood. Improving physical resilience in Ghaleh neighborhood, if appropriate strategies are used in the context of pragmatism and citizen participation and with emphasis on public and private sector support and investment and the development of creative economics can lead to the emergence of the consequences of urban sustainable development.

Nowadays, as one of the dimensions of sustainability, urban security plays a significant role in achieving economic, social and cultural well-being for urban residents while providing peace and feeling of safety in urban spaces, so that its lack causes the unsustainability of the quality of life of the residents in the urban space. The present research aims to express the level of sustainability of the urban areas and regions in Kashan with an emphasis on the urban security index, in order to comply strategies based on the principles of sustainable urban development to increase security in critical areas while identifying unstable urban areas and regions in the scope of security. The research has been conducted in applied form regarding the purpose and in terms of conduction method is descriptive-analytical using urban security indicators by means of TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making model through which an attempt has been made to answer the question, what pattern does the level of stability of Kashan's districts and regions follow in terms of urban security indicators? Considering prioritizing the availability levels in terms of security indicators, conducted surveys and analyses throughout urban areas of Kashan show that regions 5 and 4 hold the first and second rankings and Region 3, attaining the third ranking, is one of the semi-privileged regions, and eventually Regions 2 and 1, having the fourth and fifth ranks, are among the deprived and actual deprived urban areas. The results of the research indicate that the sustainability of the districts and regions of Kashan follows an unbalanced pattern in terms of urban security indicators, standing in three levels of privileged, semi-privileged and under-privileged, and consequently, the districts and regions do not enjoy the identical urban security and in this context, an action should be taken to distribute moderately the facilities and services in underprivileged districts and regions.