underground water

The environmental consequences of land subsidence are destructive, costly and irreparable, and include creating cracks on the surface of the earth, damaging human structures such as building foundations, streets, bridges, roads, and power transmission lines. Sewage is destruction of irrigation systems and fertile agricultural soils and damage to ancient sites. Remote sensing methods, unlike mapping data and topographical maps, which are in physical contact with terrestrial phenomena, are without the slightest interference on terrestrial phenomena, and measuring and evaluating changes in phenomena are evaluated from a distance. Short receiving time and high spatial accuracy of radar images have made it used as a general and widely used tool to estimate land subsidence. According to the statistics announced in the country of Iran, the adverse effects caused by land subsidence are not a low number and are rapidly developing and spreading in different regions of the country. Leave irreparable damage. Ardabil plain, with its rich underground water resources and good soil, has always been of interest in the last half century and has been a suitable place for providing drinking water and agriculture. With the boom of agriculture from the 1960s onwards and as a result the excessive harvest from the aforementioned table since 1363, the aforementioned source began to decline and the continuation of this situation in the following years caused this plain to become more critical.

In order to carry out this research, the data of 22 piezometric wells in the Ardabil plain have been used. The time period used in this research is a 7-year period from 1395 to 1402. The method used for the data of this section is the BRF method, as one of the methods of radial functions, which is used due to its low error value and high accuracy. SAR images of the European Space Agency's Sentinel 1 satellite in SLC format and with vv polarization have been used to find out the changes in land subsidence in the Ardabil plain. The images used by the Sentinel 1 satellite (in c-band with a wavelength of 5.6 cm) are in the group of sensors with medium resolution in terms of spatial resolution. The radar interferometry method provides the possibility of producing a digital model of the ground height, whose optimal height accuracy for c-band data with a wavelength of 5.6 cm is about 5 meters. This method is able to reveal surface changes in the ground in different intervals with millimeter accuracy by using at least 2 or more radar images. In this method, an artificial interferogram is produced with the help of digital elevation model of the earth and conversion of height into phase, and in this way, with the help of reverse DEM data, the phase effect caused by topography is calculated and removed from the phase difference values. The remaining phase difference belongs to the effect of surface displacement and atmosphere.

The results of the investigation of piezometric wells in the area of Ardabil Plain show that the maximum drop in the underground water level is 48.77 meters in the southeast of Ardabil Plain and the lowest drop in the underground water level is 1.57 meters in the north. Eastern Ardabil plain was calculated. The amount of fluctuations in the water level of piezometric wells shows that the highest amount of fluctuations was in the area of Pirqavam wells, Arallovi Bozor and Khalil Abad lands. The lowest fluctuation was also observed in the area of Agchechai wells, Nojedeh. In the studied time period, the water level of Khalilabad piezometric well in 2015 was 2.96 meters, while in 1402, the water level in this area reached 46.3 meters. During 7 years, the water level has dropped by 43 meters, which indicates a critical situation in this sector. The lowest fluctuation of the water level is also for the Aghche-chai well. The land subsidence map of Ardabil plain shows that: the south-eastern parts of Ardabil city and also to some extent in the southern part have suffered ground subsidence due to the extraction of underground water. In the next order, the western parts of Ardabil city are prone to land subsidence. Based on this map, the maximum amount of ground subsidence has been calculated at around 598 mm in the area of Khalil Abad well. In the area of Khalil Abad well, the situation of underground water level drop is very critical and it has dropped by 43 meters during 7 years from 1395 to 1402. The overlapping results of the underground water level and co-depth curves with the results of radar interferometry show the accuracy of the findings in this section. Overlapping the location of the historical sites with the land subsidence map shows that, first of all, Tapraqlu hill (first millennium BC) is in the area of land subsidence with a rate of 250 mm.

The results of the application of this method revealed a very high level of land subsidence for the Ardabil plain (598 mm during a 7-year period). The southeastern areas of Ardabil plain have found a critical situation in recent years due to unprincipled exploitation and lack of proper management. Overlapping the location of the historical sites with the land subsidence map showed that Taparaglu hill with a rate of 250 mm and Ozrik Tepe-si with a rate of 69 mm are in the area of land subsidence, respectively. The three historic sites of Qala-Bovini, Niar Tepesi and Tezre Tepesi are also located in the area prone to land subsidence with rates of 27 mm, 46 mm and 49 mm, respectively. The cause of land subsidence in the Ardabil plain, according to the studies conducted on the changes in the underground water level, is the excessive exploitation of the underground water resources for the cultivation of agricultural products and providing the possibility of compaction of the underlying layers. In general, it can be said that the research results indicate the involvement of historical sites in the area of land subsidence.

Subsidence is a significant environmental risk in the country's plains. Urban areas located in the plains are at risk of subsidence, posing a hazard to many communities. Hence, this study was conducted to examine the subsidence of Rafsanjan city region in the plain and analyze the potential elements contributing to it.

This was a practical research study conducted in Rafsanjan, utilizing a specific approach. The research employed the technique of coherence pixels as its methodology. The utilized data from Sentinel 1 radar pictures pertain to the time period spanning from 2014 to 2022.

Rafsanjan city has seen a progressive sinking phenomenon, with the rate of subsidence intensifying between 2014 and 2022. The annual subsidence rate has escalated from 11 cm to 13 cm throughout this period. Furthermore, the scope of the affected regions has expanded, resulting in the progression of the development process from the outskirts of the city to the center districts. The subsidence pattern of the city is influenced by the combination of fault maps, changes in subterranean water levels during a 10-year period, and the subsidence map.

The city is experiencing a gradual sinking of the ground, which is spreading towards the inner areas and the center of the city. The uncontrolled extraction of subsurface water sources is a significant factor contributing to the sinking of the city of Rafsanjan. The subsidence of the city is mostly influenced by the Nogh fault.

Today, due to population increase, industrial development, excessive exploitation, droughts, exploitation of underground water has multiplied. Therefore, identifying areas with underground water as one of the important sources for providing drinking water, agriculture, and various industries is considered to be one of the important and necessary issues in water resources management. The purpose of this research is to investigate and zonate the areas with underground water in Khorram Abad plain located in Lorestan province using convolutional neural network method. For this purpose, maps of nine factors affecting underground water were first prepared in the ArcGist environment. In the convolution method, the number of samples was determined as the ratio between the training set and the test set was 70:30, and the convolution neural network framework was used as 2 convolution layers and 2 integration layers, 2 complete connections. layers and finally the sigmoid layer was used for classification from the 3-3 convolution kernel, the Relu function as the activation function and the cross entropy function as the loss function. The obtained maps were classified into 5 classes: very good, good, average, low and very low. Confusion matrix was also used to validate the results of the model. 30% of the real data was used for evaluation, which resulted in an overall accuracy of 92%, that is, the model was able to correctly identify 92% of the data as underground water and 93% as the absence of underground water. The analysis of the groundwater potential map of the convolutional neural network model shows that about 57% of the area is in low groundwater conditions and 43% of the area is in good groundwater conditions.

Gilan province is one of the most populous regions of the country, with a population of 2,530,696, making it the twelfth most populous province of Iran. These areas have become unstable due to factors such as the increase in immigration and the lack of recognition of the effective landforms in the quality and quantity of groundwater, especially in coastal areas, and require proper management and potential. Alluvial fans are an important landform in the plains that start from the mouths of the rivers coming out of the mountains and continue to the lowlands of the plains. In the present research, after identifying the boundaries of alluvial fans in the low-altitude eastern and central plains of Gilan province, the morphometric characteristics of each alluvial cone were calculated independently and quantitative analyzes of the geomorphic features of alluvial fans were provided. Therefore, in this article, we have tried to identify the boundary of the morphometric changes of alluvial fans according to statistical classification, and determine the ratio of changes in underground water parameters, so that the results of this research will help to identify underground water sources according to the morphometric characteristics of alluvial fans. Also, the results of this study show that geomorphic studies before carrying out implementation plans can be the basis for reducing errors in determining the right place to feed an aquifer or dig an underground water well.

The alluvial fans in the east and center of Gilan province are located in the geographical range of 40.50° to 49.00° east longitude and 30.36° to 25.37° north latitude (Figure 1) and are influenced by the Anzali and Darya lagoon catchments. These areas, with an area of 3820 square kilometers, start from the west of the city of Masal and continue to the city of Chabaksar (originally the political border of Mazandaran province) in the east.In this research, first, information on the depth of water table, standard deviation of time changes of water level, well discharge and electrical conductivity of 23559 rings of drinking, agricultural and urban wells were obtained from Iran Water Resources Organization. Also, the border of 28 alluvial cones was drawn using Landsat 8 satellite images, Sentinel 2 satellite and 1:50000 topographic maps in Arc Gis software. The parameters used and how to calculate them in this study for alluvial fans are: area of alluvial cone in kilometers, radius of the cone, sweep angle, height of the top of alluvial cone, height of the base of alluvial cone, degree of roughness of the cone, length of the cone, slope of the alluvial cone, concavity of the cone Alluvium, the length of the base of the cone, the volume of the alluvial coneAfter extracting morphometric data and groundwater data for each alluvial cone, statistical methods and tests were used to make decisions about the impact of morphometry on groundwater parameters. For this purpose, SPSS version 23 software was used to classify the morphometrics of alluvial fans using cluster rank-order cluster analysis and its tree diagram was drawn. In the current cluster analysis, Euclidean geometry was used to determine the distance of members from each other.
Then, each separated cluster was evaluated separately by Pearson's correlation test, and the correlation of the morphometric parameters of each cluster with the changes in the groundwater parameters of that cluster was measured. In the end, RFFLOW software was used to draw the model of the influence of geomorphic parameters.

Due to the fact that the flow rate of the wells in the alluvial cone largely indicates the stable or unstable potential of underground water in the direction of exploiting these resources. Therefore, the results of the correlation test of flow rate with alluvial cone morphometry show that the area, length and total volume of alluvial cone in the study area have a positive correlation of 99% with the groundwater discharge of the area. In fact, with the increase in the area, length and volume of alluvial cones, the amount of water that can be extracted from the wells increases. This point has a positive and strong correlation of 99% with the height of the top and base of the cones, which indicates that in alluvial cones whose morphometry is higher than others, the amount of groundwater flow is also at that time. Alluvial cones are more. The slope of the alluvial cone, as an important factor in the duration and degree of water infiltration in the soil, has a negative and strong correlation of 99% with the flow rate, which indicates that by reducing the slope, the water flow rate has been reduced to a minimum. underground increases.

The results showed that the changes in discharge, electrical conductivity and depth of the sedimentation surface from the total of 11 morphometric parameters of the alluvial cone are affected by the morphometric characteristics with the amount of 82%, 45% and 45% respectively. are considered important for identifying and zoning the appropriate potential of underground water on a larger and local scale. Based on this, the highest amount of discharge can be observed in the alluvial cone of the third cluster. The reason for this issue is the direct relationship between the volume and area of the cone with the changes in the underground water flow. Also, in the third cluster, with the increase in the area of the cone from the average (19.3 km) to the maximum area (71.3), the flow rate of the wells also increases. The depth of the water table is also not significant because of the same conditions in the entire region and the water table depth of all three clusters is close to the total average .In general, the results of this research showed that geomorphological landforms and the difference in their morphometric characteristics can be used as an important indicator in evaluating the potential of underground water and can be used as a model in the studies of underground water in areas with the climatic characteristics of the studied region.

Undoubtedly, one of the areas in which drought has a great impact is the water resources of each country, and the areas that have the capability of drought are more limited and sensitive to water resources and require measures before, during and after the drought(Lain and Adamowisky,2012). While the dependence rate of agricultural lands equipped for irrigation on underground water sources is 37.8% on average in the world, the said coefficient is 46.2% in the Middle East region and especially in Iran it is equal to 62.1%. This is a confirmation of the high share of the agricultural sector of groundwater consumption in Iran compared to other countries and even the Middle East region (FAO, 2009). About 85% of the surface of Iran has a dry desert, semi-arid and ultra-arid climate (Ghafouri, 2003). Also, the annual rainfall of Iran is 240-260 mm and less than one third of the average annual rainfall of the world (870 mm). The phenomenon of drought during its occurrence period affects the underground water resources, which unfortunately has been less noticed. One of the important effects of drought is related to the drop of underground water, which due to the lack of rain and snow, there is a sharp decrease in the nutrition of the aquifers, and with the excessive exploitation of these aquifers, the condition of severe drop. Water resources are provided at the water level.

The research area is located in the north of Lake Urmia and the watersheds overlooking the city of Tusuj in the coordinates of 45° 18’ to 45° 33’ east longitude, 38° 20’ to 38° 24’ north latitude. According to different classification methods, the climate of the region is cold, semi-arid, and it is considered a Mediterranean rainfall regime.In this study, one of the important drought indices that is widely used in drought monitoring is the standardized precipitation index (SPI), which was presented by McKay et al.(1993) to determine the probability of drought occurrence. To model the monthly rainfall data, one of the suitable statistical distributions for this task is to use the gamma distribution. The reason for using this distribution is the nature of the statistical distribution itself, in which values close to zero have a frequency with greater probability, and the same nature is also valid for monthly rainfall data (the existence of months without rainfall). In this study, the correlation between the SPI index and the GRI standard groundwater index is investigated and the effect of drought on the GRI index is evaluated with a regression model.

According to the results of the correlation coefficient table, the GRI index has a significant positive correlation with the SPI drought index in the time scale of 48 months for Tasuj station. For Sharafkhane station, the SPI index has a significant negative correlation at a significance level of 0.05 in the time scale of 12 and 24 months. For Khoi station, in all three time scales of 12, 24 and 48 months, there is a significant negative correlation at the significance level of 0.05 and even 0.01. The 48-month drought index of Tasouj, 12-month Sharafkhane and 24-month Khoi, which have the most significant correlation with the GRI index, were entered into the regression model as factors influencing drought to determine the total changes in GRI that were affected by the drought conditions of three stations, to be determined. Therefore, three drought indexes as three independent variables and GRI index as a dependent variable form a linear multivariate regression model.According to the results, the correlation coefficient (R) and the coefficient of determination of the model (R Square) are 0.706 and 0.499, respectively, and this indicates that 49.9 percent of the changes in the model are determined or covered by independent variables. A value of 0.000 for Sig. In the analysis of variance (ANOVA) table, it shows the significance and validity of the model. By having regression coefficients, it is possible to reach the relationship between the GRI index and the drought indices of the stations. which is mentioned in relation 1. All coefficients of the model are significant (Sig.=0.000) and indicate the validity of these coefficients. Therefore, the regression relationship of the model can be shown as follows. GRI=0.240+0.923×SPI48(tasouj)-0.235×SPI12(sharaf)-0.559×SPI24(khoy) (1)

The results of the study of the effect of drought on the underground waters of the Tusuj aquifer area indicate a significant correlation between the 24-month drought profile of the Tusuj station, 12-month Sharafkhane and 24-month Khui stations with the GRI standard groundwater profile of the Tusuj aquifer area. The downward trend of the GRI groundwater standard index is consistent with the downward trend of the drought of the Tasuj rain gauge station in three time scales of 12, 24 and 48 months. Of course, despite the fluctuations of the SPI drought index, especially the short-term increase and the occurrence of insignificant drought in some years in Sharafkhaneh and Khoi stations, but due to the accumulation of drought and the dominance of drought years over drought years on the long-term climate memory The region has been affected and has caused a decrease in groundwater and a downward trend in the GRI standard index.For a more accurate statistical analysis, a suitable regression model was determined between the GRI index as a dependent variable and three drought index variables of 48 months of Tasouj, 12 months of Sharafkhane and 24 months of Khoi as dependent variables. which is given in relation (1) as the result of the regression equation. By using this relationship, it is possible to calculate the values of the corresponding GRI standard index by having the SPI drought index values.

IntroductionUndoubtedly, one of the areas in which drought has a great impact is the water resources of each country, and the areas that have the capability of drought are more limited and sensitive to water resources and require measures before, during and after the drought(Lain and Adamowisky,2012). While the dependence rate of agricultural lands equipped for irrigation on underground water sources is 37.8% on average in the world, the said coefficient is 46.2% in the Middle East region and especially in Iran it is equal to 62.1%. This is a confirmation of the high share of the agricultural sector of groundwater consumption in Iran compared to other countries and even the Middle East region (FAO, 2009). About 85% of the surface of Iran has a dry desert, semi-arid and ultra-arid climate (Ghafouri, 2003). Also, the annual rainfall of Iran is 240-260 mm and less than one third of the average annual rainfall of the world (870 mm). The phenomenon of drought during its occurrence period affects the underground water resources, which unfortunately has been less noticed. One of the important effects of drought is related to the drop of underground water, which due to the lack of rain and snow, there is a sharp decrease in the nutrition of the aquifers, and with the excessive exploitation of these aquifers, the condition of severe drop. Water resources are provided at the water level.Materials and methodsThe research area is located in the north of Lake Urmia and the watersheds overlooking the city of Tusuj in the coordinates of 45° 18’ to 45° 33’ east longitude, 38° 20’ to 38° 24’ north latitude. According to different classification methods, the climate of the region is cold, semi-arid, and it is considered a Mediterranean rainfall regime.In this study, one of the important drought indices that is widely used in drought monitoring is the standardized precipitation index (SPI), which was presented by McKay et al.(1993) to determine the probability of drought occurrence. To model the monthly rainfall data, one of the suitable statistical distributions for this task is to use the gamma distribution. The reason for using this distribution is the nature of the statistical distribution itself, in which values close to zero have a frequency with greater probability, and the same nature is also valid for monthly rainfall data (the existence of months without rainfall). In this study, the correlation between the SPI index and the GRI standard groundwater index is investigated and the effect of drought on the GRI index is evaluated with a regression model.Discussion and resultsAccording to the results of the correlation coefficient table, the GRI index has a significant positive correlation with the SPI drought index in the time scale of 48 months for Tasuj station. For Sharafkhane station, the SPI index has a significant negative correlation at a significance level of 0.05 in the time scale of 12 and 24 months. For Khoi station, in all three time scales of 12, 24 and 48 months, there is a significant negative correlation at the significance level of 0.05 and even 0.01. The 48-month drought index of Tasouj, 12-month Sharafkhane and 24-month Khoi, which have the most significant correlation with the GRI index, were entered into the regression model as factors influencing drought to determine the total changes in GRI that were affected by the drought conditions of three stations, to be determined. Therefore, three drought indexes as three independent variables and GRI index as a dependent variable form a linear multivariate regression model.According to the results, the correlation coefficient (R) and the coefficient of determination of the model (R Square) are 0.706 and 0.499, respectively, and this indicates that 49.9 percent of the changes in the model are determined or covered by independent variables. A value of 0.000 for Sig. In the analysis of variance (ANOVA) table, it shows the significance and validity of the model. By having regression coefficients, it is possible to reach the relationship between the GRI index and the drought indices of the stations. which is mentioned in relation 1. All coefficients of the model are significant (Sig.=0.000) and indicate the validity of these coefficients. Therefore, the regression relationship of the model can be shown as follows.GRI=0.240+0.923×SPI48(tasouj)-0.235×SPI12(sharaf)-0.559×SPI24(khoy) (1)ConclusionThe results of the study of the effect of drought on the underground waters of the Tusuj aquifer area indicate a significant correlation between the 24-month drought profile of the Tusuj station, 12-month Sharafkhane and 24-month Khui stations with the GRI standard groundwater profile of the Tusuj aquifer area. The downward trend of the GRI groundwater standard index is consistent with the downward trend of the drought of the Tasuj rain gauge station in three time scales of 12, 24 and 48 months. Of course, despite the fluctuations of the SPI drought index, especially the short-term increase and the occurrence of insignificant drought in some years in Sharafkhaneh and Khoi stations, but due to the accumulation of drought and the dominance of drought years over drought years on the long-term climate memory The region has been affected and has caused a decrease in groundwater and a downward trend in the GRI standard index.For a more accurate statistical analysis, a suitable regression model was determined between the GRI index as a dependent variable and three drought index variables of 48 months of Tasouj, 12 months of Sharafkhane and 24 months of Khoi as dependent variables. which is given in relation (1) as the result of the regression equation. By using this relationship, it is possible to calculate the values of the corresponding GRI standard index by having the SPI drought index values.

The increase in the world's population, the effects of climate change and lifestyle changes have put increasing pressure on water resources and have led to widespread water stress in many countries. An effective way to reduce and control the continuous degradation of groundwater quality is to understand spatial and temporal changes and identify the main sources of pollution. In this research, using the geostatistical method, temporal and spatial changes in the underground water resources of Izadkhasht basin were investigated in a period of 11 years, considering the factors of water quality change. In this regard, different interpolation methods were compared, and the kriging method with exponential variogram showed better results for water quality parameters. The results of these analyzes showed that the most important factors in the salinity of water and soil resources in the region are destructive formations in the basin. So that in the quality maps of water resources, all parameters showed an increase in three points.

The studied area is located as a part of the Caspian Sea catchment with an area of ​​about 50083 hectares in the east of Kurdistan province, northwest of Iran. In this research, the data of 34 observation wells were used to investigate the condition of the underground water level and its depth fluctuations, and also to investigate the phenomenon of subsidence in region 8, the Sentinel-1 satellite image was used in the period (2014-2021). The research method includes statistical analysis of changes in the underground water level and interferometry of radar image. The results of the research showed that in the years 2014 to 2021, Dehgolan plain has subsided by -12 to -32 cm. In this way, an average of 6 centimeters of subsidence has occurred annually in these areas. The complete subsidence pattern of Dehgolan plain and the analysis of profiles and water level maps showed the center-west and southwest trends and the maximum subsidence is related to the central and western parts. Therefore, the conformity of the subsidence areas and the curves of the water table level drop, the use of underground water resources indicates that the withdrawal of more than the amount of aquifer nutrition has caused an increase in the effective stress in the sediments because the subsidence areas coincide with the areas of the groundwater level drop, or are located near them. In other words, this location adaptation in the high plains of Dehgolan shows that the cause of the subsidence of the high plains is the drop in the groundwater level, and as a result, the high plains are more vulnerable to the risk of subsidence.

Water scarcity, especially in the agricultural sector, is one of the most important issues in Iran, and in the future, the occurrence of various challenges in the state of water resources is inevitable. Based on this, it is necessary to make a decision and a comprehensive study for the future. This is applied, single-section, and normative research, and the foresight approach has been used for the sustainable management of underground water resources. The statistical population of this research was all experts from institutions related to water resources management in Lorestan province. At first, semi-structured interviews were conducted, and then the CIA technique was used. 8 driving components were identified and in order of priority, they are the development of infrastructure to attract investments and the development of knowledge and awareness of the users of the region's problems (impact score 26), valuing water and removing subsidies related to water in the agricultural sector (score 21), development of non-agricultural businesses in rural communities (impact score 28) and strengthening the relationship of water-related institutions (impact score 29). The final results of this research showed that it is necessary to realize the sustainability of underground water resources in the Karkheh-Olia basin and at the same time to pay attention to several different areas and this variety can be obtained from the different nature of the drivers.

Land subsidence is one of the environmental hazards caused by various factors, and especially in recent years, it has caused a lot of damage to human societies. The Khanmirza plain aquifer has also faced this phenomenon in recent years. The creation of wide gaps and cracks on the surface of the plain and the release of gas from them makes the issue of subsidence important. For this reason, the present study tries to monitor and measure the amount of land subsidence in Khanmirza plain, and evaluate and analyze its relationship with the withdrawal of excess from underground water sources. For this purpose, in order to investigate the changes in the underground water level during 10 years and in two different time frames from the IDW geostatistics model and to estimate the subsidence of the land surface using the differential radar interferometric method and from the Sentinel-1A radar images during 5 years and in Three different time periods were used. The results of the research indicate that displacement of the earth's surface in different time periods is different and does not have a constant trend, while the trend of the drop of the underground water level has been increasing in the whole time period. Accordingly, according to the results of the research, there is no significant relationship between the indiscriminate extraction of underground water sources and the subsidence areas in Khanmirza plain.

The dependence of the farmers and agricultural life on water resources and the existing crises has a direct relationship with various challenges of this macro-social structure. In the global water crisis, the cultivation type is simultaneously the major culprit and victim. The purpose of the present study is to examine the role of hydrological and population-related factors in preventing the aridification of an area as one of the most devastating environmental disasters. By its selection of the appropriate crop for any area (which prevents water wasting), water resources management can prevent the dependence of that area on the agricultural crops of other areas and help decrease unemployment rate. In order to manage the effect of water demand on the balance of water resources flowing in the Kuhdasht County, the topographic data was combined with other data through the geographical information system and using enhanced AHPFUZZY method. The purpose was to weight the hydrological and population-related data (including the sub-criteria of river, well, spring, residence, people, men, and women) and determine the location priorities based on the field data, satellite images, and the data existing in the Lorestan province related to the amount of water needed by various products. The intention was to create jobs while protecting natural resources. In addition to the prevention of underground water levels and the destruction of wells, springs, and aqueducts, the results of this study specify the conditions for scientific and principled cultivation, reduction of poverty, and creation of jobs through planned management in the research area based on the consideration of crop type, cultivation method, and cultivation time. According to the obtained results along with the consideration of the fact that agricultural activities are heavily practiced in the area (where dryland farming is performed in mid-level grasslands), the management of the area under study was classified into five levels, namely very weak, weak, average, good, and very good. This analysis can help the land managers to change the existing conditions toward a rule-based management of water resources.

Given that the amount of surface water resources in many areas of Iran is negligible, groundwater is the most appropriate and only source for supplying the water in these areas. Currently, Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) are considered as one of the most powerful and affordable tools for exploration of groundwater. This study with the aim of identification of the high potential zones for groundwater exploitation in the Khorramabad basin is used the RS, GIS, AHP Fuzzy techniques and Expert Choice software. For this purpose, using the Satellite images of the Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), field surveys, and the geological information such as hydrology, topography, lithology, elevation, slope, drainage density, fault density, vegetation cover, alluvial thickness, and rainfall were prepared and weighed. By applying the calculated weight of each criterion and using the fuzzy hierarchical overlapping method, the final map showing groundwater potential zones was provided. The results show that 4.5 and 9.4 percent of area are categorized in the no potential and high potential zones for groundwater exploitation, respectively. The areas with high potential for groundwater exploration are mainly located in the limestone and quaternary conglomerate formations.

Seeking new sources of groundwater as a source of drinking water in the world due to increasing demand for this vital world is necessary and inevitable.In recent years due to excessive interpretations of these resources the plains are dropping in a way that the depletion of aquifer is more than feeding it. And it causes a negative balance and positive feedback and finally leads to collapse of system. Factors such as population growth, the need for food, the need to improve health and social welfare, industrial development and the protection of ecosystems is increasing water demands every day. That's why the choosing an appropriate and effective, yet professional approach, in order to solve problems faced by water resource management, is necessary. Identify underground water  resources, identify areas with high potential and improving the removal of these resources are the most important goals. The study area is the catchment area of NURABAD MAMSANI of about 756 square kilometers is located in Fars Province in the northwestern part. In this study, the Shannon entropy were studied using 9 raster layer of the area to locate potential sources of underground water basin. And the results of the study showed that the lowest sensitive areas located in the Central Plains that it will take approximately 64% of the areas. And more sensitivity is related to the southern plain which is equal to 2% that is covered 16 kilometers of the area. Results of Shannon entropy model using (ROC) curve showed that the amount of AUC is 85% which is a high and acceptable amount.

1-Introduction
Water is a major concern for sustainable development in the twenty-first century, as the experts in water issues will become the current crisis in the coming years a world war over water. Instability of water resources as drought or water shortage has affected many countries throughout history, especially the arid regions and has many damages and consequences in the economic, social and environmental aspects. Zayandeh-Rud basin in Iran central is region with water problems. Zayandehrood River that originates from the mountains Zardkuh Bakhtiary, Is the most important rivers of the region to develop of agriculture, and supply of industry and drinking water sectors and all of economic activities. Following Climate instability in recent decade and increasing pressure on river over time, is occurred Instability of agricultural water resources or droughts in recent years. In this research, is studied and compared the environmental consequences of water resources instability in the river basin, with use methods such as, the analysis of land use changes on two periods, Assessment of changes in the number of wells and the exploitation level of the underground water reserve and distributing questionnaires to analyze the effects indices of drought in the Downstream of the basin,
2-Materials and methods
In this research two methods are used, library research (book, papers, basic data collected from “National Forest and Land Organization” and “Iran Water Resources Management Co.) and field research (observation, interview with experts and Distribution of the questionnaire). Accordingly, investigated three methods the following:
2-1- Change Detection of Land Use: All the basic data of this section are based on “Land Use National Plan” from the “National Forest and Land Organization”. In addition, the experts’ views were used in all the phases of the research. These maps were made between 2002 and 2013 and confirmed officially. The study target in this research is Zayandeh-Rud River Basin. Border of study area was specified with spot goals of research and views of experts. Then this border was mapped in “Google Earth” and the study area's border of research was extracted from basic map of National Forest and Land Organization of Iran”. Study area of research was divided into three section. Land use basic map in “National Forest and Land Organization” had twenty-two items that were merged and reduced to nine land-users. Change detection was done in Arc GIS software using Union program and exhibited the map, table and descriptive information.
2-2- Changes of Underground Water: The basic data of this section earned from “Iran Water Resources Management Co. and Esfahan Regional Water Authority, and studied Changes in the number of wells, qanats and springs and removal level of the groundwater table and changes in reserve of groundwater aquifers in the Zayandeh-Rud basin in two statistical years 2006 and 2011.
3-2- consequences of water resources Instability on environmental indicators:
Statistical population of this section is villages in downstream part of Zayandeh-Rud basin. The population sample chosen based on Cochran formula and in the form of Stratified Probability sampling. Study Area in the down of the river (from Isfahan city to Gavkhoni marsh) is divided into two parts, Western and Eastern according to geographic, socio-cultural and political indicators; Then selected four districts in the ruling classes Research. From 33153 number of rural households Estimated 380 people to reduce 323 people during the study, due to the limitations and delete incorrect questionnaires, also estimated sample of settlements 25 villages. Questionnaires in the study area analyze and compare these indices in before and after the drought. In the following, analyzed average of research triple indices in SPSS software. Then result analyzed in one sample T-test and compared significant differences of Impact of drought in various rural districts with ANOVA test.
3-Results and discussion:
The comparison of land use map in 2002 and 2013 of total of study basin indicates that dry farming, agriculture, forest, residential settlements and marshland uses have increased while water surface, canebrake, and deserts as well as rangelands have decreased. Study of underground water indicate that after the water sources instability has increased level the exploitation of groundwater aquifers. It increased in the middle and downstream sections of basin that river's flow is not permanent, as has been offset water shortages caused by drought by drilling and exploitation water from wells. In this context, between 2006-2011 drilled 9277 number new wells. During these five years, added 4.8 meters depth of wells and groundwater level has dropped about 5 meters. Analysis of qanat Statistics indicate that due to droughts, drain the water qanats almost halved, and the number of springs also have declined. To assess the environmental effects of Water Resources instability is used 13 Index. The highest impact of drought on environment indicators is in "drying qanats, wells and springs", "reducing the amount of surface water" and "Increasing the depth of water wells (decline in groundwater levels)” and The least effect is seen on the Indicators: "increasing of fire in the natural environment of the region" and "Reduction of medicinal plants". The average of environmental impacts of droughts is 4/24. The results show that no significant difference between rural districts in study area in terms of the impact of drought; this means that the rural districts in study area are relatively similar to the impact of the negative consequences of drought in various aspects.
4-Conclusion
This process of development is dangerous for human and environmental sustainability in Zayandeh-Rud river basin. The development of the human residence and overuse of the natural resources bring about the destruction of nature and the natural ecosystem. Misbalancing the ecosystem in such a short time has misbalanced the sustainability of water resources and plant, animal and human ecology has been negatively affected, too. Considering all of these factors, the continuity of developing of the residences and the alteration of the land use will heavily damage the sustainability of the environment in Zayande Rood Basin. Also, with increasing the exploitation of aquifers, escalate the cycle of water resources instability, drought and ecological unsustainability.

Rule of arid and semi arid climates in the vast of the country along with population increase and the increase in water demand for urban use industry and agriculture of one side and the growing trend of increased direct and indirect pollution of water resources of The other side Implied that the status and quality of these resources to provide water for various uses and uses of, be studied (Noshad et al, 1388).change of groundwater quality and be saltation water resources are now in great danger in the development of country agriculture, especially dry lands. Optimum management of water resources and protecting and improve of quality of those Need to Existence of information about position, amount and distribution of water chemical factors In a certain geographical area. Geostatistics as one of the branches of practical statistics Provided study Simultaneous Amounts of Variable and arrangement of variable spatial and temporal observations in the data analysis (Gvvart, 1999). Using geostatistical techniques can be created continuous surface of Statistical properties of Known points(Deutsch, 2002). there are Different methods for the study and characteristics of the groundwater that each of them depending on local conditions And existence statistics and data of sufficient have Accuracy of different. Purpose of this study studies, qualitative zoning of underground water resources In terms of water quality parameters in the city of Kashan, by using geostatistical methods. This area is geographic range of "40, '57, ˚ 50 to" 37, '38, ˚ 51 east longitude, and "37, 31, ˚ 33 to" 22 and '08, ˚ 34 north latitude is In this study is used of methods of kriging, ordinary kriging, Inverse Distance Weights, Radial Basis Function, Local Polynomial Interpolation and Global Polynomial Interpolation. 2- Methodology In this study According to research goals 42 wells in the study area was selected with the appropriate distribution. and Amount elements of groundwater quality in the wells for the period 1380 to 1388 were examined and evaluated. Reasons for selection this period is completeness of statistical data of quality parameter. In the next step all data related to selected quality factors were study In terms of normality According to kolmogorov-smirnov test. After examining of data normality, finally parameters of Ca, Na, SAR, HCO3 for qualitative evaluating groundwater resources in this study were selected. To zones drawing of related to Quality parameters was used of Arc GIS9.3 software. In order to explain the continuity of spatial variables variogram data to a separately with Software GS plus was plotted and analyzed. Finally, with according to two factors RMSE (root mean square error) and R (coefficient sets) Best method for maps drawing of underground water quality were selected in the sity kashan and Aran Bidgol. Discussion After study and determine Fluorescence of Data Suitable variogram to determine the spatial structure and profile Was drawn with Using of GS + software, of variograms Analysis spherical model is the best model Fitted on Qualitative data. Spatial structure based on the standard (C/C+ C0) has been done too, According to the results obtained Measure values for C/C+C0 for every four parameters studied is more than 0/5. Results of evaluation methods showed that Between geostatistical method is most useful for study of variables HCO3, SAR, Ca and Na Methods Ordinary kriging with Higher R values and lower RMSE than the simple kriging is superior. and Between the specific methods for study qualitative variables HCO3, SAR, Ca and Na, respectively, methods, RBF, LPI, RBF and LPI are located. Conclusion In this study was to test normality of data was approved According to the results of spatial analysis of qualitative data in this study, high Influence. Range show that be effective the spherical model for best fit variogram on the data. According to principles of geostatictics, variable that have suitable spatial correlation and variance estimate is lower, fewer samples are needed to estimate(Zehtabyan, 1389), so it will also lower the cost of sampling. Thus, using Analysis variogram Ratio Nugget Effect for parameters, HCO3, SAR, CA and NA respectively 1/76, 0/58, 7/79 and 0/16 is calculated, that all the numbers obtained is small amounts that indicated high accuracy estimate with the variogram of fitted indicates a strong spatial structure for all four parameters is discussed. Also examine the spatial structure according to standard C / C + C0 shows that for the parameters, HCO3, SAR, CA and NA value for this measure, respectively is 0/98, 0/98, 0/92 and 0/99, The results indicative high spatial structure of data. The results of the geostatistical methods were used in this study showed that the method of choice for change mapping of hco3, Method Radial Basis Function to reason Higher R values and low RMSE (R= 0.44 and RMSE= 1.76) Was selected for Drawing of hco3 changes mapping. For SAR change mapping method of ordinary kriging (With values of R =0.75, RMSE =1.96), also for drowing change mapping of hco3 method of ordinary kriging(with Values of RMSE =5.75, R =0.41), and for drawing change mapping of na, method Local Polynomial Interpolation(with Values of R=0.55, RMSE =8.24) be selected. main cause reduction of ground waret quality in terms of quality parameters considered in study area is Unsuitable development of agricultural lands and Excessive utilization of ground water Which cause influx of brackish water to these areas.

The most sensible effect of dams is altering the hydrologic regiment of the lower area. Also, dams could supply a base debit and change the groundwater table levels. In this research, the Salmaan dam and its effects on the hydrologic system of Qir and Karezin plains and underground water level fluctuations are investigated to estimate the effectiveness of the dam in mitigating the effects of droughts. The methodology is based on literature reviewing, field measurements and statistical analysis for which the data of underground water level of the plain and in observational wells, the Qara Aqaj river debit, wells’ debit and precipitation rate were gathered for the period of 1993 to 2011. Also, in order to process the data the following software were used: ArcGIS, Google Earth, Arc Hydro tools extension, and MS Excel. The results showed that during the study period, 10 years have experienced drought in which the worst effect belonged to the 4 years period drought of 2003 to 2001 as it reduced the debit to zero. Also, the Salmaan dam has changed the hydrologic regiment and caused a sustainable summertime debit. However, due to the insufficient supply of the aquifers of Qir and Karezin, annually, 5 million cubic meters of the aquifer volume is reduced and the water table level in all wells are falling down by different rates. Therefore, it could be said that the Salmaan dam could not be effective in mitigating the effects of the droughts occurred.

The water shed basin of Garou plain is located in Makran Zone. National conditions such as climate and geography have affected the quality and quantity of the regional water resources. Over exploration of water resources as well as recent draughts, have drastically decreased the amount of water in the region. For this reason for most of agriculture is around the banks of Garou village.  The main objective of this study is to explore the basic factor, particularly geomorphologic and human features which are effective on decreasing the quality and quantity of water resources of Garou plains as well as determining the risk of draught and the impact on decreasing drought risk in the region. To achieve the objectives of the project, geomorphologic features of Garou plain water shed basin and impacts on the quality and quantity of geomorphologic water resources. Methodology of this study was based on an analytic and descriptive approach. The instruments used to conduct the study were topographic geological maps as well as statistical data acquired from hydrometric stations in the region. Moreover, direct observations, interview, and data analysis have been used. The result of the study showed that geomorphologic features of the water shed basin of plain, from applied viewpoint, have directly and indirectly affected water resources because of human activities particularly in agricultural stations. Considering managerial perspective, it is necessary to observe geomorphologic principle while exploring the water resources for short and long-term programs.

The lands on the right side of the Nekooabad Diversion Dam are located at a place near the upstream part of the Zayandeh Rud river’ basin, and due to this position it is at first thought that in principle it should not face any shortage of water, and water distribution management seems to be a simple matter. However, with any change in the amount of available water, including occurrence of drought, the effectiveness of implemented management and planning is challenged. The most important water resources used in the area concerned are surface waters (water of the Zayandeh Rud river through canal) and underground waters (surface, half-deep and deep wells).