vulnerability

Climate change is an important factor in the instability of rural people's livelihood and can double their vulnerability. Villagers and nomads are the most vulnerable to climate change due to their high dependence on the environment. Meanwhile, Smallholder agricultural activities among local communities are the most dependent on the climate and the most vulnerable to climate changes and shocks. Therefore, local agricultural communities have become the main focus of political discussions and research projects about climate change. It is possible to reduce the vulnerability of climate change and the resulting increase in risk through the process of adaptation. Therefore, adapting to climate change has become an effective solution and the best choice for reducing the adverse effects of climate change and reducing the vulnerability of natural and human social systems. Adaptation is the choice of a policy to reduce the harmful effects of climate change on production. Adaptation to climate change may minimize its harmful effects, support the livelihoods of poor farmers, and enhance all possible benefits that a farmer is likely to enjoy. Success in designing and implementing adaptation strategies in response to climate change is primarily dependent on the understanding and capacity of local communities to adapt to climate change. Because local communities are the most important tools available to reduce vulnerability from climate change. Effective adaptation can increase the flexibility of the agricultural sector and the level of assurance of food security against climate change; But farmers are usually not successful in adaptation due to a wide range of limitations.

The present research has investigated the challenges and obstacles of date farmers' adaptation to climate change in the rural regions of southeast of Iran (Sib and Suran County). Due to the extensive dependence of this region on the date crop, date farmers have been selected as the statistical sample of this research. About 300 microdata were collected at farm level in direct cooperation with the date palm farmers. A simple random sampling method was used to select the respondents. In general, 4% of the total population and more than 20% of the number of households are considered for the survey. The data of this study have been collected through a systematic interview program to address research questions, including questions related to different dimensions of adaptation potential for climate change adaptation strategies and social and economic characteristics of farmer households. A two-part questionnaire including 50 questions about adaptation strategies against climate change (23 questions) and adaptation limitations (27 questions), was prepared and validated through the expert community and its reliability was confirmed through Cronbach's alpha coefficient. In this research, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to check the assumption of normality of the research data. In the following, to analyze the questionnaire data, the method of structural equations was used in LISREL software.

In terms of personal, social and economic characteristics, most of the respondents were male, married and had a low level of education. Despite the fact that most of the farmers own land, traditional agriculture is widespread and the income from it is not economical. The results of the analysis of climate change adaptation strategies showed that local knowledge and experience, participation in voluntary activities, job diversity, reduction of investment in agriculture and cooperation with government institutions have been effective in reducing the risks caused by climate change. Gender, marital status, education status, place of residence and main job are influential in choosing adaptation strategies. The most important limitations of adaptation to climate change include low level of knowledge, lack of job diversity, financial inability and lack of access to agricultural inputs.

The results of the research have shown that the farmers have a good understanding of the climate changes in the study area and have relatively favorable adaptation. Economic strategies (with an effect coefficient of 0.927), socio-cultural strategies (with an effect coefficient of 0.915), managerial strategies (with an effect coefficient of 0.895) and knowledge-educational strategies (with an effect coefficient of 0.874) are the most important adaptation strategies of agricultural societies against climate change have been respectively. The challenges and limitations of adapting to climate change are also based on importance, including management limitations (with an average of 4.09), infrastructural-physical limitations (with an average of 3.86), social and cultural limitations (with an average of 3.74), economic (with an average of 3.69) and academic-educational (with an average of 3.48). This study recommends that governments should develop the necessary tools and facilities to facilitate adaptation to climate change among local communities and increase farmers' understanding of climate change and adaptation strategies. The results of this investment can directly include the increase in product production, income and stability of rural communities and indirectly lead to the security of border areas.

Iran is one of the countries that is prone to natural hazards due to its geographical situation. One of the risks that has always threatened Iran is the risk of earthquakes. The land of Iran, as a part of the active tectonic zone of the Alps-Himalayas, has been affected by many tectonic activities over time, such as the appearance of the Zagros-Makran and Alborz-Kope Dagh mountain ranges in the Iranian plateau as a result of subduction of the Arabian plates. The Indian Ocean is one of the landforms resulting from this convergence. According to the geological situation of the Iranian plateau, this plateau is facing many disturbances and this problem has caused Iran to be one of the earthquake-prone countries in the world. Earthquake is the most important natural hazard that is always associated with a lot of human and financial losses. Due to its unpredictability and its power, this hazard has faced serious challenges in the seismic regions of the world. In fact, large earthquakes are one of the most destructive natural disasters, which often lead to widespread casualties and many deaths, and many cities are vulnerable to large earthquakes. Among the areas that are vulnerable to the risk of earthquakes are the metropolises because they house a large part of the country's population. According to the statistics of 2015, the metropolitan cities of Tehran, Mashhad, Isfahan, Karaj, Shiraz, Tabriz, Qom, Ahvaz and Kermanshah include about 27% of the country's population. Due to the importance of the subject, in this research, the seismic status of Iran's metropolises has been evaluated.

In this research, information related to the epicenter of earthquakes recorded in Iran during the years 1286 to 1402 (1907 to 2023), demographic information of Iranian metropolises, statistical information related to the state of constructions of metropolises, and also The information obtained from satellite images has been used as the most important research data. The most important research tools are ArcGIS (to prepare the required maps) and SPSS (to analyze the data). Also, in this research, the Analytical Hierarchy (AHP) model was used in order to weight the parameters. According to the desired goals, this research has been done in two general stages. In the first stage, a 100 km boundary is defined for each metropolis, and then the earthquakes that occurred in this area are identified. In the following, the earthquakes that occurred in metropolitan areas have been analyzed in terms of number and size. In the second stage, based on 6 parameters, the state of vulnerability of metropolises has been evaluated. After evaluating the metropolises in terms of the desired parameters, first the parameters were normalized and then the parameters were weighted using the AHP model.

The results of the evaluation of earthquakes that occurred in the outskirts of 100 kilometers of metropolises have shown that the largest number of earthquakes with 390 recorded cases was related to the outskirts of Shiraz metropolis, and Isfahan and Qom metropolises recorded 19 and 20 respectively. Have the least number of earthquakes. Also, the results of the survey of the number of earthquakes with a magnitude greater than 6 on the Richter scale have shown that the outskirts of the metropolises of Shiraz and Kermanshah had the largest number of earthquakes with 4 earthquakes, and the outskirts of the metropolises of Isfahan and Ahvaz There has been no earthquake with a magnitude greater than 6 on the Richter scale. Considering that in addition to earthquakes, other factors are also effective in determining the vulnerability of metropolises against earthquake hazards, in this study, population parameters, population density, percentage of open space and percentage of worn-out fabric are also used. Has been According to the results, the largest population was related to Tehran city. The highest population density was related to the city of Mashhad. The highest percentage of worn out fabric was related to the city of Tehran and the lowest percentage of open space was related to the city of Tehran.

The results of this research have shown that Iran's metropolises have different seismic potentials due to their geo-structural position, and also, under the influence of various population factors and constructions, different potentials in terms of damage. They are resistant to earthquakes. In this research, in order to investigate the seismic status of metropolises, the earthquakes that occurred within 100 kilometers of them have been analyzed. According to the results, during the years 1286 to 1402, 999 earthquakes with a magnitude of more than 3 on the Richter scale occurred within a radius of 100 km from these metropolises, 15 of which had a magnitude of more than 6 on the Richter scale. Is. The results of the analysis of earthquakes have shown that the largest number of earthquakes occurred in the metropolitan areas of Shiraz, Ahvaz and Kermanshah, so that 390, 186 and 147 earthquakes occurred in these metropolitan areas, respectively. The lowest number of earthquakes with 19 and 20 cases respectively was related to the metropolitan areas of Isfahan and Qom. Also, the largest number of earthquakes with a magnitude greater than 6 on the Richter scale was related to the metropolitan areas of Shiraz and Kermanshah. The results of this section have shown that the seismic status of Iran's metropolises has been very different, and considering that in addition to the number of earthquakes, various human parameters are also effective in the degree of vulnerability to earthquakes, in this research Based on different parameters, the state of vulnerability of metropolises was evaluated. Based on the results, Shiraz metropolis with a total score of 17.68 is considered the most vulnerable metropolis in the country against earthquake risk. After this metropolis, Kermanshah and Tehran metropolises have the highest vulnerability potential with 13.12 and 10.87 points, respectively. Also, Isfahan metropolis with a total of 2.75 points has the lowest vulnerability potential among the metropolises of the country, and after that, Ahvaz and Qom metropolises have the lowest with 5.72 and 6.66 points, respectively. They are potential vulnerabilities.

The vulnerability of rural settlements is increasing due to inadequate infrastructure and existing social-economic inequalities, making them more susceptible to natural hazards. Every year, the frequency of natural disasters worldwide leaves countless people homeless. In 2013 alone, over 73,954 people lost their lives due to natural disasters, and more than 2.9 million lost their homes. In Iran's diverse geographical landscape, approximately 68,000 villages are exposed to various natural threats such as floods, earthquakes, and droughts. Rural areas, closely tied to their environment and having limited capacity to cope with these hazards, are more vulnerable and have lower resilience compared to urban areas. Southern Khorasan Province is among the most hazard-prone areas in the country, facing threats like floods, earthquakes, droughts, and frost. The Zirkouh County, located in northeastern Khorasan and characterized by numerous scattered villages, has repeatedly experienced significant damage from these environmental crises. Despite the importance of understanding the spatial location of rural settlements and their vulnerability to environmental hazards, there has been no comprehensive research on this topic in the studied area. This understanding is crucial for effective planning and management of environmental crises in vulnerable regions.Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to study and analyze the impact of spatial location on the vulnerability of spaces, aiming to aid the planning and crisis management system in identifying the factors involved in assessing the risk levels in rural settlements of Zirkouh County. This research seeks to answer the following questions: How do the vulnerability levels of rural settlements in Zirkouh County differ from one another? What is the relationship between the spatial location of these rural settlements and their vulnerability levels?
                                                                                                                          

This study is applied in its purpose and descriptive-analytical in its nature and method. According to the 2016 census, there are a total of 97 populated villages in the Zirkouh County, with 84 settlements having more than 20 households and being recognized as administrative villages. This research was conducted using a comprehensive enumeration method. In each village, a researcher-designed questionnaire was completed with the involvement of available experts and informants, typically comprising the village mayor and members of the Islamic Council. Consequently, a total of 84 questionnaires were collected, usually recording the personal information of the mayor or the individual with the most responsibility or knowledge regarding the village as the respondent. To carry out the research, four variables were utilized based on previous studies: environmental-physical vulnerability, economic vulnerability, social vulnerability, and the spatial location of the villages, along with 81 indicators. To expedite and facilitate the analysis of the collected data, each of the components was coded and subsequently processed using statistical software, namely Excel and SPSS. For the purpose of presenting and analyzing the data, descriptive statistics of the studied indicators were first provided through frequency tables, followed by inferential analysis of the research findings using one-sample T-tests, the binomial test, Pearson correlation, Spearman rank correlation, and cluster analysis.
 

The main variables in this study are the "Spatial Location of the Village," "Environmental-Physical Vulnerability," "Economic Vulnerability," and "Social Vulnerability." The variable "Spatial Location of the Village" is constructed based on the following factors: "Village Typology," "Distance to the County Center," "Distance to Watercourses or Rivers," "Available Water Resources," "Distance to Major Roads," "Distance to Borders," and "Distance to Fault Lines." Among these factors, "Village Typology" and "Available Water Resources" are qualitative, while the remaining variables are quantitative and non-normally distributed. For the three variables— "Environmental-Physical Vulnerability," "Economic Vulnerability," and "Social Vulnerability"— 26, 24, and 24 indicators have been defined in the questionnaire, respectively. The average responses to these indicators represent each variable. Since each of the indicators has an ordinal scale, the tests related to these indicators will be non-parametric, while the data for the four latent variables— "Spatial Location of the Village," "Environmental-Physical Vulnerability," "Economic Vulnerability," and "Social Vulnerability"— possess a quantitative scale. Accordingly, the data concerning these variables follow a normal distribution, allowing for the use of parametric tests in their inferential analysis. The assessment of the studied rural settlements indicates that the environmental-physical and economic vulnerabilities are at a moderate level, while social vulnerability is below average. The ranking of villages in the Zirkouh County based on overall vulnerability (a combination of environmental-physical, economic, and social indicators) using cluster analysis demonstrates that most of the vulnerable rural settlements are concentrated in the southern part of Zirkouh County, specifically in the Zahan and Zirkouh sections.Results showed that the variable of spatial location has no significant relationship with the dimensions of vulnerability. Additionally, the spatial location of the rural settlements, in terms of distance to fault lines, distance to rivers, distance to major roads, distance to borders, distance to the city center, and distance to the provincial center has no significant relationship with vulnerability across various dimensions. Furthermore, theaverage dimensions of vulnerability across different typologies (flat, mountainous, foothill) do not show significant differences.However, the average environmental-physical vulnerability shows significant differences among the various levels of available water resources (such as wells, qanats, springs, and rivers). No significant differences were observed in terms of economic and social vulnerability. Notably, the average environmental-physical vulnerability for wells is greater than the average for rivers, the average vulnerability for qanats is greater than for springs, and the average vulnerability for qanats is also greater than that for rivers.

In conclusion, the current crisis management and planning system concerning the rural settlements of Zirkouh County has largely neglected the spatial differences related to proximity to hazard zones. Consequently, during potential disaster events, the accumulation of damages and the production of crises in rural areas will be exacerbated due to the existing lack of planning. The components of human geographical capacity in Zirkouh County currently do not provide a satisfactory level of protection against risk reduction. These components include: limited access for residents to essential facilities, the absence of sociological studies on natural hazards, a lack of education for the rural community in terms of prevention and safety during potential disasters, and inadequate planning for sheltering residents of rural settlements in safer areas during crises. Therefore, it is imperative to take actions aimed at improving these aspects to enhance the resilience and safety of the rural population in Zirkouh County against potential hazards. Addressing these issues will not only help mitigate the impact of disasters but also promote sustainable development in the region.

The variety of damage caused by earthquakes in different places is a reason to think about pre-crisis situations. How has social justice and spatial justice been in this land, and how has the structure of the political economy governing this geography been organized, that the occurrence of a natural phenomenon such as an earthquake leads to many human and natural disasters. In recent years, one of the most important components considered by city planners to reduce earthquake damage has been social and symbolic capital and its spatial reproduction. This concept is often associated with civil participation and parallel to cooperation and integration networks, but other very abstract concepts are associated with social capital, such as: cohesion, trust, trade-offs and institutional efficiency. The current research is carried out in a descriptive and analytical method and the operational field of the research test is in the three spatial scales of the neighborhood, the street and the entire area of ​​a city in Tabriz. They play an important role in reducing vulnerability caused by earthquakes.

Earthquake is considered as one of the most catastrophic and destructive types of natural hazards that cause extensive damage to property and assets, especially in urban areas, and cause many human casualties by destroying buildings and urban infrastructure. Therefore, the first and most basic step in crisis management in order to reduce the effects of an earthquake is to identify vulnerable levels against this crisis. In this regard, the present research was written with the aim of evaluating the level of vulnerability of Ardabil city against the earthquake crisis. The research method in the present study is mixed (quantitative and qualitative) with practical purpose and analytical and exploratory nature. The statistical population of the research also included managers and elites of Ardabil city, and the sample size was determined through the Delphi method of 20 experts. Also, in line with information analysis, have been used AHP technique in Expert Choice software, Weighted Overlay method in GIS software, and RADIUS damage estimation model. The findings of the research show that by examining 15 criteria, the criteria of distance from the fault, proximity to hazardous uses and access to service centers have the most importance (influence) to assess vulnerability to earthquakes. Also, according to the evaluation of the examined criteria and its integration in the fuzzy overlay method, it was found that about 13% of the tissue of Ardabil city is in the zone of very high vulnerability and about 18% is in the zone of high vulnerability. On the other hand, the results of the RADIUS model show that 13853 buildings are subject to destruction, 36% of them are in region 1 and 29% of them are in region 4. Also, the number of injured in the possible earthquake is estimated to be 67117 and the number of dead is 3113.

In recent decades, earthquakes have been accompanied by an increase in casualties worldwide in the past hundred years, and in Iran, these casualties have led to about a six percent increase in death and destruction. Therefore, cities, as the sites of these incidents, are of great importance, and enhancing post-earthquake resilience in urban areas is highly significant. Region 1 of Tehran, due to its location on a fault line and various urban challenges, is considered one of the vulnerable areas to earthquakes in the city of Tehran, facing resilience challenges such as high concentration of high-rise buildings, lack of open spaces, and weaknesses in crisis management compared to other areas of Tehran. The aim of this study is to assess the vulnerability of Region 1 to earthquakes with a focus on resilience.

This research is considered applied in nature and utilizes survey research for data collection, and in terms of data nature, it is quantitative research. The main data collection tool for this research is the TOPSIS questionnaire, which has been adjusted based on the research background and preliminary studies of researchers in the field to align with the conditions and requirements of local management services. The statistical population of the study consists of all experts in the field of crisis management and urban planning, with a sample size of 50 individuals based on Cochran's formula. The present study utilizes the mean test in SPSS software and employs the TOPSIS decision-making method in MATLAB software to measure the level of resilience in the regions of Region 1.

The research findings indicated that based on urban resilience indicators, five analyzed indicators had the least resilience in both the physical-environmental and institutional dimensions in each region. Ultimately, the results showed that Regions 1, 9, and 8 faced the lowest level of urban resilience against earthquakes in the Region 1 areas.

Today, despite human scientific progress, natural phenomena are not fully known to humans. Human settlements have always been threatened by these natural disasters. Iran is located in one of the most earthquake-prone places in the world, and it is necessary to always take countermeasures and take a logical approach to minimize the catastrophic dimensions of such an event. Urban logic and especially dilapidated structures are not excluded, and their fate and fate are always subject to irreparable disasters after any natural or unnatural incident. In cities, population density and wealth constitute the main problem, and as centers of accumulation of material and human capital in times of war, they become a major target for the enemy.Targeting cities and damaging urban infrastructures is done in order to weaken the morale and cause economic damage and disintegration of the social system. On the other hand, the citizens of a country are made up of people who cannot all be considered active combat forces, such as children, teenagers, women and the elderly. In addition to surprising the officials, the damage caused by the attack on the infrastructure always imposes a lot of costs and turns into other types of damage, including political, economic and cultural. In urban areas, war injuries include a combination of physical ruins and malfunctioning of urban elements. Destruction of structures and buildings, road and access networks, basic facilities of water tanks, power plants, telephone, electricity, water and gas communication lines.Therefore, efficient planning in the field of urban security, based on the passive defense approach, can minimize human and financial losses when human and natural crises occur in cities

The flood accident is currently one of the natural disasters that causes a lot of financial and human losses in the world. Due to the fact that Kermanshah province is at risk of flooding, the necessity of identifying and zoning flood vulnerability has been more and more taken into consideration. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to identify and zone the flood-prone areas of Kermanshah province. The analysis method of this research was based on the analysis hierarchy method (AHP) in the geographic information system (ArcGIS) environment. Land use and distance from the river have been identified. After weighting the factors and overlaying the layers, a flood risk zoning map was prepared in Kermanshah province. For this purpose, the most important factors in causing floods include the slope, topography of the province, density of the drainage network, rainfall, geology, vegetation, soil erosion, the findings of the research show that the central areas of Kermanshah province have a higher risk of flooding than other areas. Also, the northwest to the south areas have the least amount of flooding due to proper vegetation cover. The results of the research show that 24% of the province is exposed to very high vulnerability, 15.8% to high vulnerability, 11.6% to moderate vulnerability, 30.7% to low vulnerability and 17.9% to very low vulnerability. has it. Therefore, paying attention to the river boundary, preventing land use change and water containment through watershed management plans is the most important suggestion of this research.

The process of organizing worn-out areas in the city of Naqadeh shows that there is no coordination between the responsible organizations and there is also interference in their organizational duties; no specific organization is responsible for the desired guidance of the action system, policy-making, and planning for organizing worn-out urban areas; expert opinions are not taken into account; the expectations of the authorities from the people are reduced to economic partnership instead of full participation; the people are not justified in the action plans and their level of dissatisfaction is very high. It is important to note that any action to organize worn-out areas requires, on the one hand, policy-making, planning, and coordinated executive management, and on the other hand, it requires the active and comprehensive participation of the people with the urban management.

Lar city witnessed a 6.1 Richter earthquake in 1960, which destroyed the city. Today, this city is the largest residential center of Larestan, with two dynamic parts of the old city in the northwest of the Lar plain and the new city after the destruction caused by the earthquake, located on the Tangeh Asad alluvial cone in the south of the plain. The research aims to investigate the physical vulnerability of old and new cities against earthquakes with macro and micro indicators and an analytical comparison of these two parts of the city. The statistical population of the research is the entire area, including all the neighborhoods of the old and new city of Lar. Data collection was done in the form of a field library, and the main data was collected from the Statistics Center and Lar Municipality census data. The analysis of the data was also carried out by weighting the indicators with the help of the Delphi technique and measuring importance with the opinion of experts, then weighting was done with the help of hierarchical models, and finally, with the data in the GIS software, maps of the vulnerability of the indicators and the final map of vulnerability were obtained. The results show that the level of vulnerability is very different among the localities, and the factors involved in these localities and the entire city are not equally effective, various reasons played a role in them, including the physical factors of the building and environmental physical factors, including services. The basic infrastructure of the city, including medical and health spaces. Examining the vulnerability indicators indicates that we need a strong and efficient management and organizational solution, as well as physical and environmental solutions, to reduce the vulnerability and increase the resilience of the city.

The purpose of this research is to investigate and zonate the degree of vulnerability of the southern areas of Tehran against earthquakes.

In the first stage; Confirmatory factor analysis method was used to develop vulnerability indices. In the second stage, in order to prioritize the indicators, the fuzzy technique was used in the form of the Delphi method, and in the third stage; Effective indices in tissue vulnerability (based on maximum effect) were drawn in the form of weighted information layers through ArcGIS software, Version 9.2. Finally, with the layering technique, the level of vulnerability was evaluated for the study areas and based on the physical indicators effective in the earthquake; the final vulnerability map was prepared in the study area.

A number of 15 criteria and 31 indicators were developed as factors affecting vulnerability. From the point of view of the experts, among the effective factors, in order of priority, the maximum acceleration of the ground, the quality of the building and the distance from the fault have the greatest role, and the topographical indicators, the number of floors and the distance from the fire station have the lowest points. Have given the results have shown that areas 15, 18, 19 and 20 have shown more vulnerability than the other investigated areas. This shows that there are more critical indicators in these areas.

Bad condition of physical parts and inappropriate urban uses, inefficient communication network, compact and dilapidated urban fabric, high urban density, bad condition of treatment and relief facilities, lack and inappropriate distribution of urban open spaces, etc. play a major role in increasing the amount of damage to The city has earthquakes.

Today's metropolises are always exposed to damage caused by natural hazards for various reasons. These risks require immediate prevention and measures due to the many human and financial damages. One of the most destructive and common natural disasters is the earthquake, which has caused the greatest damage to human society from the past to the present day.Several studies have been conducted in relation to the resilience and management of natural hazards at home and abroad; Among these studies, we can refer to the researches of Ebrahimzadeh et al. with the title of analysis on the vulnerability caused by earthquakes with emphasis on providing the optimal model for the location of special uses for health care and education, a case study of the worn out fabric of Tabriz city. Mansour Naimi et al.'s research titled "Earthquake Risk Microzoning with Fuzzy Hierarchy Analysis Model in Zone 1 of Ahvaz Metropolis", Alexander with a research titled "Resilience against Earthquake", Kusumastoti et al. Natural Indonesia as well as the doctoral thesis of Boston in relation to building resilience through design with the approach of improving the efficiency of hospitals after earthquakes.Resilience as a concept can be used for any community and any type of disorder, whether natural, man-made or a combination of the two. The definition of resilience includes: 1. The ability of a system to absorb damage and loss, without going out of normal state 2. The ability of a system to organize and reorganize itself in different conditions 3. The ability of a system to increase and create Capacity to learn and strengthen its adaptability.Vulnerability is the possibility that a person or group is exposed to the incompatible effects of a hazard, which is actually an interaction between spatial hazards and social forms of societies.One of the goals of this project is to provide solutions to improve resilience according to the results and the strengths and weaknesses of Khalkhal city. Knowing the characteristics of the resilient city, measuring the level of urban resilience and also determining the effective methods of evaluating the resilience of Khalkhal city are among the main reasons for conducting the present research.

The method of collecting information in this research is mainly field and library method was also used during the research. In this research, first, the theoretical framework of the research was done by collecting information using documentary studies.In the following, in order to check the degree of resilience of the studied cities by examining previous researches, criteria and sub-criteria of resilience were determined; Then, in order to analyze the data, from weighting to the research indicators, the ANP network analysis model was used in the form of Super Decision software, and in the Arc GIS environment, after preparing a vulnerability map for each criterion, using the technique of layer weighting and scoring the main and sub criteria. Its criteria have been used to prepare the final map of the natural index of Khalkhal city in Arc GIS software.Considering that some criteria are more important than other criteria and had a decisive role in the physical resilience of the city, a questionnaire was prepared to determine the relative importance of each of the indicators and it was distributed and completed among 15 expert experts.

It should be mentioned here that in order to evaluate the natural resilience of Khalkhal city, all the layers and sub-criteria effective in the natural resilience of the region, which was the result of applying the weights obtained from ANP in the GIS environment, were analyzed and integrated, and then after standardizing all the indicators and using From the weight obtained from the network analysis model (ANP), standard balanced maps were prepared and finally zoning of resilient urban spaces. Therefore, at this stage, the resilience of the natural dimension was calculated using the Raster Calculator tool to be used in the final zoning of this dimension of resilience. This process was carried out for each index, and finally, the general natural resilience map of Khalkhal city, which is the result of combining 8 sub-criteria of the research, was extracted.

In the researches that are formed with the aim of analyzing the state of resilience, the most important issue that should be paid attention to is the analysis of vulnerability and the recognition of upcoming threats in order to identify the capacity and capabilities of resilience. The city of Khalkhal has little resilience against the earthquake crisis due to its geographical and tectonic location, numerous active faults, the irregular growth of the city in the boundaries of the faults and unstable lands, so planning to deal with this risk is considered vital. The current research aims to measure and evaluate the natural resilience of Khalkhal city against different earthquake intensities and to achieve the first step of planning to deal with the earthquake crisis, which is to identify the overall resilience of the city. In this research, using standard indicators, the degree of vulnerability of Khalkhal city has been determined, and taking into account the results of the methods and combining them with the geographic information system, the vulnerability map of the city has been drawn. According to the final map, which is the output of GIS software, it can be said that the western part of the city is naturally highly vulnerable. In the current research, it was determined that the conditions in the western part of Khalkhal city are critical and during an earthquake, the number of casualties and financial damages will be high. Finally, in this thesis, the obtained results showed that the method used in the research was able to evaluate the studied area well and showed the vulnerable parts, which mostly include the western areas of Khalkhal city, in the final map.

Smallness, type of access, type of materials, etc., worn-out urban tissues are more vulnerable, especially in the face of crisis and threat. , the aim of the current research is to monitor the vulnerability of worn tissue from the point of view of passive defense in times of threat and crisis.

The current research is of applied-descriptive type. In this research, firstly, effective variables were identified bylibrary studies and asking experts, and in the next step, by collecting descriptive and spatial information, the variables were combined with information and then fuzzy, using the weighted combination method. Layers used in GIS were superimposed. and maps have been extracted. The model used in this research, IHWP model, is a combination of fuzzy logic method and hierarchical process.

Factors affecting the vulnerability of the worn-out fabric of Zanjan city, age of population density, dependency ratio and size of the household, weight of traffic, backside uses and green space, age, building materials and finally the permeability and accessibility of fabric.

The results of the survey show that the most important influencing factors are the texture and materials and the age of the building, which covers 70% of the area as vulnerable buildings. Then permeability with 70% of population density, 65% of household dimension and dependency, 58% of traffic weight has affected the tissue with high vulnerability and finally urban green space with 67% of the studied area has been included in the scope. Low vulnerability class

Ports are significant in the movement of goods and people and play a key role in the economy of countries…

Regarding the importance of the topic, this research, using five indicators (architecture and design, structure, facilities and equipment, proximity and access, information security and cyber network) and 104 sub-indexes, aims to identify and evaluate the vulnerability…

This research is applied and the research method is survey evaluation with emphasis on the questionnaire. The statistical population includes the employees and expert experts of the port administration and some officials of the institutions of the city of Bandar Imam Khomeini and the determined sample size is 100 people…Geographical Context:Imam Khomeini Harbor

The findings from the PLS test results revealed that the facilities and equipment index has the highest impact (0.873) and the information security and cyber network index has the lowest impact (0.737). Likewise, the results of ranking selected research components among five selected indicators using Friedman's model disclosed that the information security and cyber network index with a score of 3.24, and the structure index with a score of 2.91 have attained the highest and the lowest level of vulnerability among the studied subjects.

Based on the research results due to the high level of vulnerability, information security index and cyber network attention and increase of protection and security factors by following the passive defense instructions can prevent the occurrence possible risks to be effective.

Due to the increasing incidence of floods, particularly in urban areas, and their associated risks to life, finance, and the environment, zoning flood-prone locations is of utmost importance. Therefore, current descriptive-analytical research aims to identify effective variables in flood risk zoning and assess the vulnerability of Ilam City to flood risk. The study identified factors affecting flood vulnerability zoning based on 11 variables sourced from different studies. The AHP method was then used to assess the opinions of 73 experts and weight experts, in relation to each variable, through the Export Choice software. Finally, the FAHP method was employed alongside GIS software to generate maps showing Ilam city's flood risk vulnerability zoning. When zoning Ilam city's vulnerability to floods, we examined 11 variables. Of these, three variables stand out: distance from waterways, with a weight of 0.244; distance from the river, with a weight of 0.126; and slope direction, with a weight of 1.102. These variables play a key role in determining the vulnerability of Ilam city to floods. A significant portion of Ilam city, spanning 1687 hectares, exhibits a high susceptibility to flood hazards due to its unique topographic and geologic features. The analysis of flood risk zoning in Ilam city indicates that the northwest, west, southwest, and south regions experience a lower level of vulnerability than other parts of the city. Conversely, a significant portion of the central, eastern, and northeastern regions of Ilam are vulnerable to such risks. In the following, suggestions have been made to reduce the vulnerability of Ilam city to floods.

Intensification of flood vulnerability and distance from resilience is caused by human intervention and construction, regardless of the conditions of the natural bed. The impermeability of the surface of urban watersheds and the changes that occur due to the growth and development of the city, such as the destruction of vegetation, soil density, and the creation of a system for collecting and directing surface water, greatly reduce water penetration into the soil. At present, the dominant view has changed from focusing only on reducing vulnerability to increasing disaster resilience. Gilan province is also considered among the disaster-prone provinces of the country, and according to the announcement of the director general of crisis management, Gilan is one of the first 5 provinces facing natural disasters, also, its proximity to the Caspian Sea and the benefit of oil and gas fields have given it a special political-economic position. Talash city is the second most populated city of this province according to the statistics announced by the fire department and possible safety services for all kinds of natural disasters are foreseen in it. On the other hand, due to the fact that it is one of the most sensitive areas of the country when the enemy's military attacks occur. Therefore, considering the occurrence of environmental hazards in the city of Talash, it seems necessary to adopt strategies to improve it by relying on the principles of passive defense.

According to the nature of the subject and its general purpose, the present research is of the type of applied studies and in terms of methodology, it is of the type of descriptive-analytical studies. In this research, the library study method including the use of books, articles and the global Internet network was used to collect information, as well as the field methods of questionnaires, interviews and consultations were used to provide information for qualitative and quantitative data analysis. The statistical sample size was determined using the Cochran method and the sampling method was based on simple random sampling. The explanation of natural hazards was examined in four economic, social, physical, institutional and environmental aspects, and its indicators and components were determined based on theoretical foundations and research background. 383 citizens and 30 individuals were selected as a research sample to measure vulnerability among the households living in Talash city. Then SPSS software was used to check the relationship between indicators and their analysis and the output of each part of the work was drawn as a map using ARCGIS software.

Flood is one of the risks that causes financial and human losses every year in the world and in Iran, in order to prevent the occurrence and damage of flood, it identifies the areas that have a high potential in creating this phenomenon. In the current research, the vulnerability of Talash city was determined by using standard indicators, and taking into account the results of the methods and combining them with the geographic information system, the vulnerability map of the city was drawn. Looking at Figure 5, which is the output of SPSS model, it can be said that the eastern, southeastern part of Talash city is in a vulnerable condition compared to other places. It was also found that the conditions of the central core of Talash city are unsuitable and when a flood occurs, it will cause casualties and financial damage. These neighborhoods correspond to the worn-out texture and the old outskirts of the city, which are in unfavorable conditions and are seriously vulnerable. 

The results of Friedman's test show that in terms of indicators, the social index with an average of 2.92 is in an unfavorable condition and the institutional index with an average of 2.11 is in a favorable condition. In addition to the cases mentioned in the implementation of urban vulnerability, according to the test of the characteristics of single samples, social indicators with an average of 2.56 (first priority) and institutional with an average of 2.44 (last priority) have a role in the efficiency of urban resilience in Talash city; Therefore, at the 95% confident level, it can be claimed that the condition of the indicators in the studied area is less vulnerable in the face of floods and these variables are on average lower than the average level of 3.Spearman's correlation coefficient was tested and the results obtained that there is a significant relationship between the components of Talash city through statistical tests showed that there is a significant relationship between the degree of vulnerability and the social, economic, and physical institutional components. In other words, according to the Spearman correlation coefficient, there is a strong and positive correlation between the significant ratios. According to the output results of GIS software, it can be said that the western part of the city is naturally highly vulnerable. In the current research, it was found that the conditions in the east, southeast and center of Talash urban area are critical and during the flood, the number of casualties and financial damages will be high.

Finally, in this research, the obtained results showed that the method used in the research was able to evaluate the studied area well, and the vulnerable parts, which mostly include the eastern areas of Talash city, were displayed in the final map. The results of the investigation and other research conclusions can be lessons in the preparation of increasing resilience against reactions and crises. In such a way that the city is considered against the risks of a goal at all levels of planning, which will reduce damage in cities.

Climate change may cause severe droughts with heavy economic-social damages; In addition, vulnerability assessment is the first step in the field of risk management and increasing the ability of farmers against drought, so the purpose of this study is to assess the regional vulnerability of Sistan and Baluchistan and provide appropriate strategies to reduce vulnerability to drought. In this article, biophysical and socio-economic indicators were used to measure vulnerability to drought risk and its three components (exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity); The results showed that the cities of Chabahar (2) and Khash (1.79) are more vulnerable to drought. In addition, this study showed that vulnerability to drought is related to the social and economic development of the region. In general, places with the highest level of exposure, in the overall index, experienced the most vulnerability, also, places with high adaptive capacity were not necessarily less sensitive to drought.

Geological diversity has created a new branch of the tourism industry called geotourism , where geological and geomorphological features are explored . The main focus of geotourism on geological elements includes two items, form and process . There is a set of geological forms and processes in places , which are called geosites . This has given rise to a new branch of tourism called geotourism , which examines places that have the ability to attract tourists and management aspects that can help the local community for economic development. In the first stage , it is very important to know the abilities and characteristics of the studied area . Scientific, tourism and educational evaluation of geosites in the region is the basis for optimal exploitation and sustainable development. In recent years, more attention has been paid to the Garmsar region, which has led to the development of geotourism. The impact of tourists and mines that have been created by humans, the Tastkan caves that have changed the strength of the salt caves, and also the role of natural factors, have all led to the environment's reaction

Urban planners consider historical fabric as the beating heart of cities. However, cities and specifically their historical fabrics are constantly under influence of natural and human-induced hazards.  This study aimed to assess the vulnerability of Ferdowsi neighborhood as an example of Tehran’s historical fabric. The data was obtained from geographical information system (GIS) files and a survey, as well as historical contexts and documents were analyzed as part of this study. Ten municipal experts were also asked to provide a score of 1 to 5 for each of the 29 indicators compared to standard levels. The mean value of these scores was then used to evaluate the role of each parameter in the vulnerability of this neighborhood.  Study findings indicate a high potential for the occurrence of natural and human-induced hazards in the study area. The abundance of unstable multistory buildings and derelict electricity and water networks, storage of flammables in warehouses, and lack of sewage network for half of the buildings were the most significant factors contributing to the vulnerability of this ancient fabric. Problems such as insecurity, drug abuse in public spaces, overcrowding and daytime congestion have also led to rapid relocation of neighborhood residents, who subsequently were replaced by commercial activities and warehouses. In conclusion, numerous problems are contributing to the vulnerability of historical fabric of this neighborhood and such problems are highly likely to be applied to other urban historical fabrics in Tehran.

The review of the research projects that have explored the evaluation and mapping of urban security vulnerability shows that this issue has various dimensions and is affected by spatial, social, and economic factors and these dimensions are determined through factors such as land use combination, street connectivity, infrastructure and demographic and social data.

In this research, after identifying the indicators related to the topic, the data related to them were collected at the level of localities in 22 districts of Tehran. Then it was used through the F'ANP method, which is a multi-criteria evaluation method for building composite indices.

The results of this research, which is the result of the combination of 14 indicators in 354 neighborhoods of Tehran, show that five main components can be identified in the construction of the urban security vulnerability composite index, which are: risk and threat level (at risk), economic activity density, total unemployment composition, traffic nodes, and dependent population.

The spatial distribution of these components at the level of neighborhoods in Tehran shows that the components of risk/threat level and traffic nodes have a north-central distribution. The components of economic activity density, the composition of total unemployment, and the dependent population are cluster components. In total, the highest values of urban security vulnerability were in central areas 11 and 12 and northern area 1 of Tehran, and the lowest values were related to northeastern areas 3 and 4 of Tehran.