zahedan city

the results of the one-sample t-test show that the internal development of worn-out structures in Zahedan city has an average of 2.45, which is lower than the base limit (3). is more Therefore, the internal development of the worn-out tissues of Zahedan city is not in a suitable and desirable condition.The step-by-step regression results indicate that among the dimensions affecting the internal development of worn-out structures in Zahedan city, the social dimension with a beta coefficient of /544 has the most influence, economic with /390 in the second place, administrative with /272 in the third place. Physical with /251 in the fourth order, environment with /245 in the fifth order, and finally access with a beta value of /224 is the least influential. This means that by strengthening the components of the social dimension such as participation, interaction, cooperation, light and illumination, crime control, prevention of buying and selling drugs, social empowerment took an effective step in the direction of internal development. Of course, it goes without saying that the financial empowerment of the residents also plays an important role, which is improved by creating stable flames and loans.Definitely and in principle, considering the dispersion of Zahedan city, especially its dilapidated texture, the internal development strategy can work, but it needs serious attention from the relevant authorities, because in the examination of the components, itwas found that all the components are not in a suitable and desirable condition. The importance of all components is such that not paying attention to one of them causes disruption in planning. In the meantime, the capacity and social life of the residents of Zahedan's worn-out fabric is unfavorable from all aspects, including security, sense of belonging, attachment, sense of unity, sense of partnership and cooperation, and... They don't have texture. This is related to the lack of facilities and services in texture. For example, the residents do not have the proper economic capacity and support and end up in poverty, this makes them not take action to improve their housing. This is due to the negligence of the officials because they have not injected special welfare and credit facilities into the fabric and from this point of view it is in crisis and chaos. While by attracting public and private capitals and credits, the situation of Baft can be turned upside down. Even institutions such as the relief and welfare committee and popular institutions, philanthropists and elders have done the least for the residents of this context. By preparing and implementing strategic plans for participatory and city-oriented operations and proper urban management, and monitoring and standardizing houses, streets and roads, and investigating the problems and problems of the aforementioned neighborhoods, the relevant authorities prevented the random process of the city's untidy settlements and Both the northern area of the city will be presented as the most important and most prosperous center of biological activity in the southeast of the country, and the fields of internal development will be provided in these areas.

In order to achieve the goals of sustainable development, the theory of internal development is proposed, which is one of the ten principles of smart growth. In this type of development, the city expands vertically instead of horizontally. In the endogenous development of the city, unlike other urban development policies, barren and ineffective lands are considered as the mechanism and realization of the internal development policies of the city. We come to this conclusion that there are abandoned, unused, inefficient and worn out spaces in the city that we can use the capacities and potentials of these lands by improving and renovating such textures and with a proper planning. From this point of view, in the city of Zahedan, according to the major development goals, including improving the quality and level of structural integrity of the city in order to support the inner-city development of the approved urban area, the best option is internal development and using the capacities and potentials of this sector. Considering the problem and the necessity of the research, the current research examines and evaluates the components of internal development in the dilapidated context of Zahedan city using statistical tests and models such as one-sample t-test, regression and swara. The results of the T- test of a sample show that the internal development of worn-out tissues in Zahedan city has an average of 2.45, which is lower than the base limit (3). Therefore, the internal development of worn-out tissues of Zahedan city is not in a suitable and desirable condition. The regression results show that among the dimensions affecting the internal development of worn-out tissues of Zahedan city, the social dimension with a beta coefficient of /544 has the most influence, economic with /390 in the second place, administrative with /272 in the third place, physical with /251 in the third place. In the fourth order, the environment with /245 in the fifth order and finally the access dimension with a beta value of /224 has the least effect. The results of Swara's decision-making technique indicate that among the dimensions of internal development, the economic dimension with a final weight of 0.237 is in the first place, the physical dimension is in the second place with 0.202, access is in the third place with 0.173, and the social dimension is with 0.149. The fourth place is the environment with 0.128 in the fifth place and finally the legal-administrative dimension with a final weight of 0.111 is in the last place. In the end, it is necessary to make a comparative comparison with related research. In this regard, it can be stated that the results of the present research are in line with the research of Ali Akbari and Varesi (2019), who believe that creating housing in the future and city development plans in all environmental, economic, social, and physical dimensions. Except for the access dimension, the main factor of the physical expansion of the city is in one direction.

In the past, the boundaries of an urban neighborhood were determined by ethnic, racial, class, and group differences, as well as natural divisions and geomorphological differences (such as the presence of a river, waterway, etc.). Each neighborhood in a city has its own cultural identity, and when hearing the name of a neighborhood, the characteristics of its residents, in terms of occupation, wealth, and prevailing temperament, would immediately come to mind. However, in contemporary cities with the population explosion of the past century, which disrupted the old traditional living systems, the concept of neighborhood has undergone a change, and new interpretations have taken its place. Unlike the past, when neighborhoods were formed based on ethnic, racial, religious, and other shared characteristics, modern neighborhoods are often shaped by economic factors and occupational similarities (e.g., government employee neighborhoods). This leads to a diversity of opinions and tastes within these neighborhoods, resulting in a lack of consensus among residents. This research, conducted using a combination of documentary and field methods, involved distributing 380 questionnaires to residents of Neighborhood 49 in Zahedan. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS software and regression analysis. Although 61% of residents expressed satisfaction with living in the neighborhood, numerous problems were identified, including a shortage of trash cans and littering, poor road conditions, and dilapidated land used as garbage dumps. The most significant demand among residents was for increased green spaces, followed by a lack of recreational and sports facilities, inadequate sidewalks, and the absence of a proper sewage system.

Zahedan has been faced with excessive expansion in the past decades, and providing drinking water to the citizens of this city is one of the most acute problems of the city, and it is facing a severe shortage of water resources. This research aims to explain the urban management model in the water-sensitive city of Zahedan, which is practical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature. The required information was collected using documentary and field studies (questionnaire) methods. The statistical population of the research included officials, managers, and experts in the field of water affairs, as well as Zahedan City Municipality and Sistan and Baluchistan University. The sample size is determined based on the purposeful sampling method of 30 people. In order to analyze the data, statistical tests such as Shipro-Wilk, one-sample t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and factor analysis technique were used in SPSS software. The findings of the research show that between urban management in this water-sensitive city with indicators of water-sensitive governance (0.842), social capital (0.860), productivity and efficiency (0.847), adaptive infrastructures (0.599), ecological health (0.720), quality of urban space (0.877), water cycle management (0.703), minimization of sedimentation (0.811); there is a positive and significant relationship. According to the analysis of the factors that were the basis of this research and the results, a three-level model of urban water resources management, including sustainable human-social management, optimum productivity and ecological protection, and quality of urban performance, was finally developed. In order to optimally manage water resources and uses in the water-sensitive city of Zahedan, it was extracted and presented.

unplanned urban physical development inflicts irreparable damages such as Land use change causes, vegetation loss, an increase in the temperature of the earth's surface, an increase in the price of residential land, and the tendency to marginalization becomes unplanned. In this research, To investigate urban changes during a 25-year study period from 1995 to 2020 to prevent the mentioned damages due to physical development without a plan three Landsat images for analysis were obtained from the USGS website. Pre-processing and processes to identify the changes on the images to estimate the physical development were done in ArcGIS and ENVI software, the surface temperature was extracted, the marginal areas were determined, the change map was obtained and finally the results were validated. The results showed that in 2020 and 2015, the temperature of the earth's surface in the northern and northeastern regions is higher than in other directions of the city, during 2020-1995, about 1850 hectares have been added to the area of urban areas. The main reason for the physical development of Zahedan city in the east and northeast direction is the expansion of marginalization in agricultural lands. Also, one of the reasons for the expansion of the city of Zahedan in the south and southwest direction is the presence of industrial towns and administrative centers such as universities. Therefore, due to the increase of built-up lands (marginal areas), the agricultural land in the north and northeast of Zahedan City has decreased and its temperature has increased. It is necessary to continuously monitor urban changes so that urban managers can carefully plan for the physical development of cities to prevent uncontrolled urban physical development and its possible future risks.

Urban governance seeks to limit the role of the government to the extent of harmonizing and guarding the laws and to reduce its direct interference in decision-making, administration and implementation of affairs related to people's daily lives. The purpose of this research is to investigate the status of good governance indicators in the urban areas of Zahedan. The research method of the research is descriptive-analytical and library and field method (questionnaire tool) was used to collect the required information. The statistical population of the research consists of the citizens of Zahedan, including 592,968 people. The sample size was calculated by Cochran's formula of 360 people and the questionnaire was completed according to the population of each region by a simple random method at the level of the regions. In order to compare pairs of each of the indicators of good urban governance, after obtaining the opinions of 17 experts who have full knowledge of the city under study, using model A. H. Fuzzy foundation has been applied to the weighting of each index. To analyze the collected data, SPSS software, one-sample t-test and TOPSIS fuzzy model were used. The findings showed that the indicators of good urban governance in the areas of Zahedan city are in an unfavorable situation. Also, the results obtained from prioritizing the five regions of Zahedan city with the Fuzzy Topsis model in terms of good urban governance indicators show that region 1 with a weight of 0.818 ranks first. Region 4 is in the fifth and last place with a weight of 0.000. Region 2 with a weight of 0.722, Region 5 with a weight of 0.636 and Region 3 with a weight of 0.289 are in the second to fourth ranks respectively in terms of good urban governance indicators.

Along with the development of cities and increasing population, many challenges have been created, the most important of which is urban transportation. The inability of traditional urban management to address this challenge has led to some approaches, including intelligent transportation. Adopting and implementing such an approach in metropolitan areas requires a change in management approach, of which integrated urban management is known as the most important. The purpose of this study is to investigate the status of integrated urban management and then its impact on the realization of intelligent transportation in the city of Zahedan. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on data collection in the field through a questionnaire. The validity of the instrument and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha greater than 0.70. The statistical population of the study is urban experts in Zahedan. The sample size was set at 100 people. The result of the one-sample t-test shows that the variables of integrated urban management are significant at the level of less than 0.05. From the statistical point of view, the 7 variables of good governance, synergy, unity of urban command, context, interaction, organizational structure, and systemic perspective are not in a good situation and these conditions have caused the integrated urban management index in Zahedan to not have favorable conditions. Also, the significance of the test shows that the 5 variables of intelligent transportation, namely intelligent monitoring, intelligent payment, intelligent violation registration, intelligent information, and mechanized fleet management are significant at the level of less than 0.05. Significantly, it indicates the unfavorable situation of the intelligent transportation index in Zahedan. Regression showed that integrated urban management variables can be more than 68% effective in the realization of intelligent transportation and 32% are dependent on other factors. The variable of good governance with 12% and then the systemic perspective with 11%, has the greatest impact in this regard.

The land and urban space have been changed, expanded and enriched in terms of natural, physical, economic and social aspects. However, the use of land and the location of sports uses, which is a public and vital resource, must be done with basic planning. In this regard, the present study deals with the qualitative analysis of the location selection of sports uses in Zahedan using multi-indicator decision-making techniques. The method of this research is descriptive-documentary and analytical, and the relevant information has been collected in the field and in the library. Research data and information have been used using five evaluation matrices (proximity, accessibility, safety, topography and foundations) as well as Swara weighting model and Mabac ranking. The results of the five evaluation matrices (access, proximity, safety, topography and comfort) indicate that the sports halls of Zahedan city are not in a good condition in terms of safety and proximity, which is due to the lack of safe sidewalks. For elderly and disabled people, it is the lack of police stations, the lack of safe and secure sidewalks, the lack of safety of roads and areas, and the lack of access to parks and green spaces, as well as religious centers. The results of Mabak's decision-making model show that Imam Ali Sports Complex is in the first place, Kausar Sports Complex is in the second place, Moin Sports Hall is in the third place, Shahid Kargaran Sports Hall is in the fourth place and Shahid Beheshti Sports Complex is in the fifth place. Are placed On the other hand, Shirabad Hall is ranked 20th and Karimabad Hall is ranked last. Therefore, according to the indicators of safety, proximity, accessibility, and comfort, special attention should be paid to the salons of Karimabad and Shirabad, which are located in the suburbs of the city.

Nowadays, provision of vitality, happiness, social vitality and urban Liveliness has become one of the main concerns of urban management systems, especially in developed countries. Ensuring urban Liveliness as a legitimate goal is seen at the top of many official urban planning documents, which itself arises from the importance of the Liveliness and Vitality of citizens of the city of Tawaman as a goal and a means. Therefore, the aim of the present research is to compare the urban Liveliness and Vitality of citizens of the citizens between the new and old neighborhoods (the selected neighborhoods of the district one includes: Zhanbazan and Camp and Danesh neighborhoods and the selected neighborhoods of the district foor including: Pahlavani, Muradqoli, Karimabad neighborhoods) of the city. is an ascetic.

The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. The statistical population of the research is 212717 citizens of the selected localities of districts one and four of Zahedan city, and using the Cochran formula, the sample size was calculated as 383 persons. In order to collect data, sampling was done in a multi-stage cluster method, where the samples were selected in a simple random manner within the selected clusters. Independent t-tests, one-way analysis of variance, and Spearman's correlation were used for analysis, and ArcGIS was used to draw maps. A five-level Likert scale was used to measure each of the variables in the questionnaire.

Based on the obtained results, the independent t-test for vitality indicators shows that the Vitality of citizens index in the selected localities of district one has an average of 3.05 and in the selected localities of district four with an average of 2.72, the economic vitality index in the selected localities of district one is 3.11 and in the district Four is 2.78, the physical vitality index in the selected localities of district one is 3.12 and district four is 2.28, the environmental vitality index is 2.85 in selected localities of district one and 2.31 in district four. In the indicators of Vitality of citizens, the index of emotional vitality in selected neighborhoods of district one with an average of 2.53 and in district four of 3.49, the index of cognitive vitality in selected neighborhoods of district one with an average of 2.63 and in district four of 3.0, the index of Vitality of citizens in selected neighborhoods of district one is 2.56 and in district four was 3.22.

The results of this research are such that there is a significant difference among the selected localities of districts one and four of Zahedan city in terms of indicators of urban vitality and vitality of citizens. In this way, the indicators of vitality in the neighborhoods of region one has a better situation compared to the neighborhoods of region four, but on the contrary, the indicators of vitality in the neighborhoods of region four have a better situation than those of region one.

The central component of the city presents itself as a palpable and tangible reality within the urban landscape, thereby unveiling the enigmatic mechanisms at play within the city. The objective of this study was to investigate whether there is a singular or multiple central cores within the confines of Zahedan city, ultimately aiming to identify the predominant central core or cores in the spatial arrangement of Zahedan city.

This study is carried out in 2023 in the city of Zahedan. The process of data collection entailed both extensive library research and meticulous document analysis. The parameters under scrutiny included educational institutions, financial institutions, healthcare facilities, administrative centers, athletic facilities, commercial establishments, green areas, places of worship, military installations, parking spaces, street conditions, recreational amenities, and population density. The acquired data was subsequently integrated into the urban blocks utilizing ArcGIS 10.3. Expert opinions were sought in order to ascertain the appropriate distances for each parameter. Network analysis and hierarchical analysis were employed to assign weightings to the aforementioned parameters.

The results of the network analysis reveal that the city consists of a prominent central core situated in the city center and five subcores dispersed throughout the urban area. In the hierarchical analysis method, the central core of the city is situated in the city center of Zahedan along with areas 5, 1, and 2. These areas, as well as regions with potential for development and the establishment of urban nodes, contribute to the central core. Both methods corroborate that Zahedan city is comprised of singular cores and is in the process of evolving into a multi-core city.

Despite the physical expansion witnessed in Zahedan city over the past few decades, the dominant structure remains a single core in terms of service provision and employment. In order to enhance accessibility and establish an effective spatial arrangement, it is imperative to establish new cores at the regional level within the city.

Review

The aim of this study was to evaluate and identify the trend of historical patterns of urban growth, simulate and predict the size and future growth of Zahedan city, and seek to investigate and identify the intervening factors in determining the intelligent direction of urban areas and the intention to answer this key question whether the growth of Zahedan urban area is in accordance with the prepared and planned patterns and matched with the population. Results/

The results showed that the historical growth trend of Zahedan city will be mostly based on organic growth, growth based on road orientation and urban areas growth as edge and future growth of the city internally and then on the edges of the existing texture. The results of the future growth of Zahedan city showed that further growth will be toward the west and parts of the south, which considering the desirability of land development in the western half, makes the pattern and the growth rate of the range in the future logical and appropriate.

Rural households due to many problems such as drought, floods and sometimes economic problems such as youth unemployment and poor health, their vitality is always subject to changes and developments that with proper management and good governance - these problems can be reduced and vitality. He gave gifts to the villagers. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of good rural governance on the livelihood of rural households in Zahedan. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature and method of descriptive-analytical work, which is done in two ways: library study and field survey. The statistical population of the study consists of rural households in Zahedan city. Due to the dispersion of villages and their large number, 20 villages were randomly selected as the sample village. According to the 2016 census, these villages have a total of 4456 households equal to It had a population of 18,365, of which 354 were selected using the Cochran's formula. The Cronbach's alpha value is 0.80 for governance indices and 0.85 for vitality indices. Multivariate regression analysis and one-sample t-test were used to analyze the findings. The results showed that good rural governance with an average of 2.839 and the vitality of rural households with an average of 2.773 were lower than the desired situation. The study of the effects of good rural governance on the vitality of rural households showed that good rural governance has the greatest effect with a beta coefficient of 0.398 on the economic vitality variable and the lowest effect with a beta coefficient of 0.147 on the environmental vitality variable. Governance also affects the variables of social vitality and cultural vitality with beta coefficients of 0.321 and 0.256, respectively.

Rapid unprecedented development of urbanization has changed the balance of socio-environmental issues and making informal settlements and inefficient urban structures and as a result. The approach of urban regeneration approach tries to improve the inefficiency through positive and sustainable changes. Considering the issues, this study tried to identify the main drivers affecting the urban regeneration in Zahedan city, using futures study method. The statistical population of this mixed-method documentary and survey included managers, employees and members of active institutions that play a role in the regeneration, management, and development of cultural affairs of the city. Library and field studies were used to collect the data. Moreover, structural analysis, Delphi technique, and MIC MAC were used for data analysis. Based on the results of the structural analysis model, 10 indicators were selected as the main indicators that affect urban regeneration of Zahedan city: Seven indicators belong to the managerial-institutional and legal variable group, two indicators belong to the socio-cultural variable group and one indicator belong to the environmental and physical variables. Therefore, the key variable in urban regeneration of Zahedan is the administrative-institutional and legal variable. Among suggestions are: improving expertise in the municipality, integrating different policies of different departments, emphasizing the existence of a coordinating center for urban policies and planning, formulating service evaluation standards for urban management, obliging all official and unofficial institutions to cooperate with urban regeneration.

Introduction:

 The concept of water-sensitive cities is linked to the new pattern of urban water governance and support for the use of decentralized water systems. Zahedan, the capital of Sistan and Baluchestan province, with its hot and dry climate, is witnessing the arrival of immigrants from rural areas of the province and other provinces, as well as the lack of employment infrastructure and the existence of numerous suburban centers, causing overcrowding. It has been located in different parts of the city and during the last two decades, there have been several problems in the field of urban water supply in this city, such as lack of supply resources on the one hand and increasing per capita consumption and very high migration rate on the other hand. On the one hand, the influx of villagers and the formation of the city in recent decades, and on the other hand, the migration of Afghan citizens to this city, has caused the city of Zahedan to suddenly receive a large population. Therefore, the increasing population growth and inadequate economic facilities have led to the formation of informal settlements in this city. Zahedan has about 1.3 percent of the population and urban space of informal housing and suburban population, which is equivalent to 42% of the total population of the city. These issues indicate that the city of Zahedan is facing a severe shortage of water resources. The city of Zahedan has also faced an uncontrolled expansion in recent decades, and since the supply of drinking water to the citizens of this city is one of the most acute problems of the city, scientific study in this regard will be very important. Therefore, in this research, the areas of Zahedan city in terms of water sensitive indicators have been evaluated and prioritized.

Methodology :

The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical based on the library method (documentary method) and field method using the distribution of questionnaires and conducting interviews to collect information. The statistical population of the study consists of citizens of Zahedan (587730 people) who were selected using Cochran's formula of 350 people and the research questionnaire was distributed and completed in a simple random method according to the population of each region. Then, SPSS software and one-sample t-test were used to analyze the collected data. Also, by designing a questionnaire using fuzzy hierarchical analysis (FAHP) technique, 25 professors and students of geography, experts and officials in relation to the characteristics of water-sensitive city (water-sensitive governance, social capital, justice and equality) Productivity and efficiency, adaptive infrastructure, ecological health, urban space quality, water cycle management, increasing and strengthening water storage and minimizing sedimentation) were identified in the areas of Zahedan. In order to determine the level of each area in the indicators of water sensitive city, the Fuzzy Topsis model has been used. Arc Gis software has been used to draw the maps. 

Discussion and Results:

A one-sample t-test was used to evaluate the status of water-sensitive city indicators in Zahedan. In general, the indicators of water-sensitive city in Zahedan city with an average of 2.843 have been evaluated in an unfavorable situation. In order to prioritize the areas of Zahedan city in terms of water sensitive city indicators, the Fuzzy Hierarchical Analysis (FAHP) technique has been used. In this part of the research, the areas of Zahedan city are ranked in terms of water sensitive city indicators using fuzzy TOPSIS model. Also, fuzzy hierarchical analysis technique has been used to weight the indicators. The results show that region 1 with a weight of 0.851 is in the first place. Zone 4 with a weight of 0.096 is in the fifth and last rank. Also, Zone 2 with a weight of 0.705, Zone 5 with a weight of 0.647 and Zone 3 with a weight of 0.282 are in the second to fourth ranks in terms of water sensitive city indicators, respectively. In the city of Zahedan, every year a large amount of natural water resources in the form of rain leaves the city as quickly as possible and discharges in combination with sewage. Due to the large volume of sewage and runoff and the lack of capacity of the collection system of Zahedan city, this system causes overflow and flooding of passages, which causes damages such as damage to infrastructure facilities, residential houses, as well as power outages, traffic disruptions. Unfavorable views in the city and even electrocution of residents due to the flooding of the city's electrical facilities.

Conclusion :

A one-sample t-test was used to evaluate the status of water-sensitive city indicators in Zahedan. In general, the indicators of water sensitive city in Zahedan city with an average of 2.843 have been evaluated in an unfavorable situation. The general results of the article on the prioritization of the five regions of Zahedan city, in terms of water-sensitive city indicators, show that region 1 with a weight of 0.851 is in the first place. Zone 4 with a weight of 0.096 is in the fifth and last rank. Also, region 2 with a weight of 0.705, region 5 with a weight of 0.647 and region 3 with a weight of 0.282 are in the second to fourth ranks in terms of water sensitive city indicators, respectively. This research is conducted for the first time in the city of Zahedan with the present subject. These factors have caused the city to no longer be able to continue its urban life using the available resources.The city of Zahedan has faced an uncontrolled expansion in the past few years, and since the supply of drinking water to the citizens of Zahedan is one of the most acute problems of the city, scientific study in this regard will be very important. In order to prevent the increase of drinking water consumption in the country, especially in cities such as Zahedan, where the amount of water consumption is higher than the national average,appropriate strategies and policies should be taken to bring this amount closer to the global average.

Nowadays, with urbanization of the battlefield, especially in large cities and metropolises, it is important to consider passive defense as a solution to reduce damage, increase and capability. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate and analyze the urban vulnerability status from the perspective of passive defense in Zahedan city with seven criteria including distance from fire stations, access to higher education, administrative, medical, industrial, military, and urban facilities. The research method is descriptive-analytical and its type is practical. Required information was collected by document and field method and weighted in Super Decision software, then mapped in GIS environment. The results of ANP model showed that among the criteria studied, the highest weighted value was the index of access to military centers weighing 0.193. Has it. Thereafter the indicators of access to health centers, access to administrative centers, urban facilities, access to higher education, industrial use and access to fire stations were calculated as 0.171, 0.152, and 0.139, respectively , 127 /. 117 /. And /. The next priorities are set. Most of the vulnerability in the north and northeast parts of the city is due to the establishment of suburban areas and the presence of worn-out textures and central areas of the city due to the high construction density and high population density. In this regard, the following suggestions were made: Preparation of passive defense codes for special applications including industrial use, revision of urban development plans with urban safety approach, considering the geographical location of Zahedan city in arid and interest area. In the wake of many sunny days, it is necessary to consider solar power generation facilities as much as possible to generate electricity.

The purpose of this study is to investigate and evaluate the principles and impact of passive defense in land management in Zahedan. The research method is descriptive and analytical and is based on library, documentary and field studies. TIn the following, Expert Choice software has been used to review and rank the actions of the effective principles of passive defense on land management. Among the measures proposed in all principles, evaluation of vulnerable areas of Zahedan city against the threat with a weight of 0.342, action of accurate interaction of three elements of population, performance and scale of Zahedan city with a weight of 0.654, action to determine safety and protection standards And defense with a weight of 0.578, action to observe the economic nature of the plans and not impose a high cost with a weight of 0.352, action to define and assess the degree of security for each plan against the threat with a weight of 0.582, action to investigate The possibility of separating systems in terms of feasibility, economic, technical and safety with a weight of 0.289, the use of technical standards resistant to critical and sensitive structures with a weight of 0.312, the action of checking points Safe in the safe geographical area of Zahedan city with a weight of 0.432, Finally, the priority of the needs and centers to the vital and sensitive facilities with a weight of 0.398, have the highest weights.

Today, Indefensible spaces are one of the most serious issues in"urban environments"in which the probability of crime"or"social"anomalies is higher.Therefore, the aim of the present study is to Identification and analysis Rate Risk Indefensible urban spaces Using geographic information system(Case study:Zahedan city).

The present research is of applied-developmental type and its research method is of descriptive-analytical type based on graphic methods.Therefore, in the city of Zahedan,42 places (Indefensible spaces)were identified through field surveying.Exploratory variables of the research include population and building density, income groups, quality of road network, physical quality of urban tissues, social cohesion of neighborhoods, land and building prices and land use.For information analysis GIS techniques such as mean center method, standard deviation ellipse, spatial autocorrelation have been used for spatial analysis and geographic weight regression method has been used to explain the correlation between variables.

The results showed that crime-prone spaces occur in places with a smaller extent and tend to focus in certain areas; thus, the number of these spaces decreases to the north and south.Also, Indefensible spaces have spatial autocorrelation and are distributed in clusters and unbalanced throughout the region.As a result, certain areas are the focus of the Indefensible spaces under study and follow a centralized pattern. Also, there is a significant relationship between the8 environmental variables studied by the research with Indefensible urban spaces in the Zahedan city.

Findings of the study showed that the distribution of crime-prone spaces in the city of Zahedan tends to concentration and density in a specific area.

Studies and experiences in the field of improvement and renovation of dilapidated urban structures show the evolution of new approaches such as urban regeneration with emphasis on people's participation, especially in the central neighborhood. Urban regeneration, with an emphasis on neighborhood-centeredness, seeks to have the greatest impact on sustainability with the necessary small-scale measures, namely neighborhood, which is the smallest scale in the physical divisions of urban management. Therefore, in this regard, the aim of this study is the spatial analysis of neighborhood-centered economic and social approach in regenerating worn-out structures of urban areas (Case study: areas 4 and 5 of Zahedan city). The present study is an applied-analytical research. The method used in the data collection stage is based on a review of valid external and internal and field sources (questionnaire). WASPAS and Fuzzy VIKOR models were used for data analysis. The results of WASPAS decision model showed that area five is in a better position in the neighborhood-based economic and social approach than area four. Also, the results of Fuzzy VIKOR model showed that area five with a weight of 0.680 has a better situation than area four in terms of the possibility of a neighborhood-based economic and social approach in regenerating the worn-out tissues of Zahedan.

One of the main policies of the country and one of the most important strategies of the government in recent years is the "Mehr Housing Project" with the aim of providing housing for different groups. The purpose of this study is "Comparative evaluation of residents' satisfaction with Mehr housing in Zahedan." The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. In the process of collecting data and information, documentary and field methods have been used. The statistical population of the study is the residents of Mehr Shargh and Gharb housing complexes in Zahedan and includes 4950 heads of households. The sample size was estimated to be 562 heads of households based on Cochran's formula and SPSS software was used to analyze the data. The results of Pearson correlation analysis show that there is a significant relationship between age and monthly income and education with satisfaction with the residential complex. However, the results of t-test showed that the satisfaction of the residents of Mehr Zahedan housing complexes with a total average of 79 sub-criteria is lower than the average (2.41). Friedman test was used for the final ranking of indicators and the most important effect is the performance-structural index including accesses and facilities. SAWARA model was used to analyze the most effective indicators affecting the quality of housing according to experts. The most important content indicators are the presence of CCTV cameras and closer proximity to the shopping center. Finally, the results of independent t-test to compare the two residential complexes of Mehr showed that there is no significant difference in terms of satisfaction in Mehr housing in Zahedan.

In the meantime it can cause serious and irreparable damage to other social, economic and structural sectors of society. A look at the history of human life on Earth shows that human beings have always been exposed to all kinds of natural hazards. Natural hazards have many types, one of which is drought and water crisis. The recent droughts in Iran and the severity of the damage indicate the continued vulnerability of urban and rural areas. At present, drought management in our country is based on crisis management and thus less attention is paid to drought impacts and preparedness. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the resilience of Zahedan city against water crisis and drought. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of research, descriptive and analytical. The statistical population of the study is all households in Zahedan city based on the census of 1395 168480 households (672589 people). From the household heads, a sample size of 383 people was selected randomly using Cochran formula. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyze the findings. The results of one-sample t-test show that the economic, social and institutional resiliency status in Zahedan city is lower than the average (2.815, 2.873 and 2.886, respectively); The results showed that Zahedan city is not in a good position in terms of resilience to drought and water crisis and this city has many water problems in rural areas and Zahedan city. Rural water shortages and droughts have caused extensive damage to farmers and ranchers. The effects of the water crisis on the economic, social and environmental structure of the villages have been very negative and these negative effects have ultimately led to the migration of villagers to Zahedan.

Social capital as one of the important sources of human relations, It has a great role on the dynamism and development of social dimensions among city dwellers. Social capital is one of the basic and effective components in the development, dynamism and vitality of urban areas, and it is referred to as the foundation of socio-economic and physical development of any society and city. Therefore, therefore, the purpose of this study is the role of social capital in the physical development of the five regions of Zahedan.

The present descriptive-analytical research was conducted in 2021. This research is applied in terms of purpose. Data required for research by documentary-field method (questionnaire and observation), was collected. In the study, two types of statistical population were used. 1) Residents of Zahedan city based on random sampling and using Cochran's formula, 384 people was selected as (sample population) of Zahedan. 2) The statistical population was specialists, which was selected as a sample population based on sample community of 20 people. SPSS software and FARAS and FVIKOR models was used to analyze the data.

The results of factor analysis test showed that among the studied indices of networks and social support, the most effective index of social capital in the areas of Zahedan with a weight (28.75) was selected. The results of correlation analysis showed that the social capital index has a great impact on the level of physical development in Zahedan. The results of spatial analysis of the five regions of Zahedan city based on physical development with the impact of social capital indicators, using the FVIKOR model showed that region one city with a weight (0.254) is in priority.

Social networks created in the city of Zahedan through participation in local associations, Local groups and organizations, Create channels for social capital and physical development factor, which, in turn, has brought about individual norms and public mutual cooperation in the five districts of Zahedan.