: behavioral economics

Relying on the objective utility and measuring the level of happiness of people based on their choices is related to homo-economicus and a limited definition of human, which has been used as a presupposition by conventional theories in economics for years. Many studies show the deviation of reality and experimental data from the predictions of standard theories about happiness. In this study, we will try to introduce a structure for happiness so that in addition to considering the economic aspects, the effect of other fields on people's perception of happiness or subjective well-being can be determined. Based on the attitude of behavioral economics, we have re-examined utility and happiness, due to the data collected from 192 students in different grades of university. We have confirmed a structure for happiness, which is related to the psychological well-being. Economic well-being, social well-being and physical well-being also affects happiness indirectly through psychological well-being. This study is interdisciplinary research, which seeks to expand the conventional economic theories by replacing the real human being instead of the homo-economicus. The results show that the main source of people's happiness is their psychological well-being, and in psychological well-being, the most important factor is physical well-being. The second and third order goes to social well-being and economic well-being. Income or economic factors, which is the main in determining people's happiness in conventional prospect, is only one of the determining factors of psychological well-being, which happiness originates from.

Conventional economics posits that the presence of arbitrage in financial markets forces market participants to act rationally in order to maximize profits. This assumption underpins the efficient market hypothesis (EMH). However, in recent years, behavioral economics has challenged the assumption of market efficiency and rational behavior by demonstrating the significant impact of seemingly irrelevant factors (e.g., weather conditions, air temperature, and pollution) on financial markets. The present research aimed to compare the explanatory power of these two perspectives by analyzing daily data from the Tehran Stock Exchange index over two periods: February 20th, 2022 to February 19th, 2023, and February 20th, 2023 to February 19th, 2024. The study relied on the daily data on the growth rate of the dollar as an explanatory variable for the total stock market index growth from a conventional economics perspective. From a behavioral economics viewpoint, the analysis incorporated variables such as air temperature, weather conditions, and the pollution index. Given the nature of financial markets, the study used the EGARCH method for analysis. The results indicated that during the period from February 20th, 2022 to February 19th, 2023, when the dollar rate exhibited a significant upward trend, the explanatory power of behavioral variables decreased, with some even losing their significance in explaining the total stock market index. However, during the period from February 20th, 2023 to February 19th, 2024-when the exchange rate remained relatively stable-behavioral variables had a significant impact on the total stock market index.

The outbreak of Corona has left different economic effects in different countries, the countries whose income was in the field of tourism have suffered the most, such as the economic effects of Covid-19 include: increasing unemployment in the economy, imposing heavy shocks on the world economy, affected Building global trade and disrupting the balance of global supply and demand, all of which have reduced the growth of the global economy, which will be evident in its effect on the well-being of households. Considering the Corona epidemic in Iran and the unfavorable situation of macroeconomic variables due to international sanctions and the dependence of Iran's economy on oil, as well as the situation of inflationary stagnation in the economy, the severity of the economic effects of this pandemic on Iran's economy has been greater. In this research, the well-being of households in the two tourism provinces of Yazd and Kerman during the outbreak of Corona is specifically discussed. Due to the fact that many households who mainly did not have steady jobs during the Covid era have lost their jobs due to preventive measures or have reduced their working hours, as a result of which the income of these households has decreased and probably the composition of the households' consumption basket has also changed during this period. has found The composition of households' consumption basket is important because the details of the composition of household expenses are a measure for measuring the well-being of households, so that households with higher incomes have a lower share of food expenses. In order to better understand the welfare of households during the outbreak of Covid-19, the raw income-expenditure data (questionnaire) of Iran Statistics Center and the parasite welfare index are used as the first index introduced in the field of household welfare. He reported the estimation results of the parasitic model for the countries of Pakistan, Vietnam, and the United Kingdom and presented the nearly ideal demand system (AIDS) models in two simple and square forms. In general, the articles in this field are classified in the category of empirical studies. First, does the parasite law apply to the two provinces of Kerman and Yazd? Second, has Corona changed the level of welfare of the families of these two provinces? In this article, household income and expenditure data, the summarized file of the Iranian Statistics Center, have been used. Due to the large volume of household data, the variables have been specified with codes, which need to be processed to analyze the variables, and the data processing is done in Stata 14 software. has been taken, for data processing, the questionnaire forms and the structure of the Iranian Statistics Center have been used. The total data processed for this article is 3768 and 3451 urban and rural households for Yazd and Kerman provinces during the period of 2017-2019. The results show that the independent variable for the households of Yazd province has decreased in the estimated years, and therefore the share of food expenses of the households of this province has increased from the total household expenses, which has decreased according to the parasite approach to the welfare of the households of the province. The estimation coefficients show that the intensity of the decrease in 2019 has been slower compared to 2018 and 2017. On the contrary, in Kerman province, the welfare of households has increased from 2017 to 2018, but for 2019 (the year of Corona), their welfare has decreased. In other words, the rate of decline in welfare for households in Yazd province is lower than that of households in Kerman province. These results clearly show that households in Kerman province are more vulnerable to such phenomena than households in Yazd province. in the international health and insurance seminar predicted such a process for Iranian households against epidemics and catastrophic events and provided specific policy recommendations. Corona has undoubtedly affected the economic, financial and monetary behavior of households. In this article, an attempt is made to investigate the law of parasites in Yazd and Kerman provinces, whose spending pattern is similar between urban and rural households for the years 1997-2007, and it shows that the welfare of households has decreased in these two provinces. One of the important reasons for this decrease is the closeness of the urban household pattern of the two provinces to the rural households. In fact, the welfare level of Iranian households is very fragile. In order to prevent this damage, it is suggested that decision makers use personal and household insurance products like the international system. The results of this research clearly show that Kerman province has taken the process of increasing the level of household welfare according to Engel's approach, unlike the households of Yazd province. It is hoped that the politicians will prevent the decrease in the welfare level of households by providing personal and household insurance products with the policy recommendations of the researchers, including the practical policy solutions of this article regarding the prevention of changing the behavior of households in unwanted phenomena.

Various dimensions of housing heterogeneity have gained relative popularity in recent years. The most essential aspect of housing heterogeneity is a set of differences including technical, governance, socio-economic, and ecological differences of each residential unit. The origin of these distinctions is an objective matter that is regarded as an essential aspect of the research framework, but is frequently overlooked in managerial decision-making. In the scientific community, the social, technical, and economic dimensions have received the most attention, whereas the role of the behavioral characteristics of investors in housing prices has received scant attention. Focusing on the aspects of behavioral economics theory, the present study analyzes the heterogeneity of the behavior of housing investors, as well as the internal and external factors influencing housing prices and their effects on inflation in Iran from 2011 to 2020.

The primary objective of this article is to evaluate the effects of heterogeneous behavior of housing market investors on housing prices and the effects of heterogeneous behavior of housing market investors on inflation via housing prices. The following equation is used to determine the price of a house:POH=f1(A1. A2.A3) (1) In Equation 1, POH  represents the expense of housing, A1  is a vector of exogenousfactors influencing housing prices, A2  is a vector of exogenous factors influencing housing prices, and A3  is a vector of investor behavioral variables in the housing sector.Overoptimism and herding effect are considered to be two behavioral variables of housing sector investors:HBHt=1Tt=1T|et-em|  (2)OCHt=QtSt   (3)In equation 2, HBHt  represents the herding effect of investors in housing sector, et  represents the housing return at time t, and em  represents the average return of housing market. In equation 3, OCHt  represents overoptimism, Qt  represents the number of building permits issued, and St  represents the quantity of residential unit investment.Inflation is also viewed as a function of housing prices and other macroeconomic factors according to the equation below:INFR=f2(POH.B)  (4)In equation 5, INFR  represents inflation rate and B is a vector of independent variables influencing inflation.

During the period 2011-2020, land price, population growth rate, liquidity, and herding effect had a positive significant effect on housing prices in Iran, according to estimates. Conversely, the number of residential units constructed and the exchange rate has had a negative significant impact on housing prices in Iran; while, the variables of interest rate, per capita income growth rate, and overoptimism had nonsignificant effect on housing prices. Regarding the factors influencing inflation, the data also indicates that the housing price, exchange rate, and liquidity had a positive significant effect on Iran’s inflation rate between 2011 and 2020. In contrast, population growth and per capita income growth had a significant negative impact on inflation; while the interest rate had a negative but nonsignificant impact on Iran’s inflation rate over the period under review. Due to the nonsignificance of the effect of overoptimism on housing prices in the seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) model, it can be concluded that housing prices do not mediate the effect of overoptimism on inflation. Due to the significance of herding effect on housing prices, however, the mediating effect of housing prices and herding effect on inflation is confirmed.
Discussion and

In this article, SUR was used to analyze the effects of behavioral and non-behavioral factors on housing prices and inflation in Iran from 2011 to 2020. The following results were obtained:• An increase of 1% in internal factors affecting housing prices, such as land prices, the number of completed construction units, population growth rate, and per capita income, have resulted in respective increases of 1.19, -1.36, 0.59, and -0.015 in the Iranian housing costs.An increase of 1% in the behavioral factor of herding effect has resulted in a change of 0.77% in housing prices in Iran.A 1% increase in housing prices, currency prices, and liquidity has resulted in an inflation rate increase of 0.18%, 0.92%, and 0.17% in Iran, respectively. A 1% increase in the population growth rate and the per capita income growth rate has caused a decrease of 1.53% and 0.141% in inflation rate, respectively.Through housing prices, the behavior of investors in the housing sector can indirectly influence the inflation rate. Considering the positive impacts of herding effect on housing prices and housing prices on inflation rate, it can be concluded that herding effect has a positiveimpact on inflation rate.In accordance with the stated findings, the following policy recommendations are provided to prevent the rise in housing prices and inflation:Considering the positive impact of herding effect on the housing price and, consequently, the inflation rate, it is necessary to take measures to control and reduce emotional and irrational behavior of investors in housing sector. Since the internal factors of land price and population growth rate have a positive effect on the housing price, while the number of completed construction units and per capita income have a negative effect on the housing price, it is recommended that government provide unused governmental lands and remove obstacles to complete half-finished buildings that have been halted for legal reasons, and assist in supplying more housing to reduce its price. In addition, government should help control housing demand and reduce demand pressure by adopting population control policies and establishing suitable working, health, and educational conditions for the villagers, to diminish immigration level.

In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the impact of psychological factors on the fluctuations of coin prices in the market. Psychological factors belong to a category of factors that have given rise to the subfield of behavioral economics. On the other hand, price fluctuations near certain numbers, are an example of market inefiiciency, which contradicts the foundation of classical economic theories. The period under study in this research ranges from 1392 to 1400, including a period of price stability (1392-1396) and a priodof high fluctuations due to international sanctions(1396-1400). The price range during this period has been from 800000 Tomans to 16000000 Tomans.The GARCH (Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity) approach is used to estimate the corresponding equation. Here, a 10-day period is considered, and four time intervals around the barriers are examined. To further investigate the hypotheses and the distribution of prices around random numbers, the Nikooyi fitting method is used. The research results confirm the existence of price clustering phenomenon for coins during the period of 1396-1400. The results indicate that the dispersion of numbers in prices is not uniform, and prices show reactions to random numbers. On the other hand, the existence of this psychological phenomenon leads to the creation of a coin bubble or the deviation of coin prices from the equivalent price of 10 grams of gold, which is considered as the real and intrinsic value of the coin. In bullish market conditions, the coin bubble is more significant, but in bearish and stable market conditions, this bubble decreases."

As technological advancements drive economic development and energy diversification, reliance on electricity has steadily increased. With the residential sector being a major electricity consumer, understanding the behavioral patterns of this group is crucial for managing electricity consumption and mitigating pollution associated with power generation. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate household electricity consumption behavior alongside its determining economic factors based on Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB).In this framework, the relationship between electricity pricing and socio-demographic factors with saving intention is examined to assess the intention of households to conserve electricity and explain their saving behaviors. To test the research hypothesis regarding the significant and dominant effect of behavioral factors on household electricity consumption, structural equations are employed. Research data is gathered through a field study involving 405 subjects (based on Cochran-Orcutt statistics) from residential electricity customers in Mazandaran Province of Iran. According to the results, the path coefficients for attitude, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norm were estimated to be 0.442, 0.323, and 0.128, respectively. Notably, the path coefficient for electricity price was estimated to be 0.121 (lower than subjective norm), indicating a significant but less influential role compared to behavioral factors. Additionally, the path coefficient for electricity saving intention was estimated to be 0.617, again highlighting the substantial importance of behavioral factors in electricity consumption. Based on the findings of this research, it is recommended that policymakers consider behavioral factors alongside pricing measures to control electricity consumption. For instance, in the framework of nudge approach, designing bills based on behavioral patterns and sending monthly and quarterly reports to compare the consumption of residents with their neighbors can have a significant effect on reducing electricity consumption. This approach not only contributes to resource and environmental conservation but also mitigates the adverse income distribution effects stemming from electricity price hikes.

This study's primary objective is to analyze the impact of behavioral economics biases on students' inclination to apply for a loan. A 2x2x2 factorial model was utilized, incorporating two levels of framing (positive or negative), two levels of need for a loan (present bias or no bias), and two levels of probability of time limit (high or low probability). The independent variables include positive framing, an urgent need for a loan, and an increased likelihood of time limit. In contrast, the dependent variable is the willingness to take out a student loan. A random sample of 400 students from Ilam and Allameh Tabatabai University was included in the study. The results indicate that the present bias significantly increases the willingness to apply for a loan, suggesting that the perceived urgency of the loan influences individuals' decisions. However, the positive frame variable does not independently impact the overall sample's willingness to apply for a loan.Further analysis demonstrated that positive framing, with a low probability of time limit and absence of bias, positively affects the inclination to take out a loan. This implies that in situations where students are not biased, positive framing significantly influences their decision-making process. The findings of this research provide valuable insights for policymakers in higher education, emphasizing the need to leverage behavioral economics strategies to motivate students to avail themselves of available financial resources.

In recent years, policy makers have increasingly recognized the significance of vulnerability to climate change. This urgent situation necessitates the implementation of immediate, extensive, and comprehensive measures. Extensive scientific consensus has demonstrated that human activities have contributed to significant climate warming trends. However, despite this evidence, there are individuals who remain skeptical and deny the existence of climate change. Consequently, addressing this skepticism and effectively tackling the climate crisis require fundamental changes in behavior and attitudes across various levels and domains of human life. Therefore, the primary objective of this article is to examine the behavioral factors involved in climate policy making, with a particular emphasis on the role of cognitive biases.

This research employed a semi-experimental method, drawing on the principles of behavioral economics. The study utilized a design that included both an experimental group and a control group, with pre-test and post-test assessments. The experimental group was exposed to different information frames, which were developed based on the principles of behavioral economics, while the control group did not receive any framing intervention.
Data for this study was collected through fieldwork and a questionnaire. The statistical population consisted of individuals who had access to WhatsApp, Telegram, and Instagram platforms during the experiment, which took place in the spring of 2023. The target sample size for this research was determined to be 600 participants, divided into six groups of 100 individuals each. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula for limited populations. Additionally, a random sampling method was employed in this research.

This article aims to establish a connection between climate policy and behavioral sciences by introducing the practical and cost-effective approach of nudge theory. Drawing on insights from behavioral economics, specifically through behavioral interventions that leverage biases such as loss aversion, hyperbolic discounting, and the framing effect, this study investigates how these interventions can encourage individuals to make choices that align with addressing climate change and environmental concerns. Moreover, existing research has demonstrated that integrating the framing effect with other cognitive biases can be an effective and low-cost policy tool for studying environmental behavior.Using a semi-experimental methodology, this article examines the impact of information formatting, including profit and loss framing, hyperbolic discounting bias, as well as extensive and continuous information presentation, on individuals' general attitudes and understanding of climate change. The hypotheses of this research were derived from the literature of behavioral economics, cognitive science, and previous studies in the field of environmental issues. The findings of this research indicate that individuals exhibit a greater sensitivity to loss framing, supporting hypothesis H1. In other words, people are more responsive to potential losses than gains when making decisions. Additionally, the results demonstrate that individuals display a significantly higher willingness to participate when presented with present-loss and present-profit framing compared to future-loss and future-profit framing, aligning with hypothesis H2. This preference for the present over the future, known as present bias and hyperbolic discounting bias, has been extensively examined and validated in behavioral economics literature. Furthermore, the findings show that framing losses and emphasizing the present context contribute to a heightened perception of risk, consequently increasing individuals' willingness to take preventive measures under a loss framework.Additionally, the provision of information in a broad and continuous manner also yielded a significant effect in influencing individuals' behavior, corroborating hypothesis H3.

This study offers novel insights for policymaking and governance regarding public participation in mitigating the impacts of climate change. The findings indicate that the utilization of loss-present framing and continuous framing proves more effective in increasing the willingness of the general public to engage in climate change reduction efforts. Based on the research conducted in this article, climate change mitigation policies can be effectively promoted in public settings through the implementation of nudges that employ loss-present framing when delivering information.Furthermore, the current reliance on economic incentives in most policies to encourage public participation is a noteworthy issue. However, this study proposes the use of non-economic incentives and demonstrates the positive impact of nudges on individuals' willingness to engage in projects aimed at reducing the effects of climate change

Investment attraction and fostering investor engagement represent critical focal points for national and local governments. In recent years, interdisciplinary fields such as behavioral economics have explored novel approaches to understanding investment attraction and its associated challenges. Traditional economic analyses often fail to capture the complexities of investor decision-making due to methodological limitations and unrealistic assumptions. Behavioral economics research illuminates the presence of cognitive biases that individuals exhibit when entering investment projects, many of which are predictable. These findings present fresh opportunities for gaining deeper insights into investor behavior and optimizing policies related to investment attraction. Accordingly, this study aims to identify behavioral factors and cognitive biases influencing urban investment attraction, offering valuable insights for municipal planners nationwide. The study adopts an applied research design, utilizing a survey methodology. The targeted population in 2023, includes employees of municipal investment organizations, professionals in investment-related sectors, researchers specializing in investment studies, and experienced investors. The sample size was determined based on Morgan's table, with 105 participants selected through random sampling. The research findings highlight that cognitive biases, namely overconfidence, framing effect, loss aversion, optimism, regret aversion, and halo effect, exert the most substantial influence on investors' choices and decision-making processes. By delving into behavioral economics, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the cognitive biases that shape investor behavior in urban investment projects. The implications derived from these findings hold immense value for municipal planners, enabling them to devise more effective strategies to attract investors and optimize investment policies.

Present bias, the tendency of people to discount their future preferences in favor of more immediate gratification, is one of the most common behavioral biases in financial and economic issues which is derived from the economic theory of self-control (Xiao & Porto, 2019). The research on financial and economic issues has shown that people with present bias have high discount rates (Benhabib et al., 2010), spend more than usual, save less  (Pinger, 2017; Goda et al., 2019), invest less (Kim & Nguyen, 2022), have higher debt (Meier & Sprenger, 2010), are not committed to repaying their outstanding debt (Kuchler & Pagel, 2021), and it is even possible for those who have poor financial management due to limited resources to do more budgeting and less planning (Xiao & O'Neill, 2019). Therefore, with regard to the present bias of people, it is hypothesized that people with present bias have less correct financial behaviors. This arises from a previous research about the impact of present bias on everyday financial behavior. Hence, following Xiao and Porto (2019), the present study seeks to investigate the relationship between present bias and a set of financial behaviors regarding spending, borrowing, saving and money management.

The examined sample was selected through convenience sampling using paper questionnaires among the staff and faculty members of the University of Ilam. A total of 202 staff and faculty members completed the questionnaire. Using the method of Xiao and Porto (2019), an exploratory factor analysis was done to reduce the variable number and the name-dependent variables according to the concept of financial behaviors. Ordinary least square was used to analyze the associations between the variables. For each financial behavior variable, as a dependent variable, there were three models. In model (1), only the present bias variable was the independent variable. In model (2), the present bias squared term was added to detect if there was any nonlinear pattern. In model (3), the control variables were added to examine if the present bias variables still displayed associations when these control variables were added. Based on fourteen financial behaviors and according to the exploratory factor analysis, the dependent variables were classified into managerial behavior, impatient behavior, naive behavior (according to Xiao and Porto, 2019), thrifty behavior and borrowing behavior. The independent variable was the present bias variable measured by the question "I intend to live in the present more and do not consider the future". The participants responded on a 1-5 scale. The control variables included age, monthly income, gender and education.

Examining models (1) and (2) showed a negative and significant association between present bias and managerial behavior.  It means that, when present bias increases relatively, individual's money management behavior becomes weaker. This result confirmed the association in two stages (models), but, in Xiao and Porto (2019), this association was confirmed only in one stage (model) without the presence of other variables. Therefore, the result of this study is more robust than that of Xiao and Porto (2019). Examining the association between present bias and impatience behavior in model (1) showed that there is a positive and significant association between present bias and impatience behavior. But, in models (2) and (3), the coefficient of present bias was negative, and the squared coefficient of bias showed a positive number, which indicates a U-shaped association between present bias and impatient behavior. To some extent, the hypothesis of a positive relationship between present bias and impatient behavior was confirmed. This means that the association is initially negative and then positive. At lower levels of bias, the tendency to spend decreases with the increase of bias, and, at much higher levels of bias, the tendency to spend increases with the increase of bias. This result is not completely consistent with the findings of Xiao and Porto (2019). In their study, there was a positive and significant association between present bias and impatient behavior in three stages (models). Thrifty behavior, as a new variable not identified in Xiao and Porto (2019), is the tendency to choose affordable goods by the individual. The estimation results of models (1) and (3) showed a negative and significant relationship between present bias and the tendency to choose affordable goods. In other words, as present bias increases relatively, the tendency to buy affordable goods decreases. Regarding the relationship between present bias and naive behavior, as well as preset bias and borrowing behavior, significant effects were not found in models (1), (2) and (3).

Conclusions and policy implications: 

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between present bias and a set of financial behaviors through the convenience sampling of the staff and faculty members of Ilam University. The results of the research showed that there is a negative and significant association between present bias and money management behavior. There is a U-shaped association between present bias and impatient behavior. There is also a negative and significant association between present bias and thrifty behavior. The results of this study can promote effective financial decisions at the individual level and contain messages for activists, planners, and policymakers in the financial and economic fields. The results may help to formulate, implement, or modify policies.

The beating heart of banking is in financial intermediation and the continuous rotation of loan-deposit-loan. Nonperforming bank loan due to the locking of banks loan in a process outside of this cycle, practically take part of the banks assets out of their credit management and reduce their crediting ability. On the other hand, The use of strict techniques for Collecting Receivables such as bank fines Obtainment has caused a high level of people's mistrust in the banking system. The current research has been done with the aim of benefiting from behavioral economics tools in banks to Collecting receivables. The research is of a qualitative and experimental type, which in the qualitative part of the data was collected using a semi-structured interview, and through theme analysis, components and indicators were identified for the collect bank Receivables. The findings of the research, while emphasizing the benefit of behavioral-based executive policies to collect bank Receivables, show that it is possible to use Nudge tools that include nine main concepts: Messenger, Incentives, Norms, Defaults, Salience, Priming, Affect, Commitments and Ego are useful in the direction of collect bank Receivables.The results of the experiment conducted in 200 loan cases indicate that if collect bank Receivables are followed up only on the basis of telephone calls and without the use of Nudge, 20% of the collect bank Receivables cases will be reduced, but if in a telephone call to collect bank Receivables from if Nudge is also used, the number of will be reduced by 30%, so it is expected that the number of collect bank Receivables files will be reduced by 10% with the use of Nudge.

One of the barriers to people's health is following past behaviors and not changing habits based on past and current preferences and ignoring the future. Therefore, the main purpose of the present study is to investigate factor analysis of health biases related to people using behavioral economics approach. For this purpose, the data of the present study was collected through a questionnaire developed by the researcher and convenience sampling from faculty members and staff of Ilam University. The initial reliability of the questions related to health biases was measured based on the Cronbach's alpha criterion, and the result was 0.77. The results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis showed that eight dimensions of health biases are important reflections of people's biased beliefs during daily decisions regarding nutrition, physical activity, treatment, treatment cost and treatment period. Exploratory factor analysis showed that 8 factors explain about 72.55% of the changes in health biases. Also, the examination of the fit indices of the confirmatory factor analysis model showed that the eight-factor model has a good fit with the data. . People's health biases in the form of 8 main dimensions were named as follows:  impatience in nutrition, oversimplification in nutrition, presentism in physical activity, ignoring the cost of staying healthy, willingness to pay for immediate treatment, procrastination in emotional treatment, naivety about the treatment period and indiscretion in treatment. The results of the present study can help health activists (researchers, decision-makers, planners, etc.) to explain the biases of behavioral economics to informing new concepts of health

The economic factors affecting tax compliance in the modern tax model can be divided into two categories: neoclassical (based on human self-interest) and behavioral. Variables such as tax rate, amount of punishment and possibility of audit are in the first category and fairness, reciprocity, moral persuasion and psychological costs of disobedience are in the second category. In addition to these two variable layers, the Islamic model of zakat compliance also uses other variables such as Islamic identity, mental accounting, the promise of spiritual rewards and punishments, or it does not exist in the modern model or it is used in a different way. Another more important difference is that in the modern model, economic man is based and the optimal amount of variables such as punishment and audit probability is determined based on it, and then behavioral characteristics are used to push and increase compliance. But the system of zakat is designed in such a way that a sense of human and divine dignity is given to the individual. On this basis, religious variables, especially faith, are based. At the same time, behavioral variables including human virtues are also considered, but the least attention is paid to neoclassical variables. Based on this, every zakat promotion program should first place the greatest reliance on people's faith (obtaining divine approval) and the positive effects of zakat on the purity of the soul and property, and then on human virtues such as helping the poor. But for the layer of material rewards and punishments, no special place was found in this model.

The main goal of this article is an applied investigation of one of the types of biases caused by overconfidence, under the heading of bias in expected relative wage (or individual overplacement) and its relationship with time preferences (in the form of a proxy of people's patience) based on the Friehe & Pannenberg (2020) method. The data gathering tool of this investigation has been a two-stage questionnaire. 204 staff and faculty members of Ilam university completed the questions related to the questionnaire in two stages. Based on the ordinary least squares and semi-parametric model, the relationship between bias in wage and time preferences was examined in four stages. The results of research models in four stages showed that there is a negative and significant correlation between bias in expected relative wage (or bias in the distribution of the relative wage of people of the same age-peers) and time preferences. This means that people who are more patient, will have less bias (overplacement) on average. Examining the impact of current relative wage on bias showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between bias and current relative wage; This means that the current relative wage of individuals is not effective in reducing bias, and the higher the individual's current relative wage, the individual's bias will be greater. Also, the results showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between bias and extraversion, a negative and significant correlation between bias and neuroticism and a negative and significant correlation between bias and agreeableness.

In this research, the effect of religiosity on participation in the production of public goods and preservation of natural resources has been investigated. Extraction of participation data and conservation of natural resource has been done through the implementation of online laboratory of public goods and natural resource games. To extract the three dimensions of religiosity (belief, rituals and morality), the 40-item short version of Khodayari Fard's Religiosity Questionnaire was used, and to extract the six dimensions of personality, the 24-item HEXACO short questionnaire was used. The subjects are 102 students from different universities of the country. Ordinary least square regression was used to examine the relationships between variables. The results of the research show that the emotional dimension (morality) of religiosity had a positive effect on participation, while the behavioral dimension (rituals) of religiosity was effective in preserving natural resources. Being a woman and having a doctoral degree have a negative effect on participation. Honesty, from the personality dimensions, has had a positive effect on the preservation of natural resources, and studying economics has increased the extraction of natural resources. The effect of religiosity on natural resource conservation is almost twice its effect on participation. This result shows the fact that religiosity has a greater impact on economic cooperation in situations where there is a possibility of violating the rights of others.

Behavioral economics is a method of economic analysis that uses psychological insights to explain and analyze economic decisions. In the researches done so far, more attention has been paid to the economic aspects of the current crisis and less attention has been paid to the social dimensions and the issue of behavioral economics has been neglected. In the present study, we examine the most important behavioral biases of individuals during the corona pandemic. In order to investigate the social consequences of the corona pandemic and to estimate the relationship between economic and demographic variables with behavioral economics theories, the choice experiment was selected and the mixed logit model was used and by estimating the mixed logit model with interactions a wide range of multiplicative states between personality traits and traits specific to the alternatives were tested. Finally, the variables of age, number of children, income level and awareness of the consequences of corona disease were multiplied by the price with a significant effect and explanatory power. For example, it was observed that older people are less willing to pay more to reduce the consequences of corona disease or having more children has a negative and significant relationship with the selection and additional payment of people to reduce the consequences of this disease. From the perspective of behavioral economics. the result of the estimates confirms a kind of “(effect) of collective behavior and social impact” and “exploratory effect” in people’s behavior, which indicates the preference of economic dimensions over the social dimensions of the disease and the great importance of people to family problems caused by the disease, respectively.