بهره وری

The aim of this study was to examine energy efficiency and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions in Iran.The study was conducted between 1980 and 2021.The approach used in this research has been ARDL.The data from the research was obtained from the World Bank, and the software used in this research was the avivos software with version 12 to analyze the data obtained.The findings of the study have shown that: In the long term, the effect of energy efficiency on carbon dioxide emissions is positive and meaningful, and the impact of economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions is also positive and meaningful, as well as the results of the relationship of variables in the short term, and the results of its estimates have shown that variables adjust the imbalance error at a rate of 0.54 percent and tend towards the long term. Therefore, according to the results obtained, the hypotheses of the research have been approved.

The present research aims to investigate the role of productivity in the impact of non-renewable energy consumption on ecological resilience.For this purpose,the statistical data of Iran from 1990 to 2022 and the Threshold Structural Vector Autoregression(TSVAR)model,were used in this study.The productivity of the production factors was also estimated by the bootstrap method.The findings show that the effective threshold of non-renewable energy consumption in terms of productivity is 0.06%, and increasing and decreasing productivity will increase and decrease ecological resilience,respectively.According to the results,depending on the mechanism of transfer of momentum effects in the Threshold Structural Vector Autoregression model,the impact of the momentum of non-renewable energy consumption on ecological resilience is different in various regimes;this indicates that the effect of non-renewable energy consumption on resilience depends on the level and amount of non-renewable energy consumption,and the change in non-renewable energy consumption under any circumstances has not led to an increase in ecological resilience.To increase the productivity of factors,the use of new technologies that have high efficiency and low energy intensity can be recommended as a policy note.

The increase in the use of information and communication technology in the world and the effects of this technology in different sectors of the economy have caused this research to examine the effects of this technology on the productivity of the agricultural sector in South and West Asian countries. The results of applying the information of 22 South and West Asian countries related to the period 2000 to 2020 using the panel-corrected standard errors (PCSE) showed that the increase in internet users and access to mobile phones will increase the agricultural productivity index. Also, the examination of other variables such as climate change shows that the increase in temperature changes and greenhouse gas emissions will decrease the productivity of the agricultural sector. Therefore, it is necessary to promote appropriate measures to deal with these changes, such as expanding livelihood diversification strategies, producing seeds resistant to climate changes, and expanding the use of modified seeds among the farming community

Productivity and competition in manufacturing industries have a vital role in economic growth and development. In each industry, various firms compete with each other and have different productivity level (productivity dispersion). Theoretically, there is a negative relationship between productivity dispersion and competition in an industry. To examine this relationship in the country's manufacturing industries, first, the total factor productivity at the firm level with 4-digit ISIC codes was estimated using the Mollisi and Ravigati method in 2017. Then, productivity dispersion at the industry level with 2-digit ISIC codes was calculated using the Gini inequality index. The competitive behavior of industries at the 2-digit level of the ISIC code was also obtained based on the John Boone index in 2008 as a new method for calculating the size of competition and monopoly for the average period of 2016 to 2020. Then, the relationship between these two variables was analyzed. Finally, the most important findings of the article showed that there is no significant negative relationship between competition and the dispersion of factor productivity in Iran’s manufacturing industries, and they are statistically independent.

This article's objectives are to assess the current state of the textile and apparel industry's value chain by breaking it down into its component parts, identify industry challenges based on its various subsectors, and offer solutions for the industry's development and completion of its value chain in order to increase its competitiveness. This industry can be considered important due to its low capital intensity and ability to meet all three of the country's goals of industrial production, development (employment), and foreign exchange; Its 8.2% share of industrial enterprises (10 employees and above), 7.3% share of industrial employment, and 3.5% share of fixed capital formation demonstrate this. The study's conclusions demonstrate that the main issues facing Iran's textile and apparel sector are related to the value chain's fragility as well as the inadequacies of the regulations that are supposed to encourage it. The development of the textile and clothing industries in Iran is facilitated by policies and executive mechanisms that include re-engineering the value chain's structure to maximize the benefits of internal content, facilitating the transfer of technology and equipment to this sector, and outfitting it with ancillary and support services. This is what recommended in this article.

This research investigates the effect of financial health and macroeconomic indicators on the profitability, efficiency and productivity of Iran’s banks. The statistical population in this research is private and government banks listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. For this purpose, 20 banks were studied during the period 2013-2021, using the panel data method. The results of the data analysis show that the capital adequacy ratio has a negative and significant effect on the efficiency of the studied banks. Conversely, the quality of the bank's assets, the quality of the bank's management, and the quality of the bank's liquidity have a positive and significant effect on the technical efficiency of the bank. Moreover, the results indicate that interest rate, inflation rate, exchange rate and GDP per capita, as macroeconomic indicators, have a positive and significant effect on the technical efficiency of the bank. Financial health indicators such as capital adequacy ratio, bank assets, bank management quality and liquidity quality have a positive and significant effect on bank profitability and productivity. Macroeconomic indicators such as interest rate, inflation rate, exchange rate and GDP per capita affect positively and significantly the bank's profitability and productivity, while the exchange rate shows a negative and significant effect.

Financial development is one of the effective factors on economic growth in different countries. The relationship between financial development and economic growth is influenced by various parameters and the economic structure of countries. One of the factors that can affect this relationship is the natural resource abundance and the degree of dependence on them. According to economic literature, natural resource abundance can impact financial efficiency, capital accumulation, and the optimal allocation and effectiveness of financial resources, thereby influencing the relationship between financial development and economic growth in resource-rich countries. This study aims to explore the impact of natural resource abundance on the relationship between economic growth and financial development through productivity in Iran.

In order to investigate and empirically analyze the long-term and short-term dynamic relationship between variables, this research employs the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounding test approach. The ARDL Bounding test method was developed by Pesaran and Shin (1999) and Pesaran et al. (2001). This method offers advantages over other conventional and previous cointegration methods, such as Johansen and Toda-Yamamoto approaches. Some advantages include applicability regardless of considering the order of cointegration between variables, its ability to handle cases where variables are I(0) or I(1), suitability for limited sample sizes, obtaining efficient estimates without risk of over-specification in long-run model relationships, and presenting a reduced form single-equation form rather than a systemic one for the long-run relationship.

Based on the results obtained from the research, financial development has not shown a significant impact on economic growth in Iran during the study period. This suggests that institutions and financial entities, particularly the banking system, have not effectively channeled financial resources towards productive investments and market stimulation. However, the abundance index of natural resources has demonstrated a positive and significant influence on economic growth.Considering the substantial portion of Iran's GDP that is attributed to oil revenues, such a finding is not unexpected. The per capita capital impact on economic growth is also positive and statistically significant. Among the effective factors on economic growth in this study, this variable has exerted the most considerable impact, indicating that capital plays a crucial role in boosting economic growth in Iran. Estimating the factors affecting total factor productivity (which is calculated using the Solow method) also indicates that financial development has had a positive impact on total factor productivity during the study period. However, the ultimate impact of financial development on productivity is influenced by oil revenues, as per the estimated model. The negative and significant coefficient of the interaction variable between financial development and  natural resource abundance suggests a negative effect of oil revenues on the relationship between financial development and productivity in Iran. This result could imply an indirect impact of resource abundance on the financial development-economic growth relationship through the productivity channel during the study period in Iran.Furthermore, it signifies that the heavy dependence on oil, one of the most vital avenues for economic growth, has eroded the relationship with financial development. Hence, the research hypothesis, suggesting that the abundance of natural resources (oil dependence) weakens the relationship between financial development and economic growth in Iran due to its negative impact on productivity, is validated, and the "resource curse" hypothesis is confirmed for the study period in Iran.

The results of this study indicate that financial development had a positive and significant impact on total factor productivity in Iran. However, ultimately, it did not have a significant impact on economic growth. This is due to the abundance of natural resources (oil revenues) leading to a reduction in the positive influence of financial development on total factor productivity. As a consequence, it weakens the relationship between financial development and economic growth during the examined period in Iran. Based on these findings, it is plausible to confirm the hypothesis of the "resource curse" during the examined period in Iran.The findings can encompass a set of policy recommendations for the Iranian economy. Firstly, the government should be aware of the indirect negative impact of oil dependence on the financial system and, consequently, on investment activities. It is logical for the government to maintain the degree of oil dependence at the lowest possible level, enhance economic diversification, and increase the contribution of other sectors to GDP growth. Additionally, the financial system should engage more in productive investment activities to strengthen its role in improving economic growth. In this regard, policymakers should pursue measures that facilitate improvement of banking intermediation efficiency.Furthermore, one of the most significant mechanisms of the resource curse in oil-dependent economies is the mismanagement of these resources and neglect of human development. Easy access to oil revenues might exempt the government from investing in human capital development, which could potentially have a negative impact on the performance of the financial sector and other sectors of the economy. Therefore, it is recommended that policymakers prioritize the necessary prerequisites for enhancing human development, which plays a crucial role in enhancing productivity and investment efficiency.

The current research aims to investigate the effectiveness of scientific innovation on the productivity of the labor force in Islamic countries with the use of health as a mediating variable with an analytical approach. In this study, data panel and Eviews 13 software were used, which examines and analyzes independent variables on labor productivity during the period of 2010-2022. The variables examined in this research include per capita physical capital, technology, innovation, education, health care expenses, and life expectancy. The variable index of physical and human capital, respectively, is the calculation of net capital formation on the number of employees and the average years of education, which has a positive effect on labor productivity, as well as the index of the number of articles published in scientific and technical journals as a substitute for the variable of innovation and technology export. Advanced, which is a representative for the technology variable, and the index related to health measurement, which life expectancy and health cost per capita is considered as a substitute for the level of health and health, with its improvement, it increases the level of productivity of the labor force. . The results of the research show that all the variables used in the research have a positive and significant effect on the growth of labor productivity in the group of Islamic countries.

The total GDP of the MENA region is approximately $7 trillion (5.9% of the world economy), and its population is around 405 million (5.5% of the global population). This article aimed to evaluate the drivers of sustainability in 15 MENA countries from 1998 to 2019, examining different sub-periods. Evidence indicated that 14 countries made strides in catch-up growth between 1999 and 2019. The correlations were also calculated in four periods: 1980–1989, 1990–1999, 2000–2009, and 2010–2019. In the first period, only Egypt and Morocco showed progress in catching up. During the second period, nine countries experienced catch-up, while six lagged behind. The third period saw substantial improvements in the catch-up across most countries, with the exception of the UAE. In the fourth period, most countries continued on a catch-up trajectory. The analysis revealed that capital deepening played a crucial role in the performance of 11 countries. The human resource participation was positive in most countries but was negative in Iraq, Syria, and Saudi Arabia—although overall, its contribution was less significant than capital deepening. None of the countries demonstrated a positive contribution of productivity, and there was no evidence of productivity growth supporting performance improvements, leaving a considerable gap compared to the United States (as an ideal example). Furthermore, the catch-up patterns of large economies mirrored those of smaller economies.

The paper discusses the enduring nature of endowments as a charitable institution, emphasizing both its spiritual and material significance. It highlights the increased importance of endowment capital investment in today's pursuit of a better life, as it can serve as capital for the development of social and geographical space (Hajipour et al., 2019).
The efficient utilization of endowments is described as an economic, social, and geographical necessity. The approach of futurism is emphasized as essential for optimizing decision-making and planning processes (Aliakbari, et al., 2018), as it allows for a scientific understanding and evaluation of the future (Coates, 1985). The paper concludes by stating that a futurist approach has been adopted to analyze the key factors for the development of endowments in rural areas of Birjand County, to increase their productivity and strengthen their role in the local economy.

This study is of an applied (decision-oriented) type. In terms of the execution process, it is considered mixed research. By conducting documentary studies, interviewing experts, and completing quantitative questionnaires, data and necessary information have been prepared for the research. To ensure the validity and increase the reliability of the data, a diverse sample approach (including managers, employees, and endowment beneficiaries) was adopted in the selective sampling stage, and ultimately the findings and prepared report have been reviewed and confirmed by participating experts in the research. In this study, both the Delphi method and cross-impact matrix analysis using MICMAC software have been utilized.

The total of documentary studies and the collection of informed opinions in the field of rural endowments in Birjand County identified 14 propositions (drivers) using the Delphi method. Among the influential factors (drivers) for improving rural endowment productivity, factors such as "process improvement and strengthening the role of local managers in institutional affairs," "facilitating access to advanced technologies," "increasing the level of education, especially digital literacy," "selecting knowledgeable and skilled individuals as custodians," and "consultation of beneficiaries with experts and specialists" were mentioned.
After identifying the influential factors, the "impact intensity" scores of each factor within the framework of the cross-impact matrix (using the MICMAC software environment) were assessed based on the degree of influence and susceptibility between 0 and 3. The number 0 indicates "no effect," the number 1 indicates "weak effect," the number 2 indicates "moderate effect," and the number 3 indicates "strong effect." Based on the obtained output, the matrix dimensions were 14*14, and the number of repetitions was considered to be 3. The matrix saturation index was 9.92%, indicating that in over 92% of cases, factors had an impact on each other.
Furthermore, out of a total of 182 relationships, 69 relationships, equivalent to 38%, had strong cross-impacts (3),
64 relationships, equivalent to 35%, had moderate cross-impacts (2), and 49 relationships, equivalent to 27%, had weak cross-impacts (1). Based on this, relationships with "strong" impacts had a higher frequency than other relationships.
According to the direct impact matrix, the sum of the rows of the matrix indicates the level of influence, and the sum of the columns indicates the level of susceptibility of a factor to other factors. The assessment of direct influence and susceptibility of influential factors in rural endowment productivity in Birjand County showed that in terms of influence, factors such as "financial support for small-scale beneficiaries through mechanisms such as microcredit funds (financial support)," "establishment of endowment-centered rural development groups (development group)," and "increase in the level of education, especially digital literacy (literacy)" were at the highest level. In terms of susceptibility, factors such as "development of strategic and competitive crop cultivation (competitive production)," "dominance of an economic management approach at all levels (economic approach)," and "facilitating access to advanced technologies (technology)" were at the highest level.
Based on the opinions of local experts and the results obtained regarding the influential factors on rural endowment productivity in Birjand County, it can be inferred that the situation is somewhat unstable, and the current conditions governing the system will change soon.

From the study carried out to identify the key drivers effective in improving and enhancing the productivity of rural endowments in Birjand County, it can be concluded that influential drivers include process improvement, knowledgeable individuals, development groups, consultation, and financial provision. These findings are consistent with the studies of Karimi (2000), Omidiani (2000), Sajadi Jazi (2015), and Ebadie (2009). Additionally, the only susceptible driver in the system map was technology, as the provision and equipment of technology necessary for rural endowments require resources that can be obtained through the benefits of productivity. In other words, these factors have mutual influence, which can create benefits through productivity and can also contribute to self-healing with the benefits derived from endowment productivity.
Finally, limited access of beneficiaries and custodians to financial resources on the one hand and the lack of knowledge of individuals in implementing modern changes on the other hand have been identified as serious obstacles. Planners and policymakers in the region can consider creating microcredit funds and endowment-centered rural development groups in their decision-making. The outcome of this study suggests the following recommendations:Given the seriousness of the issue of low productivity of rural endowments and the observed cases, it is necessary to eliminate the principle of competition and develop scenarios and corresponding implementation plans using the identified drivers in this study over a 5, 10, and 15-year time horizon.
Economic consultants familiar with current activities should be employed in the local endowment and charity offices, or experts from universities should be utilized through memorandums of understanding with provincial universities.
For the short-term and temporary period, financial resources should be allocated to the Provincial Endowments and Charity Administration (without being conditioned on the income of rural endowments) to support the development and equipment of technology and infrastructure expansion in rural settlements with endowments.
Economic activities and productive advantages should be determined for each district, and endowment beneficiaries should be encouraged to move towards them.

The structure of production networks determines the macroeconomic responses to sectorial shocks. Accordingly, key sectors are instrumental in transmitting supply and demand-side shocks. This article applies the methodology proposed by Savoie (2017) and network theory and implements the input-output tables of the Central Bank of Iran in 1988, 1993, 1999, 2004, 2010, and 2016 to examine the output multipliers of Iran's economic sectors. This article also compares the results based on Savoie's (2017) method with the driven results according to Friedkin's (1991) and Monize et al.'s (2008) methodology. The latter identifies key sectors using three centrality measures: total effect, immediate effect, and mediate effect. The results show that the "industry", "water, electricity, gas", and the "transportation and inventory" sectors have always had the highest connections with other sectors, and also have had the highest output multiplier. Besides, the "industry" and the "ICT" sectors are detected as the key and the developing sectors in Iran's economy, respectively. In addition, based on Friedkin's (1991) and Monize et al.'s (2008) methodology, the "construction" and "other services" sectors can foster Iran's economic growth; even though based on Savoie's (2017) methodology, these sectors relatively had a lower output multiplier.

One of the most important factors affecting the growth of the construction industry is productivity. In various industries, including the construction industry, productivity reduces time, cost and efficient use of resources. components such as management factors, material factors; design and technical factors; work factors; regulatory factors; equipment factors; political and legal factors; Environmental factors and motivational factors can affect productivity in the construction industry. Therefore, according to the wide range of influential components, this research is aimed at identifying and prioritizing internal effective factors on productivity in the construction industry. The statistical population of this research is 30 managers and experts in the construction industry, and due to the limited available statistical population, the full number method will be used. In the literature review phase, 126 factors affecting productivity in different industries were identified. After summarizing, redefining and retrieving examples in the construction industry, it became 65 factors affecting productivity in the construction industry. In order to analyze the data, confirmatory factor analysis was used and AHP hierarchical analysis was used to prioritize the effective components in productivity in the construction industry. The final research model has been confirmed with 65 indicators in 6 factors. The findings of the research show that among all the components, the job motivation component is in the first place and the workshop environment component is in the second place. The third, fourth, fifth, and sixth places are respectively the components of management factors, supply chain, design factors, and education and learning. In the job motivation component, job satisfaction has the highest coefficient of determination. Therefore, it is necessary to pay more attention to job satisfaction, including fairness without a reward system, salary and benefits according to the activities performed.

Based on an implicit general agreement, employee satisfaction and commitment are affected by full rewards, so managers' perceptions of the appropriate and effective use of rewards programs are necessary to increase efficiency. But one of the most important problems in this field is the inability to properly separate the types of labor based on their productivity during the distribution of bonuses, which causes that in many cases the labor force with high and low productivity receives the same reward. The current research tries to show that in some cases, even the distribution of inappropriate rewards can go beyond the equality of rewards for all types of labor force, so that the labor force with lower productivity is paid more reward than the labor force with higher productivity. Therefore, in this research, the relationship between managers and workforce was investigated through game theory. For this purpose, managers' strategy was designed in five modes and employees' strategy was designed in three modes. The results showed that at the equilibrium point, the strategy of managers will be to distribute continuous and equal rewards to employees with higher productivity, and employees will also choose the strategy of more effort to increase productivity (and therefore receive rewards). Finally, it is suggested that in order to create more motivation and effort for employees and as a result to increase their productivity, the distribution of bonuses among employees with higher productivity should be continuous and equal.

Crises stemming from the financial sector of economy and their possible effects on the structures of the real sector of economy including total factor productivity (TFP), labor productivity, employment and economic growth are the principal problem statement of the present study. To analyze of this problem two non-linear models have been specified. Both of them employ Iran’s macro data as well as indices generated using approaches like State-space models, over the 1985-2020 period. The first model, utilizing Markov-Switching model, beside the covering of the the crisis effects, captures the dynamics and persistence of the shocks on the dependent variable. The second one, for the robustness checking of the previous model, tries to narrow its concentration on, and by a general and theoretical specification examines, the non-linear effects of the independent variables. This model is estimated using non-linear least squares (NLS) estimators. Study results, verifying the dynamics of all dependent variables, show that both models highlight the negative and significant effect of the currency crisis.  Also, the persistence of the adverse effects cannot be rejected. Under the second model when the interrelation effect of currency crisis and credit contractions is included into the model the effects become more deteriorating. Furthermore, the nonlinear effect of research and development and mitigating heinous effects of crisis by other controlling variables cannot be rejected. Theses results have some saliant policy implications for Iran’s Economy.

Due to the importance of developing non-oil exports in the country, in this study, the cement export market, which is one of the basic and strategic industries, has been studied. Therefore, by calculating the productivity threshold, counting the costs of penetration of the trading partner countries, the export growth rate has been studied by solow model, panel data and methods Econometrics (FGLS) for the period 2003-2020. Results for 12 trading partner countries shows that firms with productivity close to the threshold value are able to the more penetrate in market. However, the presence of external threats (such as economic sanctions, recession in the country, transportation facilities, coronary heart disease and etc.) has a negative impacted on the growth rate of cement exports despite the increasing influence of firms’ penetration in the market. In addition, measures such as increasing the productivity of enterprises, expanding international marketing activities and government support policies the effects of external threats on cement exports have somewhat reduced.

Due to the importance of developing non-oil exports in the country, the industry sector is one of the important economic sectors that, through creating new job opportunities, meeting the needs of technology and machinery of other sectors, on the one hand, meet the basic and welfare needs of people. and on the other hand, it creates desirable institutional and social changes. Therefore, the place of the industry in achieving economic development is undeniable and prominent. So, in this study, the cement export market, which is one of the basic and strategic industries, has been studied. The purpose of this paper is to use the Melitz model to examine the effect of productivity along with financial variables (capital intensity and debt) and exchange rates on the export growth of Iranian cement manufacturing firms during the period 2003-2020. Thus, by the Solow model, panel data, FGLS method, first the productivity of each firm was calculated. Then, by PMG method, the short-term and long-term effects of firms’ productivity on the export growth of Iranian cement manufacturing firms were estimated. In the following the effect of firm financial structure and exchange rate variables along with firms’ productivity was estimated. The results show that productivity and other variables do not effect on the growth of firms’ exports in the short run, but in the long run, productivity and other effective factors have had a significant effect on the export growth of firms. Therefore, productivity is a necessary and not sufficient condition for the export of firms’ cement in Iran. Also, considering a productivity threshold for Iraq as the most important destination country of Iranian cement among other countries, existence positive relationship between productivity higher than the threshold of cement exporters and their exports to Iraq indicates the application of the Melitz model in Iranian cement exports.