جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « جهانی شدن » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

Many variables affect well-being, one of which is globalization. Globalization has many dimensions and layers, among which economic, social and political dimensions are of special importance. In this research, KOF globalization index is used. This index consists of three economic, social and political dimensions and each dimension has two De Facto and De Jure components. In this study, economic well-being was first calculated with the composite index of well-being. Then, in the form of four model, the impact of each of the dimensions of globalization and their components on Iran’s economic well-being was investigated and tested in the period of 1979-2020 with using the ARDL model.  The long run results indicate that all three dimensions of globalization (economic, political and social) have a positive effect on economic well-being. Both De Facto and De Jure components of economic and political globalization have a positive effect on economic well-being. Although De Jure component of social globalization has a positive effect on economic well-being, but its De Facto does not have a significant effect on economic well-being. Another finding is that economic growth and real GDP per capita have a positive effect and inflation has a negative effect on economic well-being.

This study uses the Panel VAR methodology to examine the impact of globalization on the effectiveness of monetary policies in a subset of Islamic countries. For this purpose, first, changes in real per capita gross production and changes in inflation rate were estimated using Hadrick-Prescott filter during the period of 2000-2019. In order to investigate the effect of globalization on production changes and inflation rate changes, auto-regression panel data pattern was used. Then, using the shock response test, the impact of globalization on the efficiency of monetary policies in the economy of selected Islamic countries was analyzed. The findings reveal that globalization, in conjunction with enhanced liquidity, induces shifts in GDP, thereby diminishing the potency of monetary policy. Shocks stemming from the interactive variable of globalization and interest rates drive fluctuations in GDP, underscoring the diminished efficacy of monetary policy due to interest rates. Over the long term, alterations in the inflation rate exhibit no discernible response to shocks from the interactive variables of financial globalization, liquidity volume, and globalization combined with interest rates. Consequently, in the extended term, monetary policy wielded through interest rates mitigates inflationary shifts, underscoring the efficacy of the interest rate channel. Therefore, Islamic countries can strengthen the mobility and transfer of foreign capitals to the country by increasing the domestic interest rate, which with the entry of foreign capitals will strengthen the domestic production capacities, followed by an increase in exports and an increase in foreign investment, and in this way will lead to By strengthening the supply side of the domestic economy, controlling and reducing inflation is achieved.

Today, the expansion of international trade and economic globalization has made human capital very important in the process of economic growth and development, so it is necessary to examine issues related to human capital, especially from its economic aspects. Therefore, in this study, the impact of international trade on human capital has been investigated. Proponents of globalization believe that trade affects human development directly through income and indirectly through cultural mixing and increasing the variety of available goods. In this study, OECD countries have been examined because they have a high level of trade relations and especially play a fundamental role in creating global trade opportunities. Accordingly, an econometric model has been specified, that examines the impact of trade on human capital by using the data of OECD countries and dynamic panel method and the generalized moments method from 1990 to 2021. The results indicate that the development of export and import through international trade has positive and significant impact on human capital in these countries, and creating spillovers and transferring technology through foreign trade, play an important role in the development of human capital. the lagged value of human development index also has a positive and significant effect on human development index.

Undoubtedly, it is possible to achieve long-term and continuous economic growth in any country by equipping and optimally allocating investment resources in the national economy of that country, and the role of developed financial markets is necessary to achieve this goal. In fact, the role and importance of the financial system in the development process of countries is such that the difference between developed and developing economies can be found in the degree of efficiency and effectiveness of their financial system. Financial development is a category, which, according to the developments of financial markets, following the discussions of globalization and financial integration after the 70s, was taken into the attention of economists. Therefore, considering the importance of the financial development category in different countries, the study of factors affecting it has always been emphasized. Financial development is a set of factors, policies and institutions that lead to the creation of effective financial markets and financial intermediaries and provide deep and wide access to capital and financial services.

 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:

Many factors can influence the development process of financial markets, among which, the role of the combined index of globalization and inflation can be very important. Some economists and economic policymakers, such as Greenaway and Baltaji, believe that globalization leads to better macroeconomic performance and faster financial development in terms of financial and commercial openness, which many empirical studies support this view. International institutions such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Economic Development advise member countries to believe that commercial and financial liberalization has a positive effect on financial development.

In this research, the non-linear effects of globalization and inflation on the financial development index (facilities granted by the banking system) in Iran during the period 1368 to 2020 have been investigated by using the Markov switching econometric technique. In this study, the dependent variable is financial development, and the independent variables are inflation, globalization, capital stock, and government spending.

In the first regime, the economic dimension of globalization has a positive effect on financial development, which indicates that, due to the increase in the economic dimension of globalization, the index of financial development (facilities granted by the banking system) increases. But in the second regime, the economic dimension of globalization has a negative effect on financial development, which indicates that, due to the increase in the economic dimension of globalization, the index of financial development (facilities granted by the banking system) decreases. Inflation caused by demand pressure and monetary inflation in both regimes has a negative effect on financial development, which indicates that, due to the increase in inflation caused by demand pressure and monetary inflation, the index of financial development (facilities granted by the banking system) decreases.Human capital in both regimes has a positive effect on financial development, which indicates that, due to the increase in human capital, the financial development index (facilities granted by the banking system) increases.In the first regime, capital stock has a positive effect on financial development, which indicates that, due to an increase in capital stock, the index of financial development (facilities granted by the banking system) increases. But in the second regime, ithas no effect on financial development. Government spending in both regimes has a negative effect on financial development, which indicates that, due to an increase in government spending, the financial development index (facilities granted by the banking system) decreases.

CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS:

The results of the estimates indicate that the sources of inflation (inflation caused by demand pressure and monetary inflation, structural inflation, inflation caused by cost pressure and imported inflation) had a negative effect on financial development in both regimes. Regarding the dimensions of globalization (economic dimension, social dimension and political dimension), we saw a positive relationship in the first regime and a negative relationship in the second regime. In connection with the results of the control variables, the variables of capital stock and human capital in both regimes had a positive effect on banking facilities, but the effect of government spending on banking facilities in both regimes was negative. Now, according to the results, policy proposals are presented as follows:- What can be stated with certainty is that paying attention to globalization and joining international organizations such as the World Trade Organization can help improve the performance of financial development indicators in Iran. Because Iran has a long way to go on the path of globalization and integration into it. Therefore, the economic, political, social and cultural dimensions, especially the political dimension, need a fundamental revision.

Globalization has been rising over the years and the trend seems perpetual. Ideas, technology, resources and final goods are progressively mobile across international borders. Consequently, the economic conditions in most developing countries are not exclusively decided by internal policies and market situations. The world continues to witness intensified interdependence and competition between economies in addition to more benefits to developing countries in terms of more access to international markets, intensify technology transfer from more developed nations. On the other hand, nowadays militarization continues under the impact of technological advances, infrastructural development, geopolitical competition and growth in troop size. In this regard, one of the important economic debates is whether globalization leads to the expansion of militarization (positive causality from globalization to militarization) or helps to control it and promote peace (negative causality from globalization to militarization)? Or vice versa, is it the militarization that slows down the process of globalization (negative causality from militarization to globalization) or does it enable the presence in international markets (positive causality from militarization to globalization)?According to these points, the aim of this paper is to examine the causality between globalization and militarization for the 12 Middle East countries that have the highest level of militarization in this region over the period 2000-2020.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:

There are arguments in favour of positive impact of globalisation on military expenditure. For instance, it is argued that globalisation stimulates defense spending over social expenditure. Moreover, security concessions in free trade arrangements makes it easy for governments to expand military expenditure, but put restrictions on social expenditure. There are arguments in favour of the negative impact of globalisation on military spending. It is opined that military expenditure should fall significantly due to economic liberalisation and globalization. With the rising quest for the acquisition of wealth through trade and economic liberalisation, countries are progressively hesitant to use military means to resolve inter-state disputes. Furthermore, with the emergence of the unparalleled forces of globalisation, particularly after the Cold War ended, the function of the state as provider of security is believed to be on the decrease.Moreover, the reverse causation can also be applicable that is, in the presence of conflict and civil war the governments increase their military expenditures in order to promote the nation state and enhancing their territorial jurisdictions. As a result, internationalization or global integration needs to be forgone. In contrast to the increase in militarization due to the need to import technology and advanced weapons as well as the export of manufactured weapons, it enables the presence in international markets, which leads to the improvement of the level of globalization.

The data used in this study covers the period 2000–2020 for the 12 Middle East countries that have the highest level of militarization in this region (Turkey, UAE, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Jordan, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman and Israel). The chosen time period stems from the availability of data. The variables used in this study include the global militarization index (MIL), the overall globalization index (GLOB), and per capita real GDP (GDPC) as a control variable. The overall globalization index includes economic, social, and political globalization. The economic globalization (36%) consists of actual flows, trade and capital account restrictions. The social globalization (38%) involves data on personal contact, information flows, and cultural proximity. The political globalization (26%) consists of number of embassies in the country, membership in international organizations, participation in UN security-council missions, and international treaties. The variables are expressed in log forms. Data is obtained from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators, KOF Swiss Economic Institute’s overall globalization index, and Bonn International Center for Conversation (BICC).The estimation of the model has also been done by using the causality test in heterogeneous mixed panels (Presented by Emirmahmutoglu & Kose (2011)), which is based on the Vector Auto Regressive (VAR) model and Wald tests with specific bootstrap critical values for each country. The panel causality method presented by Emirmahmutoglu & Kose (2011) consists of a system, including two sets of equations as follows: In the above relationship, y indicates globalization and x refers to militarization. N is the number of panel members (j=1,..,N), t is the time period (t=1,..,T), l is the optimal lag length and  is the maximum degree of stationary of the model variables between each of the panel members. To test for Granger causality in this system, alternative causal relations for each country are likely to be found: (1) there is one-way Granger causality from X to Y if not all are zero, but all are zero; (2) there is one-way Granger causality from Y to X if all are zero, but not all are zero; (3) there is two-way Granger causality between X and Y if neither nor are zero; and (4) there is no Granger causality between X and Y if all and are zero.

Empirical results show the existence of a positive one-way causality relationship from the side of militarization to globalization (the hypothesis of militarization leading to an increase in globalization) in Egypt and Israel, a negative one-way causality relationship from the side of militarization to globalization (the hypothesis of militarization leading to a decrease in globalization) in the countries of Turkey and the UAE, a negative one-way causality relationship from globalization to militarization (hypothesis of globalization leads to limiting militarization) in the country of Oman, a negative two-way causality relationship between militarization and globalization (feedback hypothesis) in the country of Kuwait and non-causality relationship between militarization and globalization (neutral hypothesis) for the countries of Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Jordan, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia. Also, the non-causality relationship between globalization and militarization (or the neutral hypothesis) is confirmed for the total panel.

CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS:

In general, based on the results, it can be said that globalization does not affect the process of militarization in the countries of the Middle East region and is not a threat to security in the countries of this region. Therefore, through globalization and moving towards an open economy, the countries of this region can provide the necessary platforms for things like attracting technology, capital and financial resources, regional and global arrangements, and joint investment in the fields of knowledge; Without this issue being a serious threat to security and the level of militarization in the Middle East region. Also, it is suggested that in the future studies, a more detailed examination of the research subject will be done by separating globalization into economic, political and social globalization types.

This study investigates the impact of natural disasters on income inequality in Iran from 1980 to 2021. It also explores the moderating effects of financial development and globalization on this relationship. The Non-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) method is employed for the analysis.The findings reveal that several factors influence income inequality (measured by the Gini coefficient) in both the short and long term. Positive and significant effects were observed for GDP, inflation, severe natural disasters, and the globalization index. Conversely, education level, the square of GDP (indicating an inverted U-shaped relationship), and the financial development index exhibited negative and significant effects.These results support Kuznets' hypothesis, suggesting that income inequality initially rises with economic growth (GDP) before ultimately declining. Furthermore, the study confirms an asymmetric effect of financial development and globalization on income inequality. The analysis suggests that an increase in severe natural disasters, globalization, and a decrease in financial development all contribute to rising income inequality in Iran.

The existing literature on corruption is divided into two categories. The first category focuses on the determinants of corruption. Various empirical studies show that the main factors affecting the scope and extent of corruption are the quality of urban services, the level of wages in the public sector, the rule of law, especially anti-corruption laws and access to natural resources, the level of development and the degree of competitiveness of the economy, globalization and industrial policy of the country . The second category of existing literature focuses on the consequences of corruption. In other words, we can refer to studies such as the impact of corruption on the growth, quality of public infrastructure and public investment, foreign direct investment, income inequality and poverty, and government spending.In line with the first category of the above-mentioned studies, the effect of globalization on corruption is the main focus of this article. In other words, in this research, we seek to answer the question, does the spread of globalization affect the level of corruption? Considering that globalization can have different effects on corruption, which depends on the level of globalization of countries, so it is likely that there is a non-linear relationship between them. For this purpose, statistical data of member countries of the Organization of the Islamic Cooperation (OIC) during the period 2003-2019, and the econometric method of panel smooth threshold regression have been used.

For analyzing data, panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) model is used, which was presented and expanded by Gonzalez et al. (2005) and Colletaz & Hurlin (2006). We use the general model of the research, which is specified in the form of the following equation:Where, COC: Corruption control index, KOF: Globalization index and The Control symbol indicates the control variables that are introduced below:EF: economic freedom, GS: Government consumption expenditure as a percentage of GDP, a proxy for the size of the government, LGDP: the logarithm of real per capita income as an economic development index, INF: inflation rate, FL: the share of women among all employees (in percentage) used for the participation index of women or gender and PSI: Political stability index.

The results of the estimation suggest a strong nonlinear relationship between variables and represent a two-regime model with a threshold of 69.75 and a slope of 0.78. According to research findings, globalization has a negative and significant effect in the first regime and a positive and significant effect on the corruption control index in the second regime. Therefore, the U-shaped hypothesis between globalization and the corruption control index is confirmed in the studied countries. Also, with the transition variable (globalization index) passing the threshold limit and in the second regime, the positive effect of economic development on the corruption control index has decreased. The size of the government and the participation rate of women (gender) in both regimes have a negative and positive effect on the corruption control index, respectively. The negative relationship between economic freedom and corruption control index in the first regime has turned into a positive relationship in the second regime. The effect of political stability is positive and significant before the threshold limit, and finally, inflation in both regimes has no significant effect on the corruption control index.

Based on the results of this study, suggestions should be made to facilitate the identification and control of activities mixed with corruption:1) Considering the direct effect of globalization in controlling corruption and its indirect effect through the removal of restrictions on trade and foreign investment (the channel of influence of the economic freedom variable), it is suggested that the countries under study have the necessary infrastructure to improve the globalization level through institutional and structural reforms, market liberalization, increasing competition and transaction transparency, and improving services in all economic sectors.2) Legislators and statesmen of the studied countries should take the necessary measures for the fair distribution of income and reduce the class gap as a driving factor of corruption, in parallel with economic development.3) Considering that with the size of the governments, the level of corruption has also increased, so comprehensive policies and programs should be implemented in order to make the government smaller, so more emphasis should be placed on privatization and reduction of government monopolies. In thix context, reducing the number of government employees, moving towards electronic government are among the actions that can lead to the shrinking of the public sector.4) Increasing the relative share of women's employment reduces corruption. It is suggested to increase the share of women's participation in the government sector in these countries.

A panel VAR model was adopted in this study to analyze the effects of globalization on the efficiency of monetary and fiscal policies of select Islamic countries within the 2000–2019 period. For this purpose, the KOF globalization index was employed as the globalization proxy through statistics extracted from the official website of the KOF Swiss Economic Institute. According to results, the globalization–liquidity interaction increases GDP fluctuations. Hence, globalization reduces the efficiency of monetary policies. The shocks caused by the globalization–interest rate interaction can also increase GDP fluctuations, something which indicates the inefficiency of monetary policies ensuing from the interest rate. Moreover, changes in the inflation rate (IFR) do not react to the shocks caused by globalization–liquidity and globalization–interest rate interactions in the long run. Therefore, long-term monetary policies can reduce IFR fluctuations through the interest rate, an outcome which is yielded by the efficiency of monitory policies through the interest rate. In addition, fluctuations in GDP and interest rate do not significantly react to the shocks caused by the interaction between globalization and governmental consumption expenditures in the long run. Thus, the interaction between financial globalization and financial policies will have no effects on fluctuations in GDP and interest rate, and the efficiency of financial policies will be intact.

Examining the effects of inflation and globalization on changes in the growth rate of financial development components is a topic that has attracted the attention of many researchers in recent decades. This is especially important in developing societies, which are mainly plagued by high inflation rates. The quantitative indicators of inflation, globalization and financial development alone are not informative and effective. For this reason, one of the scientific methods for studying economic data is their statistical modeling using nonlinear tools such as Markov switching technique. This article, while examining the advantages of Markov switching technique, uses this method in the form of an econometric model to study the nonlinear effects of inflation and globalization (crossover effects) on financial development in Iran during the period 1988 to 2019. The results show that in both boom and recession regimes, the combined effects of inflation and globalization have a negative impact on the financial development index (banking credit).

This research was conducted with the aim of investigating modernization and social networks, two important components of globalization and its effect on the ethnic tendencies of the people of Ilam province, to show how the identities of the people of Ilam province relate to global identities. In this research, the statistical population is all people living in the province. Ilam with a population of 580,158 people, based on Cochran's formula, the statistical sample size is 270 people, and the sampling method is simple probability, the survey method and the data collection tool of Hop Rashnameh. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability of the data and face validity method was used to measure the validity. The results of the research were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient, variance analysis and regression analysis. They are an important component of globalization, there is a significant relationship with ethnic tendencies. This means that traditional communities like Ilam province have become dependent on the modern world, which has caused a decrease in the sense of belonging and ethnic attachment of the people of Ilam province. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the ethnic trends in Ilam province, unlike the past, in the contemporary era, have gone out of a solid and uniform state, and modernization and social networks have had an impact on it.

The Interaction of Globalization and Innovation on Poverty Abstract :Throughout human history, poverty has been considered one of the undesirable economic and social phenomena of different societies, and it is now recognized as one of the major problems of the world community, and efforts to reduce it have become one of the important goals of the countries of the world . has been Meanwhile, globalization and innovation are tools that can affect poverty and reduce it . Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the mutual effect of globalization and innovation on poverty in selected science - producing countries with per capita income above 20 thousand dollars and below 20 thousand dollars during the period of 2011 - 2019 using panel data techniques and the generalized method of moments ( GMM ) . The research results indicate a negative and significant effect of the mutual effect of globalization and innovation dimensions on poverty in both groups of selected countries during the study period . In addition, the effect of control variables of misery and inequality on poverty in both groups of selected countries is positive and significant . Keywords : Poverty , Globalization , Innovation .

In this era, human growth and progress in various sciences have been remarkable, so that the performance of the government has also been affected. Industrialization, progress and development of new communication and transportation technologies, urbanization, emergence of capitalism, growth and development of social division of labor, commercialization and commodification of economic relations are among the things that have caused the phenomenon of globalization. The mentioned cases can be effective on the activities of the government, especially for developing countries where the role of the government in the economy is very large. Due to the fact that the government plays a very important role in the economy and political decisions of a country, therefore, it is very important to examine the issues affecting the government's activities. Therefore, due to the importance of this issue, in this research, the impact of globalization on the Constraints on Government Powers in developing countries for the period 2012-2020 has been investigated. A panel regression analysis for 61 developing countries shows that political and social globalization has a positive and significant effect on the level of non-governmental organizations' monitoring of government power. But economic globalization has a positive and non-significant effect. A higher level of economic development has a positive effect and the abundance of natural resources has a negative effect on the level of and Constraints on Government Powers. In other words, the increase in social communication and the integration of more developing countries in the international political system leads to an increase in the supervision of non-governmental organizations over the power of the government. Considering that the phenomenon of globalization is one of the most important issues of the world and considering that developing countries including Iran are affected by this phenomenon, it is suggested that the government should facilitate globalization in order to increase efficiency in the economy.

Migration is a global phenomenon that is driven by a variety of reasons, which can be categorized as push and pull factors. Push factors refer to negative circumstances that compel individuals to leave their country of origin and seek a better life elsewhere. In contrast, pull factors are positive conditions that attract individuals to a particular destination. These may include better job opportunities, greater security, better healthcare, and improved educational opportunities. It is important to note that the push and pull factors that influence migration can vary depending on an individual’s characteristics.In recent decades, one of the most significant developments in migration in developing countries has been the increasing participation of women in migration flows, including their growing independent migration to developed countries. Women represent a significant portion of human capital in these communities, so their involuntary migration can have negative impacts on the development process. It is thus crucial to identify and understand the underlying factors of women’s migration, which can inform appropriate policies to address the issue. The present study used experimental data from 28 developing countries and the generalized method of moments (GMM) to examine the interactive effect of globalization and entrepreneurship on women’s international migration during 2011–2020. The results indicated that improving women’s entrepreneurial conditions has a significantly negative impact on international migration, while increasing the level of education and poverty index can have a significantly positive impact. However, the social, political, and economic aspects of globalization moderate the negative effect of entrepreneurship on women’s international migration. In other words, with the reduction of barriers and geographical boundaries, women are more willing to engage in entrepreneurship and gain new job experiences in a different country. Moreover, improving the index of gender equality and individual freedoms in the country can have a significantly negative effect on the process of international migration of women. Policymakers can reduce migration by improving gender equality and individual freedoms, revising laws and regulations related to women’s business space, and supporting entrepreneurship.IntroductionIt is crucial to understand the gender complexities surrounding women’s international migration to maximize the benefits of migration for women— who constitute half of the migrant population—and to minimize its socio-economic costs for them, their families, and their countries of origin. This understanding can also help prevent negative consequences in immigration destinations. Women often migrate internationally to escape social restrictions or to improve their families’ living conditions and provide a better prospect for their children. However, excessive migration, especially among young women with high education and skills who are in their reproductive age, can have dangerous consequences, such as exacerbating the demographic crisis, destabilizing the family foundation, and reducing economic growth at the national level.The history of independent international migration of women, separate from men and families, only dates back to the last few decades. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the reasons behind this phenomenon requires consideration of the new and emerging variables affecting human society and women’s lives. One such variable is globalization, which eliminates geographical borders and allows for the free flow of ideas, goods, services, and capital.In addition to eliminating geographical borders, globalization has facilitated the movement of people and labor between different countries, which has also affected women’s international migration. In addition to eliminating geographical borders, globalization has facilitated the movement of people and labor between different countries, which has also affected women’s international migration. Furthermore, the growth of women’s economic participation and entrepreneurship has increased their material independence, which has influenced their international migration. Finally, increasing the degree of social, economic, and political globalization of countries by providing the ground for women’s entrepreneurship can also affect their international migration.The structural approach emphasizes that women’s migration is influenced by a variety of factors, each with varying degrees of effectiveness. Moreover, the economic, social, and political structures of the host society play a significant role in women’s decision-making regarding international migration. Women’s income and financial independence are crucial factors in their decision to migrate, which is directly influenced by women’s entrepreneurship. In fact, entrepreneurial power enables women to take advantage of opportunities in different parts of the world. Entrepreneurship is the basic driver of social health and wealth and a powerful engine of economic growth that promotes the necessity of innovation. Entrepreneurship is not only necessary to take advantage of new opportunities, improve productivity, and create employment but also to address some of the biggest challenges of society (Women’s Entrepreneurship Report, 2021). Innovative women entrepreneurs bring new solutions to the market with new sources of value that are not provided by competitors. International entrepreneurs outside their national borders also contribute to the global competitiveness of their country’s economy.Materials and MethodsThe study used multivariate regression analysis, a panel data approach, the generalized method of moments (GMM), and Stata software to estimate the interactive effect of globalization and entrepreneurship on women’s international migration. The statistical population of the study consisted of 28 developing countries used as the study sample. The model included the women’s international migration index as the dependent variable, while social, political, and economic globalization, women’s education, economic misery index, gender equality, and individual freedoms were considered as explanatory variables and effective factors of women’s migration.Results and DiscussionThe research model utilized in this study is a panel data type, which provides a more efficient estimation by limiting the problem of heterogeneity of variance, reducing collinearity between variables, and increasing the degree of freedom compared to cross-sectional data and time series (Baltaji, 2005). In addition, the present research model can be considered as dynamic according to De Brau (2019) and Sultana and Fatima (2017), where the dependent variable intercept appears as an explanatory variable on the right side of the equation. The mathematical expression of the model is as follows: The dependent variable of the model is International Migration of Women (MWit), and the explanatory variables include social (SGit), political (PGit), and economic (EGit) globalization, Women’s Entrepreneurship (WENTit), Women’s Education (WEDUit), Economic Misery index (EMit), Gender Equality (GEit), and Personal Freedoms (PFit).This research used a dynamic panel data model in which the dependent variable appears as an explanatory variable with an interval on the right side, a correlation is created between the disturbance component and the mentioned variable, and the estimation results are skewed. Therefore, the GMM was used to estimate the variables. This method does not require detailed information on the distribution of disturbance sentences, based on the assumption that the disturbance sentences in equations with a set of instrumental variables are not correlated. Two tests were conducted to ensure the suitability of GMM for model estimation. The Sargan test was used to test the validity of instrumental variables. A Sargan statistical probability value greater than 5% indicates the non-correlation of the instruments with the disturbance components, and hence, the instruments used in the estimation are valid. Second, the first-order AR(1) and second-order AR(2) residual correlation tests were employed. The results indicated that there is first-order serial correlation in all cases of estimation of disturbance sentences, but there is not second-order serial correlation or clear distortion.  Table 1. Estimation results of the research modelSecond StateFirst StateDependent variable: International migration of woment StatisticCoefficientt StatisticCoefficientExplanatory Variables▼6/0060/1876/0430/192LnIMW (-1)------3/4610/158LnSG------2/4120/035LnPG------3/9560/163LnEG-------4/208-0/179LnWENT3/7180/102------LnSG*WENT2/2560/061------LnPG*WENT3/4800/147------LnEG*WENT3/1140/2243/1650/231LnWEDU2/0170/0612/0260/058LnEM-5/512-0/346-5/387-0/351LnGE-4/968-0/186-4/914-0/190LnPF0/6126/1750/6086/03Sargan test statistic0/0000/0530/0000/057AR(1)0/7030/310/6910/30AR(2)228228Number of obs88Number of group2828Obs per groupConclusionAs economic, social, and political globalization increased in selected countries, so did the migration of women. The dissolution of geographical borders, the inability of developing economies to compete with developed counterparts, the disappearance of subcultures, and the familiarity of women with the culture and language of the destination countries all contributed to the increase in women’s international migration. Moreover, extroversion in foreign policy and the conclusion of understandings and bilateral/multilateral agreements of regional and international organizations for regular, easy, quick, and low-cost legal migration procedures also play a role in this context. The increasing trend of migration of skilled and expert women from developing countries to developed countries often results in improved employment opportunities, greater material benefits, and higher social status for these women.The establishment of entrepreneurship as a viable career path for women, along with equal business opportunities as men, and the ability to implement women’s creative plans and ideas in developing countries, could lead to their strong presence as valuable members of society. This, in turn, would strengthen women’s self-confidence and motivation to migrate, while also reducing the push factors for emigration.Gender equality in the home country can increase women’s hope of achieving a better life and reduce their desire to migrate abroad. In addition, individual freedoms in the home country can strengthen women’s desire to stay and work towards achieving greater freedom and a more liberal culture that aligns with their desires and aspirations. Improving the educational system, such as a one percent increase in enrollment in the third middle school, is an important factor in promoting social mobility for women since it provides opportunities for the development of individual talents, higher income, better social status, and improved living conditions, which can encourage women to migrate. Other factors leading to an increase in women’s migration include the decline in economic performance, economic difficulties, and a rise in the misery index in the home country, along with the expectation of a better situation in destination countries.The interactive effect of globalization and entrepreneurial environment on women’s international migration in the selected countries was found to be significantly positive. However, the lack of positive and constructive effects of social, political, and economic globalization on women’s entrepreneurship has moderated the reducing effect of entrepreneurship on international migration. Globalization has actually made it more likely for women entrepreneurs to seek business opportunities abroad, thus increasing their migration.

Impulses are seen as a fundamental challenge to sustainable and sustainable economic growth and development. When a common shock comes to the economies of different regions of the world, the reaction of the economies of each region is different. The difference in countries' response to common shocks stems from differences in their economic resilience. In the event of adverse shocks, a country with high economic resilience will return to a faster growth path before the outbreak of shock, and a country with low resilience will face disruption and slowdown in economic growth. Therefore, it is important to examine the factors affecting economic resilience in order to deal with the risks facing the economy and achieve continuous and sustainable economic growth and development. Technology Foreign Spillover from the channels of import of intermediate and capital goods, foreign direct investment or brains reverse migration is one of the most important factors that can reduce the limitations of domestic research and development and fill the gap in technology, increase competitiveness and reduce the gap in economic resilience of developing countries and developed countries. The phenomenon of globalization is another important factor that can affect economic resilience by facilitating economic, social and political relations outside the country's borders. Therefore, the present study seeks to investigate the effect of the Technology Foreign Spillovers and globalization on the economic resilience during the period 2007-2016 using panel data using generalized torque (GMM) method. The results indicate a positive and significant effect of the technology foreign spillover through two channels, import of intermediate and capital goods and globalization on economic resilience.

One of the fundamental characteristics of development in the new era is the rise of emerging economies; So that the revival of China, India and Brazil, etc., will change the global geopolitical perspective. A look at the groupings and characteristics of emerging economies shows that these countries share one definition and that is that, along with economic growth and the struggle to keep pace in technology, they are heavily involved in trade and global markets. It is clear that Iran's transition to the status of an emerging economy, or rather, the country's current lack of success in upgrading to the rank of emerging economies, has its limits and differences, which the current study is trying to express comparatively. The current research is based on the fundamental proposition that the formation of emerging economies is based on the "last wave of globalization" in the 1980s and the expansion of capital in the "Global South". To demonstrate this proposition, four countries (China, India, Brazil, and Turkey) have been selected and compared with Iran in the context of qualitative comparative methods. The period of this study was chosen as 1980-2020, which coincides with the occurrence of the Islamic Revolution in Iran (as for the domestic dimension), and the occurrence of the last wave of globalization in the late 1970s and 1980s (as for the external dimension). The findings of the research show that due to the lack of comprehensive institutional reforms in Iran and the geopolitical and economic contractive conditions, especially in the last two decades, under nuclear tension sanctions, Iran is left behind from the new historical trajectory of emerging economies. Its obvious manifestation is the fluctuating, slow, and downward movement of the fundamental indicators of development in Iran compared to the model countries of this study.

The significance of human capital in improving economic growth and productivity is among the vital issues that have received considerable attention from economists. In specific, attaining economic growth has been an issue of interest for economists in recent decades, which requires certain mechanisms, including human capital index and globalization. Even though economic growth is driven by human capital, most resource-rich countries lack the necessary human capital since their natural capital out crowds’ human capital. Globalization assists a country in exploiting the benefits of openness, as it mitigates downside risks. Meanwhile, the increased capital flow that emerges from openness may enable producers to take advantage of a diversified portfolio and invest in riskier projects that yield rapid economic growth and expedite lending and borrowing. In addition, the degree of development of countries has been employed as a dummy variable, where zeros and ones indicate developing and developed countries, respectively.

This research aims to examine the mutual relationship between three variables, namely globalization, human capital accumulation, and economic growth, by theoretical analysis and modeling macroeconomic conditions. Moreover, an adaptive comparison between 23 selected developing countries and 33 developed countries over the 1995-2017 period was carried out based on the generalized method of moments using systemic panel data.

The results indicate that, with a 95% confidence interval, an increase in globalization, economic growth, and life expectancy leads to increased human capital. In contrast, an increase in the urbanization rate does not effectively improve the human capital index in the selected countries. Furthermore, increased human capital, economic growth, population growth rate, development of telecommunication infrastructures, and foreign direct investment affect globalization. Finally, human capital, globalization, labor, and investment affect the economic growth in the selected countries.

Based on the estimation results in selected countries, it can be concluded that increasing globalization leads to greater use of factors of production, higher efficiency at international levels, and improvement in economic growth through interaction with global markets and improvement in the technology employed in countries. Therefore, increasing the openness of the economy of a country increases productivity through the establishment of competition with other countries and the transfer of technology, which ultimately yields economic growth. Estimation and analysis of the multiplier coefficients of the dependent variables for the two mentioned groups of countries concluded that the changes in globalization and economic growth demonstrate a higher effect on human capital for the studied developed countries. Moreover, the multiplier coefficient effect of human capital on globalization in developed countries was more than that of developing countries. In other words, the changes in human capital demonstrate more significant effects on globalization in developed countries.On the other hand, for developing countries, the multiplier coefficient effect of economic growth on globalization was more than that of developed countries by twofold. This result indicates that, for developing countries studied in the mentioned period, a change in economic growth leads to a more significant increase and improvement in globalization. These results may be due to more vacant capacities and potentials in developing countries. In developed countries, the economy is often at full capacity and does not allow for a high growth multiplier. Indeed, the changes in globalization and human capital variables affect the economic growth of developed countries more notably compared with developing countries.

As the knowledge-based economy expands, what can create a competitive advantage and increase international competitiveness is the increasing level of economic complexity of export products. On the other hand, one of the important prerequisites for promoting economic complexity is having a skilled and trained workforce. In the meantime, developed countries have become destinations for Brain Drain (migration of human capital) from countries that have not been successful in achieving a knowledge-based economy and producing complex products due to providing suitable conditions for using the potential of human capital in the context of globalization and achieving a knowledge-based economy. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of economic complexity on Brain Drain from selected member countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation during the period 2010-2019 using the GMM (Generalized Moment of Method). The results of model estimation show that economic complexity in this regard is directly related to the brain drain. In other words, the unfavorable situation of the economic complexity of these societies, which indicates the sluggishness of the market of knowledge-based factors such as human capital and skilled labor, is a kind of repulsive factor to the country with high economic complexity. In addition, variables determining the realization of knowledge-based economy and competitiveness in the international trade such as; The Globalization Index, R&D Expenditure, and Institutional quality indicators inversely related to the rain drain to United States.

The outbreak of Covid 19 pandemic started from a disease affecting the human immune system and health and now it has spread to the economies of all the countries of the world and the international economy. In other words, this disease has directly faced a serious crisis in the service sector, such as tourism and has pushed other sectors with broad economic constraints and to some extent to the brink of bankruptcy. Unemployment and employment have become critical in many countries, and declining GDP has been reported in many countries. The question is, has globalization fueled the spread of the corona in the world? And has the outbreak had a significant impact on trade volume and globalization? In other words, are countries with more open indicators from the perspective of globalization, for example, have the degree of openness made the disease more prevalent in the world? And has the outbreak significantly reduced business flows in the world? This study analyzes the relationship between global trade and the prevalence of Covid 19 among 70 countries of the world, two groups of developing countries (50 countries) and developed countries (20 countries) using the monthly panel data and GMM method from the of 2019 to the beginning of 2021. Research results Indicates the significant effects of the disease outbreak on the reduction of trade flows between countries. The results also show that the prevalence of Granger causality between Covid 19 and the reduction of globalization and trade volume of countries. Finally, suggestions for reducing the negative effects of epidemics is about the global economy.

Globesity means the shift in nutrition style resulting from globalization is increasing in developing countries. Although, economic globalization, ie international trade and foreign direct investment can affect nutrition and health through GDP. Changing the consumption style and culture and approaching to the consumption style of business partners through cultural, social and political globalization can increase obesity and overweight in developing countries. In this study, we examine the impact of different dimensions of globalization (economic, political, cultural and social) on obesity and overweight in 30 selected developing countries during the years 1995-2019 using the threshold panel method. The results indicate that all dimensions of globalization (economic, political, cultural and social) have a positive and significant effect on obesity and overweight. Moreover, in examining the intensity of the impact of the dimensions of globalization, cultural and social globalization have more impact on obesity and overweight than economic and political globalization, respectively. In particular, the intensity of the impact in both thresholds in all dimensions of globalization except the economic dimension after the regime change is greater than its before and its impact in economic and political globalization on obesity is more than overweight and in cultural and social globalization on overweigh is more than obesity.

The relationship between globalization indicators and financial development is controversial. International institutions such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) advise member states that globalization indicators have a positive impact on financial development. This paper also examines the nonlinear effects of globalization (Combined Globalization Index) on financial development (banking,s credit) in Iran during the period 1988 to 2019 using the Markov Switching econometric technique. The results indicate that globalization in the first regime (boom) has a positive effect on the financial development index, while in the second regime (recession) we see a negative relationship. Therefore, given the importance of globalization, economic planners and policy makers should provide a good platform for the further development of financial services.