رشد بهره وری

Understanding the relationship between institutions and economic performance, as well as how institutional quality differs across countries, has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Northern countries support economic progress due to having strong institutions. On the other hand, weak institutions in southern countries prevent their progress. Therefore, it is very important for policymakers to identify the factors affecting institutional quality and to understand how institutional quality affects economic growth in order to develop efficient economic policies. The main motivation of the present study is to understand the effect of improving institutional quality on Iran's economic growth through total factor productivity using the Global Trade Analysis Project model. In this regard, the data were aggregated into two regions (Iran and the rest of the world) and ten sectors based on the research objective. To achieve the main objective of the study, two scenarios were evaluated: 1) Increasing the growth rate of production factor productivity in Iran (due to improving institutional quality); 2) Increasing the growth rate of production factor productivity in other regions of the world (due to improving institutional quality). The results show that improving institutional quality through increasing the growth rate of production factor productivity in Iran leads to higher economic growth in Iran and its sub-sectors.

The main purpose of this article is to investigate the return of scale indicators,technological changes and productivity growth rate on the cost in Shazand CityWater and Wastewater Company. For this purpose, based on repetitive seeminglyunrelated Regression, translog cost function form was used to estimate water supplycost function. Cost function parameters were estimated from seasonal time seriesdata over time period 2008 to 2018. The company used four factors of production,labor, capital, raw materials and other services in the production process. The resultsshowed that there is a diminishing return to scale and a lack of economies of scale,which means that there is no natural monopoly in the company. Technologyprogress and productivity growth indicator indicates that cost reduction as a result oftechnology progress and productivity growth over the study period.

This paper analyzes the incentives to increase the cost of public education, including the effect of the "cost sickness" scheme. According to the theory, the salary paid to teachers can explain the significant increase in tuition costs. Bamol divides the economy into two leading non-progressive parts. The leading sector includes the part of economic activities in which technology is crystallized as innovations and the accumulation of capital in it by activating economies of scale provides the basis for increasing per capita production. In this sector, the increase in wages is proportional to the increase in productivity. On the other hand, there are activities in which the human role is prominent and productivity growth occurs only occasionally and accidentally. In terms of education, they are located in the non-leading sector. In non-leading industries, the wage rate increases in proportion to the higher wage rate in the leading sector to retain workers despite the low productivity growth similar to the effect and increases the unit cost of services in the non-leading sector. This increase in cost translates into an additional increase in the cost of education, and because the demand for education is unbearable, it continues to increase the general cost of education. The present study reviews the article on unbalanced macroeconomic growth and crisis in urban areas of Bamol and examines the increase in costs in the Iranian education sector using the Bamol model and ARDL method during the period (1360-1397). Long-term and short-term results show that not only is there no sick disease, but also an increase in wages to productivity reduces production costs in that sector and can lead to prosperity in this sector.

This paper by changing the trend of annual productivity growth computes the optimal monetary and fiscal policy for the Iranian economy in the context of Ramsey problem using a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium model in an estimated medium-scale model The results indicate that in the presence of sticky prices. Zero inflation and close to zero, as a result of the optimal outcome and underprice flexibility. In addition, the negative tax rate on capital return introduced as a result of the optimal policy in this model. By increasing the productivity rate, as well as increasing knowledge and labor productivity, the level of production and supply increased and, as a result, did not increase even with increasing demand for total inflation. In fact, any policy that encourages the motivation of work and activity for the people of the community will lead to an increase in production and employment, and this increase in annual productivity will reduce inflation.

Since economic growth affects many economic indexes such as employment, poverty, distribution of income, health, etc., investigating the factors influencing economic growth is of great importance. This would be even more important in developing countries, which face such problems as poverty, unemployment etc. Considering the fact that the VAT is becoming more popular in developing countries and the dearth of research on the effects of this type of tax on economic variables, especially economic growth, the need for this study is felt to shed lights on the related issues. In this paper, using a panel of 62 developing countries and the GMM-system method, we examined the effect of VAT on economic growth and its sources, including growth of capital accumulation and the growth of productivity. The results were consistent with previous research, indicating a positive and significant effect of VAT on economic growth and its sources.

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the impacts of both import and the firm entrance into industrial markets on Iran’s manufacturing sector performance. To achieve this goal, using dynamic panel data and the Nickell residual approach, the impacts of degree of competition and technology gap on the growth of productivity were estimated. our findings indicate that increasing import would lead to increasing productivity in industries with low technology gap due to competition escape effect, while in high technology  gap industries lead to decreasing productivity  because of  Schumpeterian effect. In addition, the results confirm that the entry of new firms into the market does not stimulate the Schumpeterian and competition escape mechanisims. The results also indicate that the entrance of potentials firms brings about the improving the productivity in monopolistic industries  and worsening  productivity in competitive industries.

Today trade is the basis of development of any societies that with its expansion, the industrial enterprises, takes advantage of its benefits and enhances their productivity. Also they earn competitive advantage and further providing domestic needs, can capture the new markets. Among these, the role of imports in trade is very important because the import of capital and intermediate inexpensive goods, reduce production costs, create competitive environment and increase productivity.
In Iran, despite trade liberalization in 1989, policy makers and intellectuals has been toward to expanding exports, while the Iranian industry have enormous potential of production, It is strongly dependent on import of raw materials and intermediate and capital goods.
Therefore, in this study the impact of import competition on total factor productivity were studied during (1992-2012) by using dynamic econometric panel data. The results show that import competition has a positive impact on total factor productivity of Iranian industries. In contrast, trade liberalization and the size of the industry, as a criteria of the size of the domestic market, had a negative impact on total factor productivity.

This study examines the relationship between unemployment and productivity growth in Iran over the time period 1359-1389 (1980-2010). Recently، studies on this relationship have had different and sometimes opposite results. We have examined the relationship between the growth rate of productivity and the rate of unemployment by using Granger Causality test and Hausman Test in the estimation of simultaneous equations. Our results show a bilateral causal relationship between these two variables; that is، the increase in productivity cause the rate of unemployment to decrease and the decrease in the rate of unemployment cause productivity to increase، a result in line with learning by doing effect.

In Iran, agriculture is the largest production sector after oil and services that has allocated around 20 present of Gross national product and main share of non oil export to it. Moreover it is a location for employment of large number of country population. So growth of this sector can determine country growth notably. Infrastructure investment is one of the factors that can increase productivity in agriculture by increasing labor, capital and other inputs performance. This study surveys effects of public infrastructure investment on agricultural productivity growth in Iran for period 1350- 1382 and for this purpose, uses government’s development expenditures in agricultural sector as a proxy of agricultural infrastructural investment. In this research, the dual manner and Translog cost function has used. These models were estimated through the Seemingly Unrelated Regression System and the Maximum Entropy models. Estimating of cost elasticity respect to infrastructure investment indicate on the negative and significant effect of infrastructure investment on production cost in agriculture sector. Moreover, result of productivity growth’s decomposition to scale, technical, infrastructure and human investment effects, showed that after technical change, public infrastructure investment is the most important factor in increasing of agricultural productivity growth.