سرمایه اجتماعی

Economic growth models have long grappled with fundamental questions regarding the relationship between different types of capital and real growth rates. While numerous empirical studies have demonstrated the independent effects of physical capital and social capital on the quantity and quality of economic growth, less attention has been given to the interactive effects of these investment types. This study examines the influence of social capital on the interaction between physical capital and Iran's economic growth using the Smooth Transition Regression (STR) model. The analysis covers the period 1346–1400 (1967–2021) and employs four indicators inspired by Fukuyama's framework to measure social capital. The findings indicate that the impact of physical capital on Iran's gross domestic product (GDP) varies across different levels of social capital. Periods of greater fluctuations in social capital have been associated with increased variability in the effect of physical capital on economic growth. Specifically, stronger social capital enhances the productivity of physical capital, while weaker social capital reduces its effectiveness. This study highlights the critical role of social capital in shaping the returns on physical capital investments, suggesting that strategies to stabilize and strengthen social capital could lead to more consistent and sustainable economic growth outcomes.

Economic growth is a crucial indicator of a country's development and plays a significant role in its integration into global economic exchanges and its bargaining power in international trade. This study investigates the effect of sustainable competitiveness convergence on per capita income convergence among the top 50 science-producing countries between 2014 and 2023, using the ordinary least squares (OLS) method. The findings reveal a positive and significant relationship between the convergence of natural capital, intellectual capital, resource efficiency, and social capital, and the convergence of per capita income. Governments have a dual responsibility: they must direct resources toward wealth generation while also converting non-renewable natural resources into renewable ones to achieve sustainable growth and development. Additionally, by fostering and motivating human capital, governments can enhance innovation and close the technology gap with leading countries in sustainable competitiveness. Two estimation cases were analyzed. The first case examined the interactive effect of governance on natural capital, while the second focused on the interactive impact of governance on intellectual capital. In both instances, these interactive effects were found to have a positive and significant influence on per capita income convergence. Given the critical importance of economic growth and per capita income, policymakers are encouraged to create a conducive environment for attracting intellectual capital into production activities by developing new markets for production factors. Moreover, it is expected that leaders will enhance the competitiveness index, particularly in terms of social capital, and facilitate economic growth by improving people’s livelihood security and well-being, promoting accountability and responsibility, and striving for equal opportunities.

This study examines the impact of social capital and economic growth on financial development in Iran from a demand leadership perspective. Utilizing statistical data from 1996 to 2020, the study employs an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. Financial development is measured as a weighted average of five indicators: (1) the ratio of banknotes and coins held by the public to the total money supply (FD1), (2) the ratio of liquidity to GDP (FD2), (3) the ratio of banking system claims on the private sector to total banking system credit (FD3), (4) the ratio of private sector debt to the banking system relative to GDP (FD4), and (5) the ratio of total traded shares' value to GDP (FD5). Additionally, principal component analysis combines six indicators of social capital, including life expectancy, income equality, political stability, absence of violence, government integrity, and rule of law. The study estimates both short-term and long-term relationships among these variables and employs a band-edge test to verify the existence of long-term relationships. The results indicate that, both in the short term and long term, social capital, economic growth, and foreign trade volume have a positive and significant influence on financial development, while the unemployment rate has a negative and significant effect. Consequently, the findings demonstrate consistency between short-term and long-term results.

As a social phenomenon, money has been differently defined and interpreted by economic schools. The wrong perception of the nature of money and its incorrect interpretation by jurists has sometimes led to incorrect rulings regarding the newly created phenomenon of money. Using the analytical-descriptive method and analyzing the process of money creation, this article studies the relationship between social capital and the nature of credit money. Based on the findings, money is a social phenomenon whose formation is closely related to social credits. Based on Allameh Tabatabaei’s theory of Iʿtibari perceptions, social capital can be considered as a real phenomenon supporting the creation of money. This approach has distinct implications for monetary governance. Within this framework, managing inflation expectations is among the core duties of central banks. Strengthening the social capital of the government can help improve monetary system relations and adjust inflation expectations in line with the policy goals of monetary governance.

Taha Ashayeri Tahereh Jahanparvar Elham Abbasi Fatima Hasani Abstract Job satisfaction means being satisfied with the organizational and job conditions of a person, social capital plays an important role in their job satisfaction. Social capital is a set of formal values, moral and emotional commitments, and norms that lead group members to collectivism, creativity, and entrepreneurship, and this job-organizational entrepreneurship occurs through the level of job satisfaction. The stronger the organizational communication, trust, participation and organizational commitment, the higher the level of job satisfaction. The main purpose of the research is to study the effect of social capital and its components on job satisfaction. The research method is a quantitative meta-analysis using a reverse questionnaire (conducted research). The population size of 24 survey research documents were selected during 1401-1385. The criteria for entering the articles into the software were correlation coefficient, significance level, sample size and the year of conducting the research; Based on the Cohen and Fisher model, its effect size is estimated. The results show that social capital has been able to explain 0.35% of job satisfaction changes. The results show that the components of social capital include organizational cohesion (0.38); organizational participation (0.40); religious affiliation (0.33); organizational support (0.41); Organizational commitment (0.20) had a significant effect on employee job satisfaction.

Border Cooperatives are one of the most populous cooperatives that were established with the aim of increasing the level of welfare and economic power of border people and due to the fragile employment situation and economic activities in border areas, they need double support and their performance should be considered. In this regard, the present study, using the survey method and the use of SPSS and Smart PLS software, seeks to answer the main question: what is the role of social capital in the performance of Tonekabon border cooperatives? The statistical population of the present study is all members of Tonekabon city border cooperatives, whose number according to the latest statistics is about 92,000 people and 384 of them were selected using the Cochran's formula as the sample size. The results indicate that between the total amount of social capital (0.34) and its dimensions, ie social trust (0.38), social participation (0.41), social cohesion (0.30), social support (0.27) 0), social awareness (0.35), social communication (0.36) with the political participation of citizens there is a positive, direct and significant relationship. Therefore, all research hypotheses are confirmed. The results of the structural equation model (Smart PLS) also showed that the total effect of the independent variable of social capital on the performance of frontier cooperatives is 0.55, which by considering the values of the volume of the effect of the coefficient of determination of this value in the amount Average (0.30) is estimated.

Today, social capital can be considered as a suitable platform for exploiting human and physical capital. In fact, social capital shows the importance of the role of social structures and relationships between people on development variables of all dimensions. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of social capital on human development indicators in OPEC member countries by using the econometric model of generalized moments during the period of 2007-2021. The research findings indicate that a one percent increase in social capital has led to a 0.05 percent increase in the human development index. Also, the variables of life expectancy, government size, and economic growth have led to an increase in human development during the investigated period. Therefore, it is recommended that in the OPEC oil exporting countries, instead of paying attention to the rentier activities that lead to the destruction of the economy, the governments should focus on the development of social capital.herefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of social capital on human development indicators in OPEC member countries by using the econometric

The concept and importance of collective interactions and moral virtues in the structure of society and economy are rooted in the ages of history. The explanation of this issue in the history of science has led to the production of an important concept called social capital. This concept has important effects on economic and social variables. Theoretical foundations show that social capital can be effective on variables such as knowledge and innovation. This study investigates the factors influencing innovation across countries worldwide, with a particular focus on the role of social capital. Social capital can enhance the business environment and reduce transaction costs, thereby fostering knowledge dissemination and innovation. To achieve the research objectives, data from 113 countries over the period 2013-2022 were analyzed using the quantile panel regression method. To facilitate comparison, countries were categorized into four income groups: low-income, lower-middle-income, upper-middle-income, and high-income. Separate estimates were provided for each category. The findings indicate that population, democracy, and government expenditure are significant determinants of innovation, with their impact being more pronounced in high-income countries. Population has a positive effect on innovation for countries that have been able to provide appropriate infrastructure. The analysis reveals that social capital exerts a positive and significant effect on innovation. This effect is stronger in high-income countries. Furthermore, quantile estimates demonstrate that the impact of social capital on innovation varies significantly across different quantiles. Consequently, external factors in each country play a crucial role in determining the extent to which social capital influences innovation.

Introduction :

The appearance of Iranian cities has similar characteristics. So in most of them, the development of the city and the increasing use of cars has led to the disintegration of its old shape, so that its body has been unevenly developed in a new way in different parts. The way of evaluating urban environments today is such that human identity is ignored in them [1]. The disarray of cities, which is increasing day by day, while affecting the shape and density of cities and transportation, has also affected the social interactions of citizens, which results in the reduction of people’s sense of belonging to these cities [2]. For the changes of a neighborhood-oriented cultural development to be accepted by the public, it requires the social satisfaction of the residents and the qualitative improvement of the economic conditions of the citizens living in the neighborhoods [3]. This approach and at the same time, eliminating the problems of urban management, will happen if the management attitude is changed, so that power is decentralized and people’s participation in the neighborhoods increases [18]. The result of these efforts is improving the sense of self-belief among citizens and usefulness in their neighborhood; Therefore, social solidarity will result from creating neighborhood identity, promoting social responsibility, and eliminating neighborhood disorder. Participation in today’s conditions in areas such as reducing the workload of national levels compared to local programs, increasing informed citizens, increasing quality by doing things, providing human and financial resources for municipalities, reducing costs, increasing productivity, and contributing citizens to accept responsibility. It is important and necessary. The high importance of the present research is also based on this. In this regard, the current research seeks to provide a suitable model, which is carried out through a meta-composite qualitative approach, in addition to examining internal and external research in the field of social capital models in neighborhood-oriented cultural development.

This research is exploratory mixed research and a qualitative-quantitative combined method was used in its conduct. In the first step (qualitative step), the necessary data were collected by examining previous research in the field related to the subject of the study, as well as conducting in-depth interviews, then according to the grounded theory method, coding, categorization, and finally a conceptual model were presented. In grounded theory, as an exploratory-inductive research method, the steps of analyzing the collected qualitative data are performed in three steps: open coding, central coding, and selective coding: 1) Open coding is a process by which the features and dimensions of the specified concepts from the text are extracted and analyzed. In open coding, specific concepts are expanded according to their dimensions and characteristics, and then by subdividing the information obtained from the primary raw data, preliminary categories are formed about the phenomenon under investigation and to the question It deals with data, comparing cases, events and states of phenomena to discover similarities and differences. 2) In the axial coding, one of the categories that are under investigation and discovery (main dimension) and then other categories (components) are related to it (this method was used in the present research). 3) The process of determining the central category coherently and creating a connection between the central category and other categories is called selective coding. From the experts’ answers to 7 questions about the content, the relationship of the model with the purpose, and quality, Hoteling’s t-test was taken to evaluate the validity of the model. Kappa coefficient has been used to evaluate the reliability of the model. In the second step (quantitative step), data were collected through the distribution of researcher-made questionnaires and analyzed through structural equation modeling. It should be noted that the mentioned questionnaire is derived from the results of the proposed models placed at the center of the process. The statistical population of this research includes two communities, in the qualitative part of the research, urban management and urban sociology experts and experts in the academic community and urban management organizations of Tehran were selected as potential participants. Characteristics include having a university education related to urban issues, holding a managerial job related to the issue, having experience in doing collaborative activities in the field of urban issues, having enough opportunity and interest to conduct an interview, and the concern of the people are the criteria for selecting the interviewees. Due to the nature of qualitative content in this research and specific knowledge and data that were available to some key informants on the subject under study, we have used the purposeful selection sampling method. In the quantitative part, the statistical population includes the citizens of Tehran city, which was sampled in a random and non-targeted way. According to the population estimates of the Iran Statistics Center from the general population and housing census in 2015, the population of Tehran is 7992627 people, therefore the sample size obtained from Cochran’s formula is determined to be 384 people.

The results of the interviews conducted with the grounded theory method showed that the cultural policy model for the use of social capital in the neighborhood-oriented cultural development of Tehran includes 75 open codes, 24 core codes, and 6 selective codes, and in the quantitative part, it showed the results of structural equation modeling. that the value of the significance coefficient t related to the relationship between the main variables of the causal conditions and the central phenomenon; background conditions, intervention conditions, and central phenomenon with strategies; Strategies with consequences at the confidence level of 95% are greater than 1.96, and this indicates the significance of the effect of the variables of causal conditions with the central phenomenon; background conditions, intervention conditions, central phenomenon with strategies; Strategies have consequences. Therefore, all 6 variables are identified as main variables.

According to the findings of the research, it seems that residents’ satisfaction with environmental services and facilities has a direct relationship with a sense of social trust and citizenship responsibility. In the same way, there is a direct relationship between satisfaction with the set of services provided by the city administration and strengthening the sense of belonging to the place of residence and the use of social capital in the neighborhood. The result of this positive interaction is increased commitment to citizenship duties and acceptance of urban culture. At the same time, the satisfaction and sense of responsibility of the residents of the neighborhood are directly related to voluntary participation and easy acceptance of changes, and this will lead to the cultural development of the neighborhood. The social satisfaction of citizens alongside and in interaction with the change of urban management approach can strengthen the mutual relationship of social capital and collective solidarity. The neighborhood-oriented approach, with a change in the development approach from above, facilitating the ways of people’s participation at the neighborhood level and developing a culture of participation by the city management and citizens, will be a solution to the problems in the city and city management.

In addition to the negative environmental and economic effects, the scattered growth of cities has many social costs, these costs increase day by day with the displacement and distance of urban neighborhoods from the city center and the formation of urban suburbs. Urban sprawl does not have a social cost by itself, but population displacement is the first consequence of urban expansion that affects the social network. Social problems related to dispersion, such as lack of diversity, poor communication, and as a result, the reduction of social capital, as well as health problems such as obesity due to dependence on cars, have been attributed to it. Dispersion abandons neighborhood structure in favor of car-dependent patterns, resulting in driving being mandatory for almost all daily activities. Finally, commentators such as Putnam argue that the low-density suburban lifestyle associated with sprawl also reduces social capital and leads to a less healthy society. Sprawl Repair transforms sprawling car-dominated urban developments into whole communities that perform better economically, socially and environmentally. The purpose of the strategy of regeneration of dispersions is to create communities based on neighborhood units. The primary tactic of this method is to insert required elements such as buildings, high density, public space, additional communications, etc. to complete and diversify the scattered monocultural masses. Considering that today, participation-oriented and people-based approaches are among the most progressive and accepted approaches in the field of urban design, therefore, in this research, which was carried out using a descriptive and analytical method, an attempt is made to compare the concept of social capital with Sprawl Repair, which is A new tactic has been introduced in the regeneration of dispersions and the creation of complete communities, and finally we prove that the regeneration of urban dispersion is a driving force and a facilitating factor that has positive consequences on social capital.

Energy is very important in the growth and development of countries. But the increase in energy consumption has caused environmental damage. Therefore, the use of renewable energy sources is a necessity. In the meantime, several components affect the use of this type of energy, of which social capital is one of the most important. In this regard, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of social capital on the consumption of renewable energy in selected Islamic countries in the period of 2015-2022 and using the method of Dynamic common correlated effects. The results indicate that social capital has a positive effect on the consumption of renewable energy in selected Islamic countries in both short-term and long-term periods. Therefore, it is suggested that policymakers pay attention to the strengthening of social capital in selected Islamic countries. In this way, to speed up the transition to a revised energy consumption.

Due to the heavy reliance on oil revenue in oil-exporting countries, fluctuations in oil prices can impact the social behavior of individuals within society. As a result, it appears that social capital, as a process of social institutions, is affected by oil rent. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of oil rent on social capital in selected OPEC oil-exporting countries from 2009 to 2020 using the threshold panel method. The findings indicate that the threshold value for the ratio of oil rent to GDP is estimated at 3.4%. Prior to this threshold, the ratio of oil rent to GDP had a positive and significant effect on social capital; however, after surpassing this threshold, the ratio of oil rent had a negative and significant effect on social capital. Inflation also had a non-linear effect on social capital, while government size did not have a significant impact. Based on these results and the detrimental effects of high levels of oil rent on social capital, it is necessary to control methods that divert oil resources towards rent-seeking activities. One solution could be removing control over oil rent from governments and transferring it directly to citizens. Experience with government management of oil has shown that instead of optimal allocation, most funds have been spent destructively; therefore, mismanagement has turned this divine gift into a curse.

Despite the alternative methods of financing municipal projects and plans, crowdfunding by attracting the dormant capital of small investors and new investment methods can create new investment opportunities for ordinary lenders, people. The main goal of the current research was to investigate the methods of financing in Tehran municipality, according to the role of social capital in this process. The research method of the current study is quantitative, survey, cross-sectional, retrospective and applied. In order to collect information, library sources and comparative studies between different municipalities in the world were used in the field of providing income as well as field study. The statistical population of the present study was made up of senior financial managers and assistants, consultants, financial experts and experts, expert professors, revenue managers and diagnostic experts, and data analysis was used using decision making with multiple criteria. The participation factor with a relative weight of 0.435 has the most importance, which has the highest priority among financing methods; And the investment factor with a relative weight of 0.28 is the next priority, the paper and legal factors are ranked third to fourth with the weights of 0.138 and 0.088 respectively, and finally the contract factor is the last priority with a relative weight of 0.059. The inconsistency rate of pairwise comparisons is 0.04, which is less than 0.10, so these comparisons are acceptable. While reducing costs, social capital promotes interaction between citizens and municipalities or public service institutions, and it can be used to achieve development goals. Achieved purposefully and efficiently.

Today, networks play a valuable role in the supply and sharing of achievements, ideas, and successful experiences as producers of social capital, which is mainly based on cultural and social factors. A case study in this research is the network of charitable organizations, including the Women and Youth Entrepreneurship Development Foundation and its partner organizations, which include Bahar Khorramshahr, Khaneh Hoda, and Sepehr Institute). The purpose of this research is to compare social capital and its dimensions (structural dimension, communication dimension, and cognitive dimension) as necessary infrastructures in establishing a relationship between the aforementioned organizations and the Entrepreneurship Development Foundation. Since NGOs need social capital to create social development as one of the factors to promote organizational communication, such research can lead to major improvements in this issue. The problem of this research is to measure the strength of the social capital between the Women and Youth Entrepreneurship Development Foundation and each of the organizations of Khaneh Hoda, Bahar Khorramshahr, and Qain Institute, and it should be noted whether there is a difference between the social capital status in the network between the above organizations and the Entrepreneurship Development Foundation to better advance the goals? For this purpose, some hypotheses are proposed in this research, which is to examine the difference in social capital and its dimensions in the network between partner organizations with the Entrepreneurship Development Foundation, and also to address the issue of which factors in this network need to be strengthened.

This research is applied from the objective point of view and descriptive from the method point of view. The data collection tool is the standard questionnaire of the American Social Capital Association. Since this questionnaire has been used in many types of research (Sarmed et al., 2010), (Maanipour, 2011), (Haghirizadeh and Salari, 2015), its content validity has been confirmed. Also, its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha method with the help of SPSS software with a value of 0.833; hence its use for this research was recognized as appropriate by the researchers. The questions of the questionnaire include specialized and general questions, and in the specialized questions part, a 5-point Likert scale was used to measure the dimensions of the questionnaire (cognitive dimension, relational dimension, and structural dimension), and in the general questions section, general and demographic information was collected regarding the respondents.  The statistical population of the research includes managers and experts of partner organizations of the Entrepreneurship Development Foundation, which include: 5 people from Bahar Khorramshahr, 2 people from Sepehr Institute, and 9 people from Hoda House. To analyze the data, descriptive statistical methods were used to describe their dimensions and indicators using the mean and standard deviation, as well as inferential statistics to test the research hypotheses, as well as the Kruskal-Wallis test for the equality of the average social capital and its dimensions, and at the end, during the focus group meeting with managers and experts the results of the Hypotheses were discussed.

The findings of the demographic profile of the respondents show that in terms of gender; Female, in terms of age; Age group 25-36, and in terms of education; Bachelor's degree the majority of the statistical population of the study. The table below shows the dimensions and indicators of social capital. Table 1. Dimensions and indicators of social capitalBetween the Entrepreneurship Development Foundation and Sepehr Institute, indicators of honesty, commitment to the organization's goals and shared values ​​and goals; between the Entrepreneurship Development Foundation and Bahar Institute, indicators of honesty and having warm relations; between the Entrepreneurship Development Foundation and Khaneh Hoda Institute, indicators of being a member of the common family and having common values ​​and goals; and finally, the index of common values ​​and goals between the Entrepreneurship Development Foundation and partner organizations has a high average. According to the results of descriptive statistics, the level of desirability of social capital indicators between the Entrepreneurship Development Foundation and each of the organizations separately and in general is higher than the average. The results obtained from the inferential statistics show that the equality of the average variable and dimensions of social capital (relational, structural, and cognitive) between three organizations with the Women and Youth Entrepreneurship Development Foundation are accepted.

Due to the lack of a warm and sincere relationship and the lack of a facilitating communication structure, Sepehr Institute and the Foundation did not want to share experiences, and on the other hand, the high level of honesty and commitment towards the realization of the goals made the communication between the two organizations at a good level. Hoda House and Entrepreneurship Development Foundation have been able to consider themselves as members of a common family because Hoda House was once formed under the supervision of the foundation. On the other hand, not having a spirit of criticism can hinder this relationship to some extent. Bahar and Entrepreneurship Development Foundation have been able to establish warm and sincere relations. In general, partner organizations and the Entrepreneurship Development Foundation should have common values ​​and goals more than establishing relationships with each other, and the lack of a spirit of criticism can prevent communication between organizations in the long term. The results of the inferential statistics indicate that a) the attitude towards social capital factors on the part of the development foundation has been fairly distributed among the three partner organizations. b) The organizations have been able to improve the quality of their relations with the foundation. c) The cooperation of organizations with the development foundation is based on the level of adherence to common values ​​and goals. t) Each of the organizations with the foundation has been able to use simple and accessible inter-organizational relations for education and research.

One of the competitive advantages, which most enterprises have disregarded, is intangible capital. The objective of the present survey is to determine the relation between the intellectual capital, social capital and function of enterprises. The individuals of the sampling of this survey were 134 enterprises located in Semnan’s Industrial Town. The data were gathered with a help of a questionnaire whose validity and reliability were examined. The hypotheses were surveyed by structural equation modeling. According to the results received in this survey, intellectual capital has a direct, positive and significant effect on the employee performance. On the other hand, social capital had not significant impact on employee performance. The participants with the least questionnaire mark were choose for in-depth semi-structured interviews. Interviews with 18 number of managers analyzed by content method. The factors distinguished and categorized in three type, infractin, manager power and efficiency. On the other hand, social capital had not significant impact on employee performance. The participants with the least questionnaire mark were choose for in-depth semi-structured interviews. Interviews with 18 number of managers analyzed by content method. The factors distinguished and categorized in three type, infractin, manager power and efficiency. The factors distinguished and categorized in three type, infractin, manager power and efficiency.

Today, one of the policies that some developed countries have chosen in recent decades to deal with all kinds of problems in their society is the implementation of decentralization policy. In other words, the central governments observed that they could not perform their duties properly without the presence and role of local governments, and it is necessary that part of their powers in local and provincial areas be delegated to the relevant units. But the most important form of decentralization is financial decentralization, which has received more attention among economists and politicians in recent years. In addition to financial decentralization, the issue of social capital has entered the economic debate in recent years and has been given serious attention along with other capitals, and in Iran it has also been considered for development and growth. So, in this paper we analyze the effects of financial decentralization on social capital during 2011- 2019 period by using panel data model. The results shows that in the first model, income decentralization, per capita income and economic participation rate have a positive and significant relationship with social capital but inflation and business environment variables have a negative relationship with social capital. Also, the results of second model shows that cost decentralization, per capita income and economic participation rate have a positive and significant relationship with social capital but the variables of inflation and business environment have a negative relationship with social capital.

The unprecedented increase in the unemployment of university graduates and the incapability of the government to provide jobs, makes entrepreneurship an important issue which should be seriously taken into account. In this regard, the aim of the current research is to identify the state of entrepreneurial spirit of students and also investigate the effects of social capital and its types, cultural and economic capital on entrepreneurial spirit. This research has been done quantitatively. The statistical population of the research is 442 undergraduate, master's and doctoral students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Medical Sciences who were collected at random. A researcher-made questionnaire is used and its validity and reliability were estimated by Cronbach's alpha method.The findings indicate a positive correlation between social capital, friendship and family capital and entrepreneurial spirit, and a negative relationship between institutional capital and entrepreneurial spirit. Also, cultural capital and entrepreneurial spirit are negatively (r=0.219), and economic capital and entrepreneurial spirit are positively (r=0.159) correlated. In addition, the results show that besides strengthening social capital, it is necessary for universities to prompt students involve in working in the real environment in the discussion of university education in their educational models. This would stimulate the issues and challenges that entrepreneurs issues and challenges experienced by entrepreneurs in real-life situations for students.

Various aspects and areas in developing countries have always been affected by brain drain. In fact, the migration of elites is one of the challenges that these countries face. Examining the results of the effect of institutional variables, especially social capital, on brain drain in these countries can provide a suitable solution to solve or correct the problems caused by this important phenomenon and by creating an appropriate mechanism and a coherent plan for wasting human capital and skilled workers prevent in these communities. Therefore, this article examines the effects of social capital on brain drain in the member countries of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization during the years 2009-2018. The results show that social capital has a nonlinear and threshold effect on brain drain. Considering that the coefficient of social capital is positive and the coefficient of quadratic power of social capital is negative, so social capital at low levels intensifies the brain drain from the studied countries, but raising the level of social capital and passing it beyond the threshold level in society is an effect. Negative left on brain drain. By determining the threshold level in these societies and trying to promote social capital to this level, as an influential factor on brain drain, it is possible to prevent the exit of the elite in these countries.