شاخص fgt

Poverty is a global issue of high importance for both developing and developed countries. The first step in tackling poverty is to identify the impact of economic policies on poverty indicators. In this direction, the purpose of this study is to measure the effect of foreign tourism development on poverty reduction using SAM fixed price multiplier approach. For this purpose, 2011 SAM, 2018 foreign tourist receipts, and three poverty indicators: head count ratio, poverty gap, and (FGT) have been considered. The results indicate that the arrival of foreign tourists through the production growth channel reduces poverty in Iran and reducing poverty of rural households is greater than urban households. Results also show that the highest share in sectoral poverty reduction based on the three poverty indicators is related to the agricultural sector (based on the census poverty index), hotels and restaurants, and manufacturing, and transportation (based on the poverty gap index and the FGT indices). Whereas the least reduction in poverty occurs in the financial, insurance and education activities. Any policy making in the direction of tourism development is considered as a suitable socio-economic achievement.

This study attempts to answer the question that whether the First, Second and Third Development Plans in Iran (1368-1383) could have changed the poverty structure in Semnan Province? In answering this question, the poverty line, head-count index, poverty gap index and the Foster-Greek-Thorbecke index have been estimated based on household income-expenditure statistics using Linear Expenditure System (LES) and Iterative Seemingly Unrelated Regression (ISUR). The results demonstrate that the poverty line in urban and rural areas during the said period exhibits an upward trend. It is also found that the poverty line in urban areas is always above the rural areas. In addition, the proportion of poor class people and the depth of poverty in urban and rural areas in Semnan Province have been increased during the First Development Plan but have been decreased during the Second and Third Development Plans.

Have the development programs reduced poverty in Iran effectively? This paper has addressed this question. Because of its unique property, i. e. the independency from poverty line, we have used the stochastic dominance approach to compare the level of poverty through three economic and social development programs in both rural and urban areas. The results show that there has been no strategic anti - poverty planning in Iran. Testing the statistical significance of alleviating poverty over time implies that the poverty indices over the implementation of Development Programs do not exhibit a declining trend.