شکاف جنسیتی دستمزد

Although the technology and techniques of using tools have always played an important role in the evolution of human life, the impressive speed of technological developments in today's world has turned many minds to the consequences of these developments. By affecting the behavior and performance of societies, these technologies also affect economies. Since it seems that the growth of new technologies will increase the share of the service economy and the share of skilled labor and, as a result, change the structure of employment in the economy, it seems that the gender wage gap will also be affected by the technological developments in today's world. The gender wage gap in the labor market is known as one of the most important aspects of inequality between men and women, and despite policies and plans at the national and international levels to eliminate gender inequality, the gender wage gap remains an unsolved problem. Therefore, this study is designed with the aim of evaluating the factors affecting the wage gap between men and women with an emphasis on industry technology. In this regard, the effect of industry technology on the gender wage gap has been investigated by industry at the level of two-digit ISIC codes during the years 2006, 2011, 2016 and 2021. The findings of this study indicate that technology has a positive and significant effect on the gender wage gap in industries. This result shows that women should be encouraged and justified to make more investments in the field of technological education

In the past decade, there have been many debates about globalization and its effects on economic, political and social aspects. In this regard, different countries have tried to lead to integration through trade agreements. These trade agreements have affected the structure of countries. On the other hand, the wage gap and wage inequality have created many challenges. Therefore, the paper assesses the impact of trade liberalization on the labour market by focusing on skill wage premiums. The paper tests these effects by developing a monopolistic competition model with two factors of production characterized by their skill levels (skilled and unskilled labour). The paper finds that tariff level reductions cause a moderate increase in the wage gap. Thus, our analysis shows that a 10% decrease in tariffs is accompanied by a 16.1 % increase in the skill premium. Also, the same level of tariff cut will on average increase the gender wage gap by 26.8%. The study implies that trade liberalization tends to benefit more workers in the skilled labour market compared to workers in the unskilled labour market.

The main aim of this paper is to compute the amount of real discrimination-induced gender wage gap in the Iranian labor market and to explain its dynamics in response to monetary policy and technology shocks. For this purpose, based on data and information of Iran's economy during the period 2008-2019, a Standard new Keynesian Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model has been calibrated and solved. Based on the results, not only women's wage but also men's wage will be increased and the gender wage gap will be zero, if discrimination is eliminated and the equality in the working time is established between women and men. The results of solving the model showed that the long-run amount of the real gender wage gap attributed to discrimination in the Iranian labor market is approximately 18%. The results of simulating the impulse response functions of the model variables showed that the amount of the gender wage gap increases in the short run due to the occurrence of the expansionary monetary policy and the positive technology shocks

Gender wage discrimination in the labor market can lead to an inefficient allocation of human resources and have negative effects on economic growth. Due to provincial gender pay gaps (GPG), identification of the principal determinants of wage differentials between males and females is an important phase in analyzing the labor market. Using micro-data of urban household income and expenditure survey in 2017, this study has decomposed the GPG in five major regions in the Iranian labor market to determine the role of specific regional characteristics. For this purpose, we use the Neumark decomposition approach, which is an extended form of Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition. The results show that the gender pay gap exists in all regions on behalf of males. Among all regions, except region 2, more than 80 percent of the gender wage gap has origin in labor forces attainments especially including human capital and experience, and the remaining part is attributed to discrimination. While in region 2, labor force attainments and discrimination have shaped the gender wage gap equally.

This paper analyses factors influencing gender wage gap in Iran. The theory is based on the Numark model based on Oaxaca and Blinder (1973) framework for gender wage gap which is applied on Micro data from 2014 labour force survey of Iran. The results show that higher level of education among employed women in Iran has reduced the gender wage gap. However, a significant amount of gender wage discrimination exist for the same work and same level of education. The gap is greater in private sector compared to public sector. The private sector counts for a larger share of employement. At the same time, private sector offers a lower wage for the same work compare to the public sector and also creates a larger gender wage gap. JEL Classification:J31, J16, J21

In the recent years, females’ literacy rate has experienced a drastic improvement in Iran; accordingly a remarkable increase in their participation rate is reasonably expected. Education is considered as one of driving forces of females’ presence in the labor market; however they are likely to be paid less than men in some occupations or activities. This phenomenon is called gender wage gap in the labor market literature. This wage gap occurs when a worker is paid less than her counterpart with the same level of marginal product. This study provides quantitative estimates of the gender gap in the labor market of Iran. To this end, using data on household income and expenditure, from 2005 through 2011, and applying the Oaxaca (1973) and Blinder (1973) wage decomposition, the wage differential between men and women that cannot be explained by human capital characteristics, is estimated as an indicator of gender wage discrimination. The results reveal the existense of the gender wage discrimination in the labor market of Iran, but its magnitude in professional job groups is less than low skilled jobs. Furthermore, the wage differentials in the private sector are much higher than the public sector.