شکاف فقر

Poverty is a global issue of high importance for both developing and developed countries. The first step in tackling poverty is to identify the impact of economic policies on poverty indicators. In this direction, the purpose of this study is to measure the effect of foreign tourism development on poverty reduction using SAM fixed price multiplier approach. For this purpose, 2011 SAM, 2018 foreign tourist receipts, and three poverty indicators: head count ratio, poverty gap, and (FGT) have been considered. The results indicate that the arrival of foreign tourists through the production growth channel reduces poverty in Iran and reducing poverty of rural households is greater than urban households. Results also show that the highest share in sectoral poverty reduction based on the three poverty indicators is related to the agricultural sector (based on the census poverty index), hotels and restaurants, and manufacturing, and transportation (based on the poverty gap index and the FGT indices). Whereas the least reduction in poverty occurs in the financial, insurance and education activities. Any policy making in the direction of tourism development is considered as a suitable socio-economic achievement.

In this paper we have estimated the urban and rural poverty and inequality trends for the important Hormozgan province and for the country as a whole concerning the period 1984-2019.  Doing so, we have used the micro income-expenditure survey data published annually by the Statistical Center of Iran and estimated the non-parametric Gini coefficient, poverty line and then poverty gaps. Then, in order to compare the urban and rural poverty as well as inequality levels regarding Hormozgan with that of the country as a whole, we have used 6 simple regression ANOVA models.  The results indicate that the urban poverty and inequality levels have been significantly lower than that of in the rural areas. Poverty in Hormozgan urban and rural areas have been significantly more than urban and rural areas of the country as a whole, respectively.  However, the Inequality in Hormozgan urban and rural areas have significantly less than those in the country as a whole, respectively.

The following paper investigates European policy about importing natural gas from Caspian Sea countries. The Nabucoo and Trans-Caspian gas project are the two potential projects. For these pipelines three countries are candidates: Iran, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan. By using the game theory framework, coalition among natural gas exporters for the Nabucco Project has been considered. Iran, Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan are three potential exporter countries. In this paper we answer the question whether three countries should enter the coalition for exporting gas to Europe or not. Moreover, we accounted bargaining power of these countries. We conclude that all countries have profits to make the coalition for gas exporting in the Nabucoo project. Iran has more bargaining power than others so Iran can play an important and active role for exporting gas to Europe in the Nabucco project.

This paper closely examines “Poverty” during the first four “Development Programs” employed by the Iranian government from 1989 to 2009. After defining poverty and a review of previous studies made on this subject, the authors discuss diverse issues related to measurement of poverty and calculate levels of absolute and relative poverty lines. Additionally, they calculate indices for poverty in this paper. In order to obtain the Absolute Poverty Line (APL), the food poverty line is calculated based on minimum basic needs approach and is then added to the minimum non-food requirements. The result indicates a relative poverty line placed at 66% of the average total household expenditures. The obtained results indicate that the government hasn’t had great success in reducing relative poverty during the period studied. Relative and absolute poverty lines are greater in urban areas than in rural areas. Both relative and absolute indices of poverty were greater in rural areas than in urban areas.

The Poverty measurement and its determinants are most important factors in poverty alleviation programs. In this survey, we estimate poverty line by using An Implicitly Directly Additive Demand System. This study used household data from the Statistics Center of Iran during the period of 1998-2009. We examine the main determinants of poverty Gap and the chance of being poverty for urban and rural households by Hechman model estimation.The results of Probit model revealed that age, level of educational attainment and the main activity of the head of the household, literacy rate of the household, Household size and ICT indices are the main determinants of chance of being poor. Also the results of OLS model show that Literacy rate and ratio of employees of the household, gender and level of educational attainment of the head of the household and source of income of the household are the main determinants of poverty Gap.

In this paper, relative poverty will be noted to and, based on utilitarian approach and using Linear Expenditure System, a poverty line is estimated for urban and rural households. Then, head count ratio, poverty gap and Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) index will be calculated and analyzed. The results represent that, at the first half of this study, the poverty indicators have almost downward trend, while there is a rise for poverty indicators at the second half. Therefore, more attention, continuous monitoring and efforts for poverty alleviation will be recommended.

This article tries to survey and compare poverty intensity trend in Iran, using poverty intensity index estimates. Additive decomposability is one of the privileges of poverty intensity index. It would be possible to calculate the percentage of changes in the poverty intensity in the forms of the addition results of poverty rate percentage changes, average poverty gap ratio, and Gini coefficient of poverty gap ratios. The results of poverty intensity calculation in Iran indicate that urban and rural poverty intensity trends follow the same behavioral model. Moreover, poverty intensity comparison demonstrates a better welfare status in the villages during the whole period. Poverty rate factor is the most effective one in the poverty intensity trend. Yet poverty gap changes should also be taken into consideration in order to explain the poverty intensity behavior. The impact of Gini coefficient of poverty gap ratios is very little.

Poverty is a worldwide phenomenon which both developed and developing countries are entangled with. Poverty alleviation is now considered as a goal by governments and international institutions. The emphasis is very much on poverty reduction by Iran’s Constitution and other binding Acts such as socio-economic plans and The Perspective Document. In this paper, an attempt has been made to measure different poverty indices with emphasis on nutrition approach. Head count ratio, poverty gap and Sen index are among the poverty indices measured in this study. Our findings indicate a reduction in absolute poverty along with an increase in relative poverty during the period of the study. It has also been shown that the extent of poverty depends on the concept of poverty accepted by authorities. Considering the facts relating to Iran’s economy as well as resource limitation, the best concept of poverty for policy formulation is the absolute one.

One of the financial vitalities is Zakat-e-fetreh, which would become vital when the religious conditions of the guardian of the family reaches the limit. Religious reasons has confirmed its payment and all of the Muslims try hard to do so. The management of this financial vitality depends on the knowledge on the amount. This paper endeavors to note its religious subjects, meanwhile according to every tenth of the population that are below financial poverty, calculating the country's money of zakat-e-fetreh for both the rural and the urban society at the national and family level for the period of 1370-85, and ultimately, according to the results of the poverty gap, comparing between the amounts of zakat-e-fetreh and the poverty gap of the national level. The results indicate that in the above time period, the amount of this zakat-e-fetreh in order to eliminate the lack of food, has not been enough and other devices like finance zakat, khoms, or other payments should be used.