مخارج دولتی

The aim of this paper is examining the simultaneous impact of good governance and government spending on economic growth in MENA countries. To estimate model, we've used GMM method during 2002-2016. The results show that good governance (weighted average of six indexes) and government spending have positive and significant effect on economic growth. GDP last period and trade openness variable have positive and significant effect on economic growth. Inflation variable has negative and significant effect and private investment variable has positive and insignificant effect on economic growth. The effect of both economic growth and government spending is positive and significant. Good governance index resulted from combination of existing six indexes by Principle Components Model, has been estimated in another model and it indicates positive relationship with more effect on economic growth.

Fiscal policies, especially government spendings, are considered as an important policy tool to influence real variables. The relationship between government spendings and private consumption has always been one of the concerns of policy makers. This paper investigates the relationship between government spendings and private consumption by estimating the intra-temporal and inter-temporal elasticity substitutions in D8 countries. For this purpose, time series data and the panel of private per capita consumption, public per capita spending and relative prices over the period of 1987 - 2012 are employed, and long-run relationship between the variables is estimated for all the countries by using the FM-OLS and the panel co-integration. The results of FM-OLS confirm the hypothesis of substitution between government spendings and private consumption in D8 countries (except Indonesia). Also, the DOLS results, too, indicate that there is such a relationship between private consumption and government spendings in the studied countries.

Governments in regional and national level try to improve economic and productivity growth by different polices. The being aware of effective factors in regional and national economic and productivity growth is essential for government success. The low economic and productivity growth in both regional and national level have been induced problems such as underdevelopment, inequality and poverty in some regions. In this paper, we used decomposition and econometric approach for analysis and determining factors that caused inequality in productivity in regional (provincial) level. Theoretical Framework In economic theories, there are many effective factors on TFP. In macro point, the domestic and foreign factors affect the TFP in both regional and national level. The domestic factors include education, health, infrastructure, financial system, and institutional structure, social and environmental ones. The researches in this field conclude that human capital, public investment and infrastructure are determinant factors in inequalities of productivity in both regional and national level. In regional and national level studies, the simultaneous effects of human capital, public infrastructure and physical capital on productivity have not been surveyed.

Nowadays, aims such as development, social welfare, structural and infrastructure developments and achieving economic growth by benefiting from government expenditure have become one of the main concerns of the countries. It asks for reviewing the role of government in economy all over the world. This study, investigated the effects of the components of government expenditures on Components development and welfare in Selected Developed and Developing Countries during the period of 1996-2010, by using panel data approach.The results show that although public, social and economic expenditures have a positive impact on development and welfare in developed countries, but just the social expenditure has a statistically significant effect. Regarding the developing countries, the results show the positive impact and significant effect of public and economic expenditures on development and welfare of these countries. But despite of being positive, the Coefficient of social expenditure is not significant statistically. Also the findings reveal that defense expenditures in both groups of countries have a significant and negative impact.

This study is aimed to analyze the effect of uncertainty in the current and constructional Governments Expenses on the investment of private sector in Iran during 1959-2006. Other descriptive variables such as Gross National Product (GNP) and inflation rate are considered. For calculating the uncertainty, an Exponential Generalized Auto Regressive Conditional Heteroscedaticity Model is used (EGARCH (0, 1)). Finally, by the determination of optimal lag and long-term relation, error correction model of VEC was estimated.The results explain that uncertainty of the current and constructional expenses of the government has negative effect on the investment of the private sector in long term. According to this, in short term, uncertainty of the current governmental expenses is not statistically significant on the investment of the private sector, but uncertainty of the governmental constructional expenses has a positive effect on it. The effect of Inflation rate and GNP variables, in short and long term, is negative and positive on the investment of the private sector.

In this paper, asymmetric effects of exchange rate fluctuation (according to positive and negative shocks) on real output were investigated. In the meantime, the study of behaviour of real output growth in Iran’s economy over the period 1338-1386 was done. In specification of the output growth equation, in spite of considering positive and negative shocks of exchange rate, the effects of other factors (control variables) including both factors of the supply side (e.g. oil revenues and investment) and factors of the demand side (e.g. government spending) were considered. The results show that negative shocks have much more effects on reduction of economic growth compared to positive shocks, which was in a great agreement with the main hypothesis at this study. In fact, negative shocks of real exchange rate (appreciation of the domestic currency) decrease the economic growth, while positive shocks of exchange rate don’t show similar effects on output and can’t recover output to the initial level. In addition, by using nonlinear models of STR and studying of relationships between output and political variables, it can be concluded that real output growth in Iran economy with respect to different levels at government spending growth shows a nonlinear behaviour. The Variables of negative shocks of exchange rate, ratio investment to output, government spending and monetary inequilibrium in low regime of government spending have important effects on economic growth, but in high regime effects of the mentioned variables decrease in a larch scale.