کشورهای اسلامی

Interest rate is one of the most important macroeconomic variables in policy-making; which is considered as capital rental cost from the investor's point of view and opportunity cost from the depositor's point of view. Interest is dependent on the nature of money and can be justified based on the preference of economic units to keep savings in the form of cash. The main goal of this research is to determine the relationship between changes in interest rates and inflation rates in Islamic countries. In order to collect the necessary statistics and quantitative information, statistical tables and global databases were used in the period from 2002 to 2022. Using self-model test, panel vector explanation or Var and Granger causality were analyzed. The results obtained from the regression of the panel data explanation; The interest rate and the inflation rate have a two-way causal relationship, the results of the inflation rate shock on the interest rate of the studied Islamic countries showed; The effect of the positive shock is increasing. The test results show that there is a positive and significant relationship between the interest rate and the inflation rate, as well as between the inflation rate and the interest rate in the studied Islamic countries. And it is statistically confirmed.

The present study aimed to investigate and compare the pro-poor growth in six selected Islamic countries with natural resources abundance during the period of 2009-2019. We calculated three concept pro-poor growth indicator (PPGI), poverty equivalent growth rate (PEGR), and pro-poor growth rate (RPPG) using three measures of poverty headcount ratio, poverty gap ratio, and poverty gap squared, through the DASP package by Stata software. The results showed that most countries did not experience highly pro-poor growth during the period under review. So that most of the countries have had trickle-down and immiserizing growth during the period, which leads to an increase in poverty and inequality. Also, only Pakistan (2015-2019) and Malaysia (2011-2016) based on all three measures of poverty, and Iran (2009-2015) and (2015-2019) based on the poverty gap squared, have had highly pro-poor growth. The results of the three indicators confirm each other, and poverty and inequality have changed in the same direction. Also, the results of the RPPG index showed that all countries except Pakistan (2015-2019) and Malaysia (2011-2016) experienced increases in poverty and inequality. The main result of the research shows that the degree of pro-poor growth in the studied countries was different. On the other hand, the growth trend has not been stabled in the two studied periods for the research sample countries.

This research aims to investigate cyberspace security's effect on economic growth in islamic countries (including Iran). In general, any disruption in cyber security can create challenges for businesses and disrupt economic stability and growth. It can be claimed that in the conditions of cyber attacks, the economy faces a kind of market failure. Therefore, establishing cyber security at the macro level of the country is considered as a public service. Investigating this issue (the effect of cyberspace security on economic growth) in a selected of islamic countries is the focus of this study. The period investigated in this research is from 2012 to 2022, and the estimation method is a panel data econometric model. The results indicate that the increase in cyber security has had a significant and positive, albeit small, effect on the economic growth of the studied islamic countries. This finding implies that, in addition to investing in information and communication technology infrastructures and increasing the penetration rate of this technology (as a necessary condition), paying attention to the security category of this area (as a sufficient condition) is necessary and unavoidable.

This study uses the Panel VAR methodology to examine the impact of globalization on the effectiveness of monetary policies in a subset of Islamic countries. For this purpose, first, changes in real per capita gross production and changes in inflation rate were estimated using Hadrick-Prescott filter during the period of 2000-2019. In order to investigate the effect of globalization on production changes and inflation rate changes, auto-regression panel data pattern was used. Then, using the shock response test, the impact of globalization on the efficiency of monetary policies in the economy of selected Islamic countries was analyzed. The findings reveal that globalization, in conjunction with enhanced liquidity, induces shifts in GDP, thereby diminishing the potency of monetary policy. Shocks stemming from the interactive variable of globalization and interest rates drive fluctuations in GDP, underscoring the diminished efficacy of monetary policy due to interest rates. Over the long term, alterations in the inflation rate exhibit no discernible response to shocks from the interactive variables of financial globalization, liquidity volume, and globalization combined with interest rates. Consequently, in the extended term, monetary policy wielded through interest rates mitigates inflationary shifts, underscoring the efficacy of the interest rate channel. Therefore, Islamic countries can strengthen the mobility and transfer of foreign capitals to the country by increasing the domestic interest rate, which with the entry of foreign capitals will strengthen the domestic production capacities, followed by an increase in exports and an increase in foreign investment, and in this way will lead to By strengthening the supply side of the domestic economy, controlling and reducing inflation is achieved.

The current research aims to investigate the effectiveness of scientific innovation on the productivity of the labor force in Islamic countries with the use of health as a mediating variable with an analytical approach. In this study, data panel and Eviews 13 software were used, which examines and analyzes independent variables on labor productivity during the period of 2010-2022. The variables examined in this research include per capita physical capital, technology, innovation, education, health care expenses, and life expectancy. The variable index of physical and human capital, respectively, is the calculation of net capital formation on the number of employees and the average years of education, which has a positive effect on labor productivity, as well as the index of the number of articles published in scientific and technical journals as a substitute for the variable of innovation and technology export. Advanced, which is a representative for the technology variable, and the index related to health measurement, which life expectancy and health cost per capita is considered as a substitute for the level of health and health, with its improvement, it increases the level of productivity of the labor force. . The results of the research show that all the variables used in the research have a positive and significant effect on the growth of labor productivity in the group of Islamic countries.

A panel VAR model was adopted in this study to analyze the effects of globalization on the efficiency of monetary and fiscal policies of select Islamic countries within the 2000–2019 period. For this purpose, the KOF globalization index was employed as the globalization proxy through statistics extracted from the official website of the KOF Swiss Economic Institute. According to results, the globalization–liquidity interaction increases GDP fluctuations. Hence, globalization reduces the efficiency of monetary policies. The shocks caused by the globalization–interest rate interaction can also increase GDP fluctuations, something which indicates the inefficiency of monetary policies ensuing from the interest rate. Moreover, changes in the inflation rate (IFR) do not react to the shocks caused by globalization–liquidity and globalization–interest rate interactions in the long run. Therefore, long-term monetary policies can reduce IFR fluctuations through the interest rate, an outcome which is yielded by the efficiency of monitory policies through the interest rate. In addition, fluctuations in GDP and interest rate do not significantly react to the shocks caused by the interaction between globalization and governmental consumption expenditures in the long run. Thus, the interaction between financial globalization and financial policies will have no effects on fluctuations in GDP and interest rate, and the efficiency of financial policies will be intact.

One of the factors that play an essential role in achieving the goal of rapid and continuous economic growth is the development of the financial sector of each country. Countries with a more developed financial system are on the path of faster economic growth because they make the economy in question capable of experiencing higher growth rates. The main purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of financial development indicators on economic growth in member countries of the Islamic Conference; Therefore, in order to examine this topic, the present article used one of the newest econometric approaches called the PSTR model and measured the non-linear effect of financial development indicators on economic growth in the member countries of the Islamic Conference during the period from 2008 to 2022. The results obtained from the PSTR model indicate the existence of a non-linear relationship between the studied variables. In the final PSTR model, the slope parameter, which indicates the speed of adjustment from one regime to another regime, is equal to 21.0818, the location of regime change is estimated to be 10.5986. Therefore, if the financial development index (the ratio of internal credits of banks to gross domestic product) exceeds 10.5986 percent, the behavior of the variables will be according to the second regime, and if it is less than the above threshold, it will be placed in the first regime. The coefficients of the variables (percentages) have been estimated. The obtained results show that the financial development index (the ratio of internal credits of banks to gross domestic production) has a different effect on economic growth in both regimes.

Today, the banking sector is one of the most important pillars of the financial sector. In this study, while expressing the theories related to the relationship between Islamic banking and GDP growth, the effect of loans from Islamic banks as an indicator of Islamic banking activities on the GDP growth of 20 selected Islamic countries for the period of 2010-2017 has been evaluated and the panel vector autoregression model has been used in order to investigate the effect of variables of total banking activity, Islamic banking activity, inflation rate, government expenditures, trade openness and institutional quality on GDP growth. The results show that the relationship between Islamic banking activity and GDP growth is positive and significant. Also, the effect of inflation rate, institutional quality and trade openness on GDP is positive and significant and the effect of government expenditures and total banking activity on GDP growth is negative and significant. Therefore, countries with sound macroeconomic and institutional policies (prudent government expenditures, good regulatory frameworks and high institutional quality) have higher GDP growth.

The purpose of this research is to compare the effect of uncertainty of exchange rate and interest rate on the economic growth and development of 20 selected Islamic countries and 20 non−Islamic countries during the period from 2010 to 2021. For this purpose, the simultaneous equation system approach and recurrent neural network were used. The results show that exchange rate and interest rate fluctuations have negative and significant effects of 0.05 and 0.03 percent on economic growth index in Muslim countries, while this effect is equal to 0.21 in non−Muslim countries. and 0.65% was significant. Based on this, it is concluded that the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on economic growth in non−Muslim countries has been more intense than in Muslim countries. Other results show that exchange rate and interest rate fluctuations have negative and significant effects of 0.08 and 0.05 percent on the economic development index in Muslim countries, while this effect is equal to 0.9 in non−Muslim countries. 0.17% and it was significant. Based on this, it is concluded that the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on economic development in non−Muslim countries has been more severe than in Muslim countries

Globalization has created fundamental changes in various economic dimensions. In the economic dimension, the most important of these changes are expansion and integration of global markets, such as increasing the flow of finance and international market of capital, production relations and capital exchanges. This paper investigates the impact of financial globalization (FG) on the effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policies in the selected Islamic countries during the period 2000-2019 using the Panel VAR method. The results indicated that FG reduces the changes in GDP by interacting with the liquidity, so FG contributes to the effectiveness of monetary policy. But changes in GDP responded positively to the interactive shocks of FG and interest rates. Therefore, the effectiveness of monetary policy has decreased through interest rate Chanel. Inflation changes do not response to the interactive shocks of FG and liquidity in the long run. Therefore, in the long run, the interaction between FG and the liquidity has no effect on the effectiveness of monetary policy, while changes in inflation show a negative response to the interactive shocks of FG and interest rates. Indeed, the interaction of interest rates and FG reduces changes in inflation and increases the effectiveness of monetary policy through interest rates. Changes of GDP and inflation rates do not show a significant response to the interactive shocks of FG and government spending. Thus, FG in interaction with fiscal policy has no effect on changes in inflation and GDP, so it does not affect the effectiveness of fiscal policy.

The purpose of this research is to compare the relationship between corruption and human capital in 19 countries with very high and high human development (first group) and 35 countries with average and low human development (second group). To conduct this study and investigate the long-term and short-term relationships between the variables of the model from 2012 to 2018, a descriptive-analytical method and the panel econometric method were used. Results show that in the first group of countries (high human development), about 71.48% of corruption changes were caused by corruption-related shocks, 5.30% by inflation-related shocks, and 9.75% by education-related shocks at the end of the period. The findings also revealed that 3.17% of corruption changes were explained by shocks caused by GDP per capita, 7.65% by shocks caused by health, and 2.62% by shocks caused by good governance. However, in the second group (low human development), the results showed that at the end of the period, about 62.26% of corruption changes were caused by corruption-related shocks, 21.54% fluctuations by inflation-induced shocks, 0.2% by education shocks, 1.34% by shocks due to GDP per capita, 9.33% by shocks due to health, and 5.30% by shocks due to good governance. In conclusion, it can be said that the indicators of human capital in countries with high human development (the first group) explained 17.4% of corruption changes, while this factor is 9.53% in countries with low human development (the second group). In other words, in the first group of countries, the changes and structure of corruption are better explained by human capital indicators.

The aim of this research is to model the impact of geographic environment on banking performance in selected countries, which based on theoretical literature of the selected countries and the total efficiency factor using the methods of economy the data panel is based on and estimated. To obtain the total efficiency factor, Solow residue was used. The results of the estimated model based on panel data of 2000-2015 showed that the geographic environment has a positive effect and economic instability. Financial instability in the long run has a negative effect on total factor productivity banking system of selected countries. The results obtained in this study are consistent with empirical studies. Given the positive effect of the geographical environment on the performance of the banking system, it is recommended that investors choose, first, in each region, a bank that has the best performance compared to other banks. Secondly, prioritize your stock options when examining the products of the banks. Given the negative impact of financial instability on total factor productivity, stabilizing financial markets to improve the business environment, creating a secure environment for investment through financial intermediaries, which ultimately can lead to liquidity towards productive economic activities and preventing speculative activities and financing more efficient investment projects, it seems necessary to improve productivity.

Corruption is a major global issue and challenge that affects the development prospects of countries. Increasing corruption is considered a serious obstacle to development in various economic, social and political dimensions at both domestic and international levels. Human capital is also one of the important factors in the development of countries. Corruption is also affected by various factors such as the level of human development, labor productivity, poverty and the good governance index. Therefore, the relationship between corruption and human capital is important. For this reason, the present article examines the relationship between corruption and human capital and the Panel Var approach in the period 2012 to 2018 in 53 selected Islamic countries. The results of the study indicate that at the end of the period, about 32% of the changes in corruption were explained by the shocks related to corruption itself. However, 4% of the changes in this variable are due to shocks due to inflation, 15% due to shocks due to education, 16% due to shocks due to GDP per capita, and 12% due to shocks due to Health and 18% are explained by shocks from good governance.

Identifying more accurately the factors affecting economic growth and examining the shocks that affect it ,can help policymakers in many sectors.Given the importance of this issue, the present study seeks to investigate the impact of institutional quality shocks and financial development on selected Islamic countries economic growth with 1996-2017 data using  the Panel Vector Self-Regression(PVAR).
In this study, government effectiveness and financial systems indicators such as system based bank and system based stock market were used. According to the research findings, among these indices, system based bank and government effectiveness have the most impact on economic growth in selected countries during the period under review. As in the long run, institutional quality and financial depth are explain 3.44% and 2.06% of the changes in economic growth.According to the findings of the study, it is essential to pay close attention to the financial development and enhance the government effectiveness and institutional quality of the selected Islamic countries.

This research evaluates the effect of the LEG (Legatum) indicator and GEM entrepreneurship index on the real economic growth of selected Islamic countries during the period 2006-2017 by using the panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) model using two distinct gentle transfer functions. In the first and second models, the transfer velocity between two regimes was γ ̂LEG=7.589 and γ ̂GEM=0.1283 the threshold was also estimated to be θ ̂LEG=61.11 and θ ̂GEM=376.1. The transfer speed between the two regimes in the first model is very high, which leads to the refraction of the curve and the transfer surface. The variables of Legatume and entrepreneurial index with coefficients of 0.2658 and 0.0211 in the first model and 0.7232 and 0.2059 in the second model have a positive and significant effect on economic growth. The highest impact on economic growth in both Legatume regimes has the economic participation rate variable with coefficients of 0.5018 and 0.6366, which also has a threshold effect, and the effect of the rate of economic participation on economic growth increases with the transition to a high-income regime. The most significant effect on real economic growth in the low diet and in the high entrepreneurial regime is the formation of domestic capital with coefficients of 0.9017 and 2.823, respectively. The least significant effect on economic growth is using the Internet in the low Legatume regime and human capital in the high Legatume and entrepreneurship regime. In this way, it is suggested that Islamic countries in the transition path to development pay special attention to the indicators of success and entrepreneurship simultaneously, in order to protect the impact of other economic variables, on real economic growth.

The role of government in influencing economic activity is undeniable, although it varies widely in economic systems. Productivity is one of the variables affecting government interventions and it greatly affects the overall competitiveness of the economy. This    study investigates the effect of government size on labor and capital factor productivity  in Islamic countries of OPEC during 2018 -2000 using panel data method in both linear and nonlinear methods in Cobb Douglas and Translog mode. So, two models were estimated. In nonlinear  models ,  it shows that labor market and capital productivity   are not moderated by two variables of size of government and capital . In both models, the size of the government has a negative effect on labor productivity and capital markets.  comparing the results of the two   models,  it show that the linear model is preferable to nonlinear and among the linear model states of the Cobb Douglas function based on the significance of the model coefficients and the likelihood and chi-square test statistic is more advantageous. Therefore, considering the estimation results on the influence of state size and other variables, can be it suggested that It can be done by providing facilities to the private sector and facilitating the business climate   , reduce  government  size, it  increases the productivity of the private sector.

Money demand is the most important function in examining the effects of monetary policy on the economy, in such a way that monetary policy can help monetary authorities achieve their goals by affecting demand for money. In this research, panel data from 2001 to 2014 have been used to estimate the demand function of money in the banking system in Islamic countries, using spatial econometrics. In this study, in order to extract the money demand function, the maximization model of the expected utility function is used with respect to its budget constraint. The results show that there is a negative and significant relation between the inflation rate (interest rate) and the demand for money, that is, with Increasing inflation, the yield of durable goods rises, so people prefer to turn their money into durable goods; hence, demand for money is reduced. However, there is a positive and meaningful relationship between national income and money demand, when there is a widespread definition of money. That is, due to higher income levels, as expenses increase, demand for money from individuals also increases and aggregate demand for money increases. The variable coefficient of spatial delay is in the meaningful and negative model. In other words, the proximity of the selected countries has had a negative effect on the demand for money</span>

Assessing the feasibility of optimum currency area in OIC countries: using fuzzy and hard clustering algorithmAbstractThe Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) was established in 1971 and includes 57 Islamic countries. The most important goal of this organization is strengthening and expanding political, economic, and commercial ties and creating a common market among its member countries. Considering the successful experience of Euro area, it might be possible that a common currency area could help the OIC countries to achieve the integration. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility of forming a common currency area among the OIC countries. Based on the convergence criteria presented in the optimum currency area literature, the study uses two different clustering algorithms, i.e. fuzzy and hard clustering methods to cluster the OIC countries. The results show that there are adequate similarities in the economic structures of the Arab Economic Union (AEU) countries. Therefore it seems plausible to create a common currency area among the AEU countries. In addition, a subgroup of the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) countries also can join this common monetary union.

Over the past few decades, human capital issues and its impact on economic growth have been of particular importance. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship be tween human development indicators on economic growth. Meawhile. Human capital that plays an important role as ane of the main dimentions of available capacity. reason can be access to plenty interests nnd benefits that realice in the process of growth. There fore¸ by studing more هemployment¸ per capita income health and more efficient use of workforce. The human development index does not continue without improving human development with regard to basic components of health¸ education and in the areas of human development that are referred to in some texts as growth soft ware. And human developmend is a prereguistise for sustainable growth. And so human development as a dynamic phenomenon is the process of improving the guality of life. IN this reasearch¸ the collected data are described by descriptive statistics and analysed by using inferential statistics and examined bypotheses. It is also noted that the education level has negative effecton economic growth betwean Islamic countries. And lastly Its noted that human capital index does not make sense for. Economic growth among Islamic countries. In general¸ by considering the study of hypothesizes and confirming the positive and meaningful effects of per cupita income and the rate of life expentancy among Islamic conutries¸ we concluded that the human development index has positive effect on economic growth among Islamic countries. The study was conducted on the basis of the Human Developmen Report of the united nations progrom 2015- 2000. And the statistical community includes the Gulf and middle Eastern countries.