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Considering the vital role of money demand in monetary and economic policies and its importance in economic stability, it is necessary to know the factors affecting it. By focusing on the increasing role of new technologies and financial developments, this paper examines the effect of financial development and the expansion of information and communication technology (ICT) on the demand for money in developing countries. This study uses principal component analysis (PCA) to calculate the ICT index. The research model is estimated using annual data obtained from the World Bank and International Monetary Fund from 2002-2021 for a selected group of developing countries. The long-run relationship between the variables has been investigated in a panel-ARDL model. The research results show that ICT and financial development both have a negative and significant impact on money demand. These results point to the development of ICT infrastructure and financial resources to control money demand. In other words, increasing access to financial instruments and widespread use of ICT technologies has reduced the need to hold cash. These results indicate that structural changes in the economies of developing countries, caused by financial and technological growth, lead to changes in monetary behaviors. Therefore, policymakers should adopt strategies that can help adapt to these developments and better manage money demand

The lack of security, political dependencies, the formation, and the increase in environmental problems are the main reasons for changing the approach to energy supply from fossil fuels to renewable energies. This alteration requires financial support for the extraction of renewable energies. Foreign direct investment, investment in research and development, and financial market development are among the Financing methods that also impact the consumption of renewable energies. This study aims to assess the impact of these financing methods on the consumption of renewable energies across 26 developing countries during the period from 2008 to 2019. Findings from panel model estimations indicate that foreign direct investment and investment in research and development have a positive and significant effect on the consumption of renewable energy, while the development of financial markets does not have a significant effect on the consumption of renewable energies. Based on the results, since the defined methods of financing do not have an adverse effect on renewable energy consumption, it is recommended that the government, to guarantee the indicators of the nation's welfare, including environmental quality, put the laws covering these financing methods in the main plan and support

The expansion of the financial sector has raised the concern of “brain drain” among industries. There are also concerns that too many financial activities may misallocate resources, both physical and human capital, from production sector to less productive ones. Financial development may make it easier for less efficient firms to stay in the market and prevent more efficient innovators from entering the market, which may harm innovation and growth. In this regard, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the role of financial development in the relationship between innovation and economic growth in developing countries.

In order to meet the research goal, a regression model is specified to describe economic growth as a function of the first-order lag of economic growth, innovation and the product of innovation and financial development. Moreover, economy openness (the ratio of exports plus imports to GDP) and the ratio of the net flow of foreign direct investment to GDP are included in the model as control variables. In this model, one of the regressors is the first-order lag of the dependent variable. The regression equation is estimated using the Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) and the data for the period of 2000-2019.In this study, the multidimensional index of financial development of the International Monetary Fund has been used as a relative ranking of countries on the depth, access, and efficiency of their financial institutions and financial markets. The Financial Institutions (FI) index is an aggregate of the Financial Institutions Depth (FID) index, which compiles the data on bank credits to the private sector in a percent of GDP, pension fund assets to GDP, mutual fund assets to GDP, and insurance premiums, life and non-life to GDP, Financial Institutions Access (FIA) index, which compiles the data on bank branches per 100,000 adults and ATMs per 1000,000 adults and Financial Institutions Efficiency (FIE) index, which compiles the data on banking sector net interest margin, lendind-deposits spread, non-interest income to total income, overhead costs to total assets, return on assets, and return on equity. Also, Financial Markets (FM) index is an aggregate of Financial Markets Depth (FMD) index, which compiles the data on stock market capitalization to Gdp, stocks traded to GDP, international debt securities of government to GDP, total debt securities of financial and nonfinancial corporations to GDP, Financial Markets Access (FMA) index, which compiles the data on a percent of market capitalization outside the top 10 largest companies, total number of issuers of debt (domestic and external, nonfinancial and financial corporations) per 100,000 adults, and Financial Markets Efficiency (FME) index, which compiles the data on stock market turnover ratio (stocks traded to capitalization). In addition, the number of the patents registered is considered as an index of innovation, and the real GDP per capita is considered as an index of economic growth.

The results of Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) show that the effect of innovation on economic growth is positive and statistically significant. Furthermore, the effect of the interaction between financial development and innovation on economic growth is negative and statistically significant, which suggests that the effect of innovation on economic growth is not independent of the level of financial development. According to the results, the threshold level of financial development is 0.76466. According to the results of descriptive statistics, the average financial development index for the selected developing countries is 0.378945, which is significantly lower than the threshold level. Therefore, if the level of financial development becomes lower than this threshold level, the higher the level of financial development, the smaller the positive effect of innovation on economic growth. In other words, when the level of financial development increases, the positive relationship between innovation and economic growth weakens.

Conclusions and policy implications:

 Based on the results, the financial development level increases the positive relationship between innovation and economic growth. Therefore, financial development weakens the positive growth effects of innovation. In other words, with a higher the level of financial development, a unit of increase in innovation leads to a smaller increase in economic growth. As empirical results indicate, trade openness and the ratio of foreign direct investment to GDP have a positive and significant effect on economic growth. It is suggested that, in parallel with the financial development, a serious solution should be provided regarding the optimal allocation of human and physical resources. The markets with low productivity should be identified, and their continuity of attendance should be prevented in order to provide the ground for the entry of new innovators and entrepreneurs. This is possible by making amendments in laws and regulations and increasing the quality of administrative systems.

The present study examines the impact of shadow banking on inflation rates in four groups of selected countries (including developed countries with high levels of shadow banking, developed countries with low levels of shadow banking, developing countries with high levels of shadow banking, and developing countries with low levels of shadow banking) during the period 2002-2020. The research modeling is based on dynamic panel patterns, and the relationships between variables are estimated using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) technique. The results of the model estimation in two groups of countries under study, namely developed countries with high levels of shadow banking and developing countries with low levels of shadow banking, indicate that the expansion of shadow banking leads to increased inflation, with this effect being exacerbated through the production channel. Conversely, the findings suggest a negative impact of shadow banking on inflation in developed countries with low levels of shadow banking and developing countries with high levels of shadow banking. It is worth noting that the results of the model estimations show that in none of the four groups of countries examined, shadow banking has led to inflation through the money creation channel. It is worth noting that the results of the model estimations show that in none of the four groups of countries examined, shadow banking has led to inflation through the money creation channel.

Most of developing countries face low levels of human capital. Human capital through training and improving skills and knowledge can be considered as one of the key strategies in the development of developing countries. A well-functioning financial system is necessary to reduce the risks associated with loss of income and thus strengthen human capital, increase opportunities and income distribution mechanisms, and reduce poverty. Therefore, financial inclusion plays an important role in strengthening human capital. Financial inclusion is considered as a vital factor of human development and economic growth by facilitating the access and use of financial services for all people in an economy. In addition, access to and use of financial facilities may allow individuals to deal with risk factors by investing in education and reduce the burden of financial problems, thereby having a positive impact on human capital. Considering this issue, the present study examines the effect of financial inclusion and income inequality on human capital in 52 developing countries during the period of 2005-2021 and using the generalized panel moments method. The results show that the financial inclusion index has a U-shaped non-linear effect on human capital at the significance level of ten percent. In other words, at low levels of financial inclusion, this variable cannot lead to the strengthening of human capital, but at high levels and crossing the threshold of this variable, it can lead to the strengthening of human capital. Other results show that income inequality and transfer payments have a negative and significant effect, and economic growth and consumer purchasing power have a positive and significant effect on human capital.

Social welfare as the development of people's living standards is one of the most important socio-economic categories, which has been explained and analyzed in economic texts, and the provision of welfare of society members by different societies has been discussed among thinkers and experts for a long time. . Although welfare is a concept that is used in all social sciences, but due to the wide scope of this concept, people do not have a single understanding of it and there are confusions about what is meant by welfare. The word "social welfare" is the birth of economic and social developments and relationships of recent centuries and has become the fundamental goal of development programs in different societies until today. A goal without which development in its various dimensions (human, social, cultural, political and economic) will fail. On the other hand, according to a 10-year research conducted by the United Nations University's Global Development Economics Research Institute (unitar), most countries that have succeeded in reducing poverty and increasing access to public goods have based this progress on strong economic growth. According to Fitzpatrick, prosperity is not the goal of development, but development itself, that is, we can consider a government and a society as developed that provides the minimum or appropriate level of life from various economic, educational, health and medical dimensions for each individual and its residents. provided When developing societies cannot have a suitable level of economic growth, one of the ways out of this situation is to increase and improve the level of social welfare. Social welfare is one of the most important and attention-grabbing issues in today's world. Development and movement towards development is one of the basic issues of different societies in the world, and underdeveloped societies are trapped in the so-called vicious circle of poverty due to the lack of per capita income and countless other factors. Accordingly, one of the most important goals of economic planners is to increase social welfare in order to expand economic growth. Therefore, the present research aims to evaluate the effects of social welfare on economic growth in Iran and selected developing countries in the period of 2002-2021 using the Generalized Method of Moments. The results of the study indicate that social welfare has a very high impact on economic growth. Also, the effectiveness of the government and political stability increase economic growth.

Technology provides an opportunity for the economy to move from polluting sources to renewable sources to meet energy needs. Increasing economic complexity means more use of technology and innovation in production and may cause the expansion of effective technological products such as renewable energy. In the past few decades, the share of renewable energy has increased due to a wide range of factors, such as government regulations to promote the use of renewable energy, reduction in the cost of installing renewable energy and increasing production capacity, oil price fluctuations, and the positive effects of renewable energy in reducing emissions. Carbon and innovation processes have increased in the energy sector. Therefore, in this research, the effects of renewable energy consumption and economic complexity as well as their mutual effects on environmental pollution have been investigated using the GMM method in developing countries over the period 2000-2019.

In dynamic models, due to the presence of a lagged dependent variable, OLS or GLS methods cannot be used to estimate the model, because the disturbance components are correlated with the lagged dependent variable, and the estimation results are biased and inconsistent as before. Therefore, to solve this problem, the GMM method proposed by Arellano and Bond (1991) is used. The GMM estimator belongs to the set of instrumental variables’ estimators. In this method, in addition to solve the problem of the correlation of the independent variable with disturbance components, the endogeneity of the variables and the heteroscedasticity of the variances are also removed. It should be noted that this method is applicable when T (number of periods) is smaller than N (number of sections).

The results show that the economic complexity index has a negative and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions in developing countries. Variables such as trade openness and energy intensity increase carbon dioxide emissions, and the Kuznets curve hypothesis is confirmed for developing countries, and economic complexity leads to an upward movement of the Kuznets curve. Renewable energy consumption has a significant effect on reducing carbon dioxide emissions, and also at higher levels of economic complexity, renewable energy consumption causes a greater reduction in carbon dioxide emissions.
Conclusion and

The need for a more accurate understanding of economic phenomena has prompted economists to review previous theories and present new theories that have a new window to economic development literature. The goal of all countries is to achieve sustainable economic growth and development. Renewable energy technologies are promising, but there is very little information about its role as a limiting factor in reducing environmental pollution, especially in developing countries. Therefore, in this research, the effects of renewable energy consumption and economic complexity as well as their mutual effects on environmental pollution have been investigated using the GMM method in developing countries over the period 2000-2019. The results show that the economic complexity index has a negative and significant effect on the emission of carbon dioxide, so it can be said that for developing countries, moving towards a more knowledge-oriented economy can improve the quality of the environment. The variables of trade openness, energy intensity significantly affect positively CO2 emissions. The EKC hypothesis was confirmed with the positive logarithm of GDP per capita and its negative square coefficient. According to the results of the study, economic complexity in countries under study leads to an upward movement of EKC, which means that as economic complexity increases in developing countries due to increased energy demand, scale effects occur and lead to higher CO2 emissions.
In this study, energy intensity has a positive effect on the increase in carbon dioxide emissions and as a result the increase in environmental pollution in developing countries.
The specific result of this article is the significant effect of renewable energy consumption on the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions in developing countries. At higher levels of economic complexity, renewable energy consumption causes a greater reduction in CO2 emissions. In terms of the role of complexity, it can be argued that in countries under consideration, the share of renewable energy should be significantly increased by using innovation processes in the energy sector. Considering the negative effects of the share of renewable energies on carbon dioxide emissions per capita, it is suggested to define new patterns of energy consumption by relying on renewable energies in development programs and using incentive tools to replace renewable energies instead of fossil fuels to reduce pollution. Developing countries should support knowledge-based industries, increase the import and production of environmentally friendly technologies, and increase the share of renewable energy in their plans to protect the environment. In addition, pricing strategies can be proposed to avoid increased fossil fuel consumption.

During the last two decades, with the increase in international exchange of goods and services, environmental problems, including climate change and global pollution, have increased significantly. The global effort to reduce environmental problems has put the importance of production and international trade of environmental goods on the agenda of many developed and developing countries.

Institutional restrictions influence trade and export of these goods. These restrictions include environmental regulations, quality of regulations and rule of law. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of this category of institutional restrictions on the export of pollution management goods in developing countries in the framework of the gravity model. In this article, the environmental goods under study include those goods, which are produced or consumed by industry in order to reduce and manage air and water pollution. The econometric model is estimated by panel data for period 1996-2021 and a sample of 131 developing countries, and 196 export destinations using the fixed effects method.

The results show that the institutional limitation from the perspective of strict environmental regulations and the quality of the institutional environment of the countries of origin has an effect on the export of environmental goods that manage pollution. This result is also true from the point of view of strict environmental regulations of export destinations. Therefore, in addition to the traditional factors affecting international trade, institutional restrictions are strong drivers of the export of pollution management goods in developing countries and their export destinations.

Therefore, policies based on institutional restrictions from the perspective of strict environmental regulations in developing and destination countries help the export flow of environmental goods that manage pollution and lay the foundation for the participation of developing countries in the global and regional value chain of environmental goods.

The effects of government size on multidimensional poverty as an important factor in the process of development and growth of countries has a decisive role, and various aspects and areas in developing countries have always been affected by this category. Accordingly, one of the most important goals of economic planners is to reduce the size of the government in order to prevent the spread of poverty, especially multidimensional poverty. Without taking into account the different dimensions of poverty, it is not possible to make an accurate analysis of poverty and its effects on societies. Therefore, the current research aims to evaluate the effects of government size on multidimensional poverty for Iran and a selection of developing countries in the period of 2012-2021 using the method of generalized moments. The results of the study indicate that the government size index has a non-linear effect on multidimensional poverty. The government size index at its low levels has left a negative impact on multidimensional poverty, but the increase in the level of the government size index and its crossing of the threshold level of 18.33 has caused the aggravation of multidimensional poverty. On the other hand, the first break of multidimensional poverty has had a positive effect and the control of corruption and public health has had a negative effect on multidimensional poverty.

Answering the fundamental question of whether technological progress can lead to unemployment has always been one of the most challenging issues in economics. In this regard, the present study investigates the effect of technology-based innovations (including process innovation and product innovation) on unemployment using panel data techniques (random effects model) and data from a sample of developing countries during the period 2008-2018. To this end, the number of patents registered is considered as an index of process innovation and the ratio of research and development (R&D) expenditure to GDP is considered as an index of product innovation. Moreover, GDP per capita, inflation and trade openness are included in the model as control variables. The results obtained from the estimation of the panel model show that both the growth of process innovation and the growth of product innovation reduce unemployment. In addition, the empirical results indicate that GDP per capita and trade openness have a negative and significant effect on unemployment, but the effect of inflation on unemployment is not statistically significant. Overall, the findings of this study have important policy implications for dealing with the problem of unemployment in developing countries through increased investment in R&D and stronger patent protection.

One of the most important goals of the countries, especially developing countries, is economic growth and development. Foreign direct investment along with human capital and financial development are important factors that can have a significant impact on economic growth. Human capital can be used as a facilitator for the transfer of technology related to foreign direct investment. In addition, evidences show that human capital plays a complementary role to the impact of foreign direct investment on economic growth. Technology overflow into domestic companies is also more efficient when financial markets in the host economy are more developed. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the short-run and long-run effects of foreign direct investment, human capital and financial development on the economic growth of various income groups in developing countries.

The model used for unsustainable economies (developing countries) is designed to be appropriate for the current study. In this model, the effect of population growth rate and technology, physical capital, human capital, financial development, foreign direct investment, foreign direct investment interaction and financial development and the interaction of foreign direct investment and human capital on economic growth is examined. The statistical population is developing countries in the period 2000-2019. For the study, developing countries were divided into four categories: low-income, lower-middle-income, upper-middle-income, and high-income, which included a total of 27 countries (9 Asian countries, 9 African countries, and 9 South American countries). In this study, first, the significance of variables for developing countries by income groups was investigated. Then, based on the Kao test, the existence of long-run equilibrium relationships among the variables related to the income groups of developing countries was confirmed. FMOLS and DOLS methods were used to investigate the integration.

The results of long-run estimates show that foreign direct investment alone is 0.27 effective on the economic growth of high-income countries, and when combined with human capital and financial development, its impact on economic growth is 0.42 and It will be 0.104. Thus, the effect of the interaction of foreign direct investment and human capital is greater than the effect of foreign direct investment alone on the economic growth of high-income countries. But in other income groups of developing countries, the interaction of foreign direct investment with human capital and financial development has not had a positive effect on economic growth. Also, the results of short-run estimates showed that foreign direct investment alone does not affect the economic growth of high-income countries, but the interaction of foreign direct investment and financial development and the interaction of foreign direct investment and human capital by 0.48 and respectively. 2.13 affects economic growth. This result shows that in the short run, foreign direct investment alone has no effect on economic growth, but along with human capital and financial development have a positive effect on economic growth in these countries. In other income groups of developing countries, the interaction of foreign direct investment with human capital and financial development has not had a positive effect on economic growth. Also, the correct component of the error of foreign direct investment interaction with financial development and human capital shows that in each period, 78% and 95% of the imbalances in the system are eliminated to achieve long-run equilibrium, respectively. But in other income groups, the speed of adjustment is very low or non-existent.

These results show that high-income countries have realized that it is possible to increase productivity due to the high level of human capital and skilled labor through the transfer of new technologies and technology overflows, and this is a positive factor in Economic growth works. Also in high-income developing countries, due to the high institutional capacity in the economic structure that has led to comprehensive efficiency in the mechanism of credit allocation of these countries, the interactive effect of foreign direct investment and financial development on economic growth in the short-run and long –run is positive.

The current research aims to explore the effects of entrepreneurship on economic growth in a sample of 35 emerging countries from 2006 to 2020, considering that these effects might not follow a simple linear and predictable pattern. In other words, this study strives not only to assess the positive or negative impact of entrepreneurship on economic growth but also to analyze the nonlinear and more intricate variations of these effects. This research utilizes entrepreneurship density data provided by the World Bank and employs the innovative dynamic threshold panel approach proposed by Seo and Shin (2016) and Seo et al. (2019) to investigate the threshold effect of entrepreneurship on economic growth. The results of this study indicate that achieving a meaningful and positive impact of entrepreneurship on economic growth in developing countries requires a minimum density of approximately 3.25 entrepreneurs per 1000 people. This finding suggests that policymakers should create an environment that not only promotes entrepreneurship but also strengthens it to reach this crucial threshold for economic growth. Additionally, when variables such as per capita income, trade openness, financial development, and income from natural resources exceed a certain threshold level, the significant effect of entrepreneurship on economic growth becomes evident. These findings are of great importance for policymakers, particularly in developing countries interested in enhancing entrepreneurship and economic growth, as they can utilize this information to design effective policies and initiatives. The identification of the threshold level of entrepreneurial activity and the consideration of contextual factors provides policymakers with practical insights for policy and initiative design.

High poverty rates limit people's ability to meet their daily needs. Therefore, it has attracted the attention of policymakers and governments. In this study, unlike previous studies, the effect of poverty on financial development has been investigated. In addition, the current research seeks to answer the question of whether the poverty on financial development depends on the level of trade openness of countries. To achieve the aforementioned goals, a threshold panel model has been used for 25 developing countries from 2002 to 2020, and also to avoid the endogeneity problem, the 2SLS method and the use of instrumental variables have been used. The results indicate that as long as the degree of commercial openness is less than 65%, the increase in poverty causes a sharper decrease in financial development in the economy, and when the degree of openness is greater than 65%, the increase in poverty causes a smaller decrease in financial development. Because in the conditions of openness, the bottlenecks caused by poverty can be compensated by increasing the degree of openness and financial opportunities of an open economy. In other words, increasing the degree of openness of the economy reduces the limiting effects of poverty on financial development. Also, the model estimation results show that the logarithm of per capita income, savings and population density have positive and significant effects on financial development.

Along with the globalization process and the permanent mobility of capital and production factors among countries all over the globe, an intense competition has emerged between them to attract foreign direct investment (FDI). This competition has been created through tax rate reductions on capital and compensating the decreased revenues by those generated from other tax bases which is known as 'tax competition'. The purpose of this study was to investigate the existence of tax competition and its consequences on the structure of tax revenues in a selection of developing countries during the period of 1995-2020 using panel data approach in the short term and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) cointegration technique in long term horizons. The results of the study indicated that there was a negative and significant relationship between the corporate tax revenues and the revenues generated from personal tax, tax on goods and services and property tax. In addition, due to the phenomenon of tax competition, any decrease in revenues from transferable tax bases such as corporate tax is compensated with an increase in tax revenues from less transferable tax bases, such as personal tax and indirect taxes (such as goods and services tax and property tax) in the long term.

Based on the theoretical literature, there are different and contradictory approaches about the effect of shadow economy on per capita income. So, according to the importance of this issue for proper policy-making, this study examines the effect of the shadow economy on per capita income in the period 2005 to 2017 using the PARDL method in two groups of developing and developed countries in the short and long term. According to the results in the short run, the shadow economy has a significant and negative impact on per capita income in both set of countries. In the long term, the effects of this variable on per capita income in developed countries is insignificant, but in the developing countries have been significant, and its effect is greater than short term. Thus, developed countries have the ability to control the negative effects of the shadow economy on per capita income in the long run, while for developing countries, the negative effects have increased in the long run.

In recent decades, governments have taken an important step towards an information society, better service delivery, and improving the welfare of their society by developing e-government. The development of communication technology and e-government is considered an effective factor in economic growth and development and high labor productivity. The aim of this research is to investigate the role of e-government development on labor productivity in developing countries including Iran using the vector autoregression approach with panel data (P-VAR) over the period 2003-2020.

Sims(1986) first used a vector autoregressive (VAR) model to analyze the dynamic relationships among multiple variables The model assumes that all variables are endogenous. This model uses the lags of all endogenous variables to test the dynamic relationships among all variables. Holtz-Eakin et al.(1998) extended the vector autoregressive model to make a perfect combination of panel data and time series models, making it a powerful analytical tool for macro-dynamics research. To examine renewable energy consumption, population aging, and agricultural green total factor productivity in the same framework, this paper constructs a PVAR model based on the traditional vector autoregressive model. A Panel vector autoregressive model(PVAR) includes the analysis of the Forecast Error Variance Decomposition– FEVD and the analysis of the Orthogonal Impulse Response Function – OIRF. Parameter estimation in the PVAR model is performed using the Generalized Method of Moments. For the stability of the regression equations, a polynomial matrix is used and a partial unit root test is performed for all variables based on the augmented Dickey-Fuller test.

The results of the study show that due to a positive shock in the development of e-government, labor productivity reacts strongly and positively, which indicates that the development of e-government, in the long run, can lead to increased labor productivity in developing countries. The results also show that in developing countries, the impact of health shock is greater than the impact of other variables such as physical capital formation shock and education variables.

Today, the importance and impact of the development of new technologies such as artificial intelligence, the internet of things, and big data in different sectors are so great that this period is referred to as the age of communication. Entering this era and the development of electronic tools has changed the needs of people and societies. The aim of this research was to investigate the role of e-government development on labor productivity in developing countries. The results of the modeling show that the variables of health, physical capital, education, and e-government development are the main factors affecting labor productivity, respectively.Also, the results of the research show that the response of labor productivity to the shocks of labor productivity itself was positive in the long term. This effect gradually decreases. Specifically, when a positive shock occurs in labor productivity, this situation is considered a signal for the labor force to continuously seek to improve its productivity. According to findings, the reaction of labor productivity to the positive shocks caused by the development of e-government has also been positive, which indicates that the development of e-government has a long-term effect on labor productivity and can lead to an increase in labor productivity in the long run.According to findings,  in developing countries at the end of the 10th period, about ten percent of labor productivity changes are explained by e-government development shocksLabor productivity. As expected, the impact of the health shock on labor productivity is positive. Quantitatively, the effect of this shock is greater than the shock caused by education and physical capital, which shows the significant impact of health on labor productivity in developing countries. The reaction of labor productivity to the shocks of education is consistent with theoretical expectations. Also, according to expectations, physical capital has a significant effect on labor productivity in developing countries.In general, it can be seen that in developing countries, any positive change in the development of e-government has an impact on labor productivity (based on the decomposition of impulse-response functions and the analysis of the variance of the forecast error). Also, the response of labor productivity to the changes in the field of health has been greater. Therefore, the authorities of developing countries should improve the productivity of the workforce, pay attention to the development of human capital and physical capital indicators, and implement and develop the e-government as best as possible.

One of the basic goals of any society is to achieve economic growth with less ‎fluctuations. In fact, achieving sustainable economic growth and economic stability is one of ‎the main goals of any country. If the existing economic base and the future perspective ‎indicate economic stabilization, the path of long-term investment growth will be strengthened, ‎otherwise, the capital will be inclined to the service, trading and hoarding sectors, and in the ‎long term, it will reduce the economic growth rate. In this article, the effect of macro-‎economic indicators (international trade, human capital, physical capital, inflation and foreign ‎debt) and institutional indicators (combined index consisting of the components of voice and ‎accountability, political stability without violent, government effectiveness, regulatory ‎quality, rule of law and Corruption Control) and corruption control) on economic growth ‎were investigated and analyzed in 15 selected developing countries during the years 2006 to ‎‎2019 with the generalized method of moments (GMM). The regression results showed that, ‎among macroeconomic variables, inflation and foreign debts had a negative effect on ‎economic growth, but international trade, human capital and physical capital had a positive ‎effect on economic growth. The combined index of institutional factors also had a positive ‎effect on economic growth.‎

Investigating the effects of government size on brain drain as an important factor in the process of development and growth of countries has a decisive role and various aspects and areas in developing countries have always been affected by this category. Accordingly, one of the most important goals of economic planners is to reduce the size of the government in order to prevent the migration of elites in different societies. On the other hand, countries with large levels of government are witnessing brain drain and the migration of their talents. In this study, we intend to examine the effects of government size on brain drain during the years 2002-2018 and based on data from official economic statistics centers such as World Bank data and immigration data in developing countries. The econometric method used is the Generalized Method of Moment. The results show that the first stop of brain drain and the size of government have a positive effect on brain drain in developing countries and social welfare, political stability, health and public health have a negative effect on brain drain. Based on the results of the research, it is suggested that the decision-makers in the developing countries, in applying their policies and enacting their laws and defending the support schemes of the elites and entrepreneurs and creating a platform for growth and progress for the country's elites based on a meritocracy and deserve more attention. And this work will not be realized unless the size of the government is reduced and, in a better sense, improved. Based on the results of the research, it is suggested that the size of the government should be reduced in order to increase social welfare and lay the groundwork to prevent the departure of elites.

The present study investigates the effect of globalization on energy consumption in developing countries including Iran for the period 2000 to 2018 in the form of a quantile panel regression approach. For this purpose, the KOF index was used as a globalization variable. The index, KOF, includes real trade flows such as trade, foreign direct investment and portfolio investment, as well as trade barriers such as restrictions and tariffs on real flows. The results of this study show that in low energy consumption quantiles, the effect of globalization on energy consumption has been positive and significant;  But at high levels of energy consumption, the impact of globalization on energy consumption has gradually diminished. Also in high energy consumption quantiles, the effect of GDP on energy consumption has decreased, the effect of financial development and capital formation on energy consumption has gradually decreased and the effect of foreign investment on energy consumption has gradually decreased. According to the research results, it is necessary to take steps in the field of sustainable development by adopting and implementing rational policies consistent with the role of energy in the trade sector and provide the ground for economic growth and development.