گردشگری

Sadigheh khoobchehreh Vahid Reza Mirabi Ahmadreza Kasraee Abstract The development of ecotourism residences in rural areas can have very positive effects on the economic and social infrastructure developments of rural areas. This development can lead to the creation of new job opportunities, economic growth, international development, increase in local income and strengthening of social and cultural infrastructure, considering the cultural, economic and social situation of the said village and the prosperity of native and local businesses, handicrafts with The world fame and registration as a world village of traditional towel weaving and the demand for eco-tourism activities of this village were the targets of the research; This research is applied and descriptive-analytical based on a questionnaire. The unit of analysis in this research is a villager, and the statistical population of the current research is made up of the residents of Harivand village in 1400. After preparing, distributing and completing the questionnaire and interviewing the people of the village in the investigated area and analyzing the data, it was found that the creation of ecotourism residences in rural settlements is effective in infrastructure, economic and social developments, as well as in attracting tourists in the village. In the test of the sub-hypotheses, it was found that the creation of eco-tourism residences in rural settlements in infrastructure developments, including: improving the health condition of the main roads of the village and the roads related to the residence, improving the condition of communications, especially mobile antennas, motivating some local natives and natives living in the city in order to improve the infrastructure of residential houses and activities in the field of eco-tourism and in economic developments such as: earning profitable income, creating direct and indirect employment, promoting home businesses (types of handicrafts such as towel weaving and bread production household), cooking, activities of local music groups, transportation, obtaining bank facilities and also in social developments, including: revival of customs (indicative rituals), promotion of local dress, giving identity to the village and sense of pride, strengthening trust It is effective to strengthen the unity of the village residents, pay attention to historical houses and maintain and revive them, the presence of elites in the village and interaction with the people and improve the security of the village.

Introduction :

The city of Tabriz is one of the tourism hubs of the northwest region and the main tourism center of East Azerbaijan province. Tabriz, with its beautiful and eye - catching nature, cultural places, and historical buildings, has great potential for tourism development and every year many tourists from different parts of the country come to this city for sightseeing and entertainment. Therefore, the necessity of creating the historical - cultural texture of Tabriz and helping the integrated development of this city requires a different approach, among which we can mention the development of tourism with the ultimate goal of  - creating the different historical textures of this city. The existence of various attractions without considering the cultural industries and the development of important and influential urban components cannot lead to the development of tourism in Tabriz. In this way, the future field of this research is to examine the main factors affecting the development of urban tourism, which have been undervalued in past plans and research and only seek to create the use of attractions to strengthen the role of historical texture and revitalization. The worn texture of different areas of the city has been; Therefore, their results have not been able to use the opportunities, funds, and historical - cultural capabilities of the city to recreate it and, therefore, develop the city’s tourism, and as a result of the regression of economic - social conditions, living quality, and other physical and social disorders. and prevent the economy of the city; Therefore, the research question is, what are the effective factors for the development of cultural heritage tourism in the historical texture of Tabriz city?

This article investigates the potential of urban regeneration through tourism based on cultural heritage in the historical and cultural texture of Tabriz city with a case study approach. Like other case studies, this review was conducted with more than one source, including library sources, field studies, and also semi - structured interviews, conducted with 19 experts. The statistical population of the interviewees included urban experts, obtained by theoretical saturation in the interview process. The sample was divided into three different categories: to discover the potential areas of research, the statements of the interviewees were classified, and through qualitative content analysis to extract the strategic factors of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of the case Analysis was done. To prioritize the strategies obtained from the SWOT analysis, the experts’ opinions were analyzed by collecting questionnaires and using the analytical network process (ANP) model with the help of Super Decision software to score the extracted items. It was analyzed through qualitative content analysis to extract the strategic factors of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT). In the next step, the SWOT matrix was expanded by organizing the internal and external strategic factors that are the main foundation of the development strategy. To prioritize the strategies obtained from the SWOT analysis, experts’ opinions were analyzed through questionnaires and using the Analytical Network Process (ANP) model with the help of Super Decision software to score the extracted items. The main advantage of this approach is the influence of prioritized internal and external factors in alternative strategies for urban regeneration and tourism development. ANP is a commonly used criteria decision-making method, which performs pairwise comparisons between factors to prioritize them using an eigenvalue calculation approach. The purpose of using ANP in the SWOT framework was to systematically evaluate SWOT factors and equalize their intensity.

According to the results of the SWOT analysis, the most important limitations are the lack of a comprehensive tool for cultural policy (0.0182), the lack of sustainable financial resources for cultural activities, and tourism facilities (0.0114), the decrease in the quality of Tabriz carpets. (0.0153), and reducing the quality of spaces related to cultural events and ceremonies (0.0134). The most important opportunities are the use of historical monuments as centers of social and cultural events (0.0629), the revival of the carpet weaving industry (0.0554), and the revival of local ceremonies and local music (0.0411). The most important disadvantages and weaknesses are the competition for carpet production by other countries (0.0411) and the destruction of public spaces, such as part of the historical textures of the bazaar, and the destruction of historical monuments such as Alisha’s castle and citadel (0.0244). The most important strengths are the historical monuments such as the historical market, the fortress, and the Alisha citadel (0.07070). To develop strategies, external opportunities, and internal strengths were used, and strategies were tried to reduce external threats and internal weaknesses. Based on the SWOT table, the resulting strategies were prioritized using the amp model in the Super Decision software. The findings indicate that defensive strategies (WT) with a weight of 0.0575 have the highest priority in reducing the city’s vulnerability. Following these strategies, there are attack strategies (SO), revision strategies (WO), and diversification strategies (ST).

Tourism development, if done purposefully, causes regeneration in the historical texture of Tabriz. Due to the existence of many historical attractions in the historical texture of Tabriz and the potential to attract tourists, the strengthening and revitalization of tourist centers can be the driving engine of urban regeneration in this area. It should be mentioned that if tourism development in this texture is not targeted, it will destroy the texture structure, crowding traffic, and the comfort of the residents. To realize urban regeneration for the development of cultural heritage tourism in the historical texture of the city of Tabriz, six implementation policies can be considered, which include: 1. Preparation of approved regulations for the protection of historical cultural tissues of Tabriz city 2. Urban design with the renewal of urban life in the historical cultural textures of Tabriz city3. Supporting tourist and historical attractions by strengthening investment and determining appropriate uses in the city of Tabriz 4. Avoid extensive physical interventions and emphasize the protection of the unity of the physical and social structural system in the historical cultural texture of Tabriz city.5. Renewing the economic life of cultural and historical areas in Tabriz. 6. Planning the protection and revitalization of individual buildings, collections, areas, and historical areas of Tabriz city.

Introduction :

Tabriz metropolis has abundant natural resources considering the successful development of tourism, climate diversity, and many natural and cultural attractions in tourism. However, it faces challenges for tourism development like challenges in the transportation sector, infrastructures, development of tourism capacity, protection of cultural heritage, nature, tourism marketing, local handicrafts, and environmental pollution management. The present research seeks to explain the place of tourism attractions in urban development plans and find the weak points of these plans in paying enough attention to tourism so that they can fully realize the capacities of urban tourism and create a link between urban development and tourism by better identifying tourism attractions. Cities with high tourism potential and the analysis of their evaluation criteria as well as the factors affecting the weakness of urban tourism in the urban studies of Tabriz metropolis, it is possible to achieve the real and legal position of the category of urban tourism in the process of planning and preparing urban development plans. According to the achievements of tourism in different dimensions and emphasis on new approaches in urban development plans, including revitalizing the potential of urban tourism, it is possible to contribute to the prosperity of this flow and create positive effects in the economic prosperity of the metropolis of Tabriz, because Iran always has historical monuments. It has long been considered one of the best tourist destinations, and Tabriz metropolis will not be an exception to this rule. The question of the current research is, what are the effective factors in the weakness of urban tourism in urban development plans in Tabriz metropolis?

According to the purpose of the research, the type of research is applied with a descriptive-analytical method. To carry out this research, the content of related documents (comprehensive, detailed, and urban master plans) of the studied cities was first examined. In terms of content, the structure of these plans and how they look at tourism were analyzed and the place of tourism in these plans was determined. Then, the statistical population, the sampling method (using the snowball sampling method), and the volume of the samples were determined. For this purpose, according to the theoretical foundations and background of the research, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 specialists and experts, emphasizing an exploratory approach. In the next step, based on the identified factors, a questionnaire was designed based on the five-point Likert spectrum (very low, low, high, medium, and very high). Through this questionnaire, the weak factors of tourism in urban development projects in the target community were investigated. To determine the reliability of the questionnaire, first several questionnaires were distributed to the statistical population and then the reliability of the questionnaire was measured using Cronbach’s alpha test. Cronbach’s alpha test coefficient (0.811) shows that the results of this research will be reliable. After measuring the reliability, the questionnaire was distributed and collected among the samples. In the following, to identify the impact of tourism weakness factors in urban development plans, exploratory factor analysis was used to group these factors. Structural equation modeling has been used to analyze the data examine the relationship between the factors and determine the contribution of each of them. The structural equation model is a comprehensive statistical approach to test the relationships between observed variables and latent variables. This research utilized SPSS and AMOS to analyze the research data.

The analysis of structural equations showed that the first factor means an institution with a critical ratio of 4.894, the second factor means a structure with a critical ratio of 3.742, and the third factor means management with a critical ratio of 5.321, and the fourth factor means economic with a critical ratio of 3215, and the fifth main factor is social (with a critical ratio of 5.252, each with a significance level of less than 0.05 has a significant relationship with the weakness of tourism in the urban development plans of Tabriz city. Finally, among these five main factors, the management factor with the weight of the standard estimate 0.915, the most effective with its variables (incompleteness of the views of consulting engineers of urban development plans regarding tourism, lack of knowledge of city managers about the dimensions of the impact of tourism at the city level, lack of coordination of departmental plans with regional and regional development, lack of experience of the expert staff In urban planning, at the national macro decision-making level, there is a lack of specialist staff in urban planning and urban development in the country) in the field of tourism weakness, and after that, the social factor with a standard estimation weight of 0.899, the factor An institution with a standard estimation weight of 0.83 and a structural factor with a standard estimation weight of 0.782 and an economic factor with a standard estimation weight of 0.769 have the highest to lowest effect on the weakness of tourism in urban development plans in Tabriz. As a result, among the five main factors, the third factor, which was the management factor in this research, should be given more attention than other factors, so that the weaknesses of tourism are covered and improved.

As a result, it should be said that the management of the tourism industry is not only non-specialist and value-oriented management, but even with powerful, scientific, and economic-oriented management, one cannot have high expectations because issues such as the existence of networks of extra-legal power connections, inattention High-ranking officials and planners of the country, and last but not least, extremely weak budgets and facilities, and the lack of people’s participation in projects make any effort fail. In this regard, this article, with a fresh look at urban development plans, seeks a new review of these plans and their tourist-oriented structure by adding a heading called tourism.

The size of government intervention in economic activities is important. The tourism industry is considered as a leading and job-creating sector in many countries. Therefore, in this study, the size of government and the employment of tourism sector in country and Khorasan-Razavi province have been investigated. For this purpose, the AFLQ spatial share method was used in the input-output table of two regions for Khorasan Razavi Province and other national economic sectors. The results showed that with a 10% increase in household consumption, a total of 4,533 people were employed in Khorasan Razavi province and 402 people were employed in other regions. The most employment created in Khorasan Razavi is related to education; while mining and religious organizations and organizations with members have practically not created employment by this scenario. Also, 133 people are in the tourism sector and 4,400 people are in the non-tourism sector in Razavi Khorasan. The transportation and warehousing sector accounts for the largest share of employment created in tourism-related sectors of the province. In other regions, industrial production (construction), agriculture, and industry; it has the most change in employment. Also, 34 people are in the tourism sector and 368 people are in the non-tourism sector

Today, the tourism industry is one of the main and stable foundations of the world economy, which can affect other economic and cultural activities by creating the maximum amount of added value. The tourism industry in Khorasan Razavi province can plan and use the province's domestic and foreign investment to develop this sector, grow production, create added value, and increase employment and income sources in the region. The purpose of this study is to investigate the amount of added value created by the main tourism activities of the province (each of the 12 tourism sectors). Another purpose is to analyze the effect of increasing investment on the value-added of the tourism industry. For these purposes, the updated input-output table of Khorasan-Razavi province (2018) has been used. The results were analyzed by considering two scenarios (proportional investment in all economic sectors of the tourism industry together, and investment in each economic sector of the tourism industry separately). The results showed that if investment in all sectors of tourism, increases by 100 billion rials simultaneously -in total equivalent to 1200 billion rials- (as analytical scenarios), 851718 million rials will be added to the value-added of province's economic activities; Of this amount, 95.5% of value-added creation is directly related to the 12 sectors of the tourism industry. The most direct effect of investment in value creation is related to the wholesale and retail sector, the arts, entertainment, recreation sector and Travel agency services sector, respectively. Also, if investment increases by 100 billion rials in each of the tourism sectors separately, maximum direct value-added creation, results from the "arts, entertainment, recreation" sector. The most important suggestions of this study were, Investing in forming groups and institutions in the province to produce, promote and starting various artistic, recreational and sports activities, investing in designing travel packages on specific topics in the field of travel agency services and providing accommodation services based on travellers' tastes.

The tourism sector plays a pivotal role in national economic development because it promotes the development of related industries such as transportation. The boosting effect of tourism on economic growth is more obvious in developing countries with abundant tourism resources (Dieke, 2003). However, tourism development undergoes great dynamic changes due to complex and volatile external environments, such as global climate change and social disturbances with a high degree of uncertainty (Nguyen et al., 2020; Scott et al., 2019). thus, the tourism economy has become very fragile and has a weak ability to withstand risks from various sources (Wang et al., 2022). Therefore, this study attempts to examine the Indirect impact of tourism on economic vulnerability and other factors affecting economic vulnerability in selected developing countries over the period 1995-2021 by using a panel smooth transition regression model.

In this study, the nonlinear threshold effect of tourism on economic vulnerability in selected developing countries is examined using a PSTR model. For this purpose, following Gonzalez et al. (2005) and Colletaz & Hurlin (2006), a PSTR model with two regimes and a transition function is defined. according to the study of Colletaz & Hurlin (2006), can be chosen among the explanatory variables, the lag of the dependent variable, or any other variable outside the model that is theoretically related to the model under study and causes a nonlinear relationship.qit  represents the transition variable and, according Gonzalez et al. (2005) suggest that, in practice, considering one or two thresholds, m = 1  or m = 2 , is sufficient to account for parameter variability. For m =1 , the model implies that the two extreme regimes are associated with low and high values of transition variable with a single monotonic transition of the coefficients from β0  to β0+β1 as transition variable increases, with the change centered around location parameters. When →∞  , transition function the model becomes an indicator function Iqit>c1 , defined as IA=1  when event A occurs and 0 otherwise. In this case, the PSTR model in (1) reduces to the two-regime panel threshold model of Hansen (1999). For m = 2, the transition function has its minimum at c1+c22  and reaches 1 at both low and high values of qit . In this case, the transition function (2) becomes constant for any value of m when γ → 0 . In this case, the model collapses into a fixed effects homogeneous or linear panelregression model. Accordingly, in the PSTR model, based on the observations of the transition variable and the slope parameter, the estimated coefficients are continuous and bounded between F = 1 and F = 0.As mentioned earlier, another salient feature of the PSTR model is that it provides a parametric approach to cross-country heterogeneity and time instability of the slope coefficients, allowing the parameters to change smoothly as a function of the threshold variable yit . More precisely, the income elasticity for the i th country at time t is defined by the weighted average of the parameters β0  and β1 . It is worth noting that the estimation of the parameters of the PSTR model consists in eliminating the individual effects by removing the individual means and then applying nonlinear least squares (NLS) to the transformed model (see for details, Gonzalez et al., 2005). This method is equivalent to maximum likelihood (ML) estimation in the case of normal errors.Following Gonzalez et al. (2005), Colletaz & Hurlin (2006), and Jude (2010), the estimation steps of a PSTR model are as follows: First, the linearity test against PSTR is performed using Wald Tests (LMw ) coefficients, Fisher Tests (LMF ) coefficients and LRT Tests (LR ) coefficient statistics according to Colletaz & Hurlin (2006). Once we have rejected the linearity hypothesis, we can verify that nonlinearity no longer exists. Then it is a matter of testing whether there is a transition function or whether there are at least two transition functions.

The results show that in the first regime, trade openness has a negative effect on economic vulnerability, which has decreased and turned positive after crossing the threshold location in the second regime. Government expenditure has a positive effect on economic vulnerability, and after crossing the threshold location and entering the second regime, its effect gradually decreased and became positive. Inflation coefficients in the regime had a negative and insignificant effect on economic vulnerability, which after crossing the threshold location and entering the second regime, its effect gradually decreased and became positive, but it was significant at the 10 percent level.Also, the results show that before the threshold location and at low levels of tourism income, the logarithm of financial development has a negative and significant effect on economic vulnerability, and after the threshold location and entering the second regime, this effect is still negative and increases. The coefficients of the logarithm of total unemployment have a negative effect on economic vulnerability in the first regime and before the threshold location. By crossing the threshold location and entering the second regime, this effect decreases and becomes positive.

In this study, the threshold and Indirect effect of tourism on economic vulnerability in selected developing countries during 1995-2021 was investigated. For this purpose, the PSTR model provided and developed by Gonzalez et al. (2005) and Colletaz & Hurlin (2006) was used. The estimation results suggested a nonlinear relationship between trade openness, financial development, government spending, total unemployment, inflation and economic vulnerability. Moreover, considering a threshold with two regimes or a transition function is sufficient to investigate nonlinear behaviors. The results show that the threshold of the transition variable is equal to 3.1378 and the slope parameter is equal to 33.8978, which include only one transition function and only one threshold.Considering the positive impact of tourism on financial development and government spending, it can be said that the development of tourism income can indirectly reduce the economic vulnerability of developing countries by increasing financial development and national income and adjusting industrial structures, while this mediating effect at the level Social does not appear. Therefore, it is suggested that considering that in developing countries where the overall economic strength of a country is weak, with low economic development, the development of international tourism should be cautious. The main task should be to create infrastructure and stimulate domestic consumption. Investment should be focused on industries such as manufacturing and financial development to increase the growth of GDP and improve people's quality of life. Physical needs are the most important factor to maintain economic stability and prevent economic vulnerability. For these countries, attention should be paid to domestic tourism by strengthening the construction of tourism service facilities, adjusting the structure of the tourism industry and ensuring the sustainable development of international tourism, while accelerating the development of domestic tourism.From an institutional perspective, creating active employment policies to create preferential employment conditions for low-income people can further ensure the positive impact of low-level international tourism on economic vulnerability. Finally, regardless of the level of economic development, one should have a clear understanding of the performance of the tourism industry based on the state of the country. This is possible by correctly positioning the tourism industry and not exaggerating the role of tourism and not giving up on its development due to some negative factors. Economic vulnerability can be effectively reduced only by combining tourism with other industries and focusing on overall economic development.

As a significant component of the global economy, the tourism industry has seen substantial growth in recent years. Iran, a country with great tourism potential, stands to benefit from this industry in terms of economic development. However, there has been a lack of focus on performance metrics in the hotel sector, which plays a crucial role in the tourism industry. This study aims to identify financial indicators that can improve hotel performance and help managers make informed decisions. Through a structural-interpretive model, this research explores the impact of various economic indicators on the hotel industry in Yazd province, Iran. Data was collected from hotel managers and experts in the field, and indicators were analyzed using the ISM technique. The results highlight the importance of economic indicators, liquidity indicators, debt indexes, risk index, efficiency index, and profitability index in determining hotel performance. It is recommended that hotel managers prioritize economic indicators to ensure overall success and consider further research to enhance financial decision-making in the industry

The purpose of this research is to answer the following question:What is the impact of tourists in a region on the production and employment of that region and other national economies? For this purpose, the national input-output table of 2015 published by Central Bank has been prepared based on the generalized spatial share method of SFLQ in twenty districts and for two regions of Yazd province and other national economies. Then, the effectiveness of domestic tourism in Yazd province has been investigated. The results of the current research indicate that domestic tourists in Yazd province in 2015, the production of the province increased by 989 billion Rials and the employment of the province increased by 10,101 people. In addition, the arrival of domestic tourists in Yazd province has generated 1611 billion Rials in the national economy and created 48636 jobs. Also, the results show that "other services" and "transportation" sectors have the most effective production and employment due to the arrival of domestic tourists. By identifying the location and effectiveness of tourism areas, it will be possible to implement appropriate planning, which will automatically lead to the development of other sectors of this industry.

Introduction :

As part of domestic and international assemblies, cultural industries have always been discussed [1] to provide opportunities for urban development, especially economically, by finding a place for culture in national and international economic contexts [2]. Cultural industries link the cultural system to the economy through innovation and creativity, creating jobs and accumulating capital as the most crucial competition tools [3].Additionally, as human settlements, cities have become so significant that researchers are required to identify whatever could be effective in developing such settlements. Cities, which were previously at the peak of flourishing by stressing the economic aspect, are currently deteriorating. In addition, the past lives of such arenas, which were considered the driving force behind economic mobility, are disappearing [4].From 1980 onward, and with the emergence of changes in economics, culture has become a dominant and pivotal element in the process of social change. Since cities have a hidden force within, called culture, as the hidden treasures of cities, they can become enlivening factors for cities and provide the driving force necessary for the prosperity and development of cities [5,6] and become a proper substitute for an economy that is waning in the light of globalization and economic, social, and cultural changes [7,8]. Thus, culture and cultural economics could prosper inner city potential and cause urban development. Further, in light of this thinking, it has brought developing countries new hopes regarding wealth production through cultural industries and by overcoming poverty and unemployment. Iran is not an exception and, as one of the few living civilizations remaining from ancient times, has a historical,cultural, and artistic record, and before that, had numerous cultural industries, which can be used as a potential for the growth and development of cities.Hence, three questions can be posed: first, what aspects, components, and indicators is the conceptual framework of cultural industries affecting urban development in Iran based on? Secondly, which one is more crucial? And thirdly, how much do the accounted cultural industries affect each development aspect? Therefore, this study aims to create a coherent framework of cultural industries affecting urban development in Iran, prioritizes them based on an expert survey, and determines the extent of cultural industries’ impact on every aspect of urban development.

Based on its nature, this study falls into the category of descriptive-analytical research. Further, it describes and introduces the concepts, aspects, components, and indicators of cultural industries that can affect urban development. Data collection was conducted through documentary research. The concept of culture, cultural industries, their aspects, and their components was developed, and the development aspects were examined through content analysis. Surveys of experts (including 40 individuals with Ph.D. in Urban Planning and Cultural Management) were used to corroborate the accounted aspects, components, and indicators mentioned and obtain theoretical saturation. They were asked to, firstly, share their opinions regarding corroborating or rejecting the aspects, components, and indicators of cultural industries in achieving urban development in Iran, secondly, determine the importance coefficient of each aspect, component, and index of cultural industries in urban development in Iran, and thirdly, clarify which aspects of urban development each index would affect the most. Finally, swing weighting was applied to prioritize the aspects, components, and indicators. Accordingly, the geometric mean weight of aspects, components, and indicators of cultural industries effective in urban development in Iran, obtained from expert surveys, was calculated. For the comparability of indicators, the obtained weights were normalized to clarify which aspects, components, and indicators of cultural industries could be emphasized and which aspects of urban development the mentioned framework affects most to achieve urban development in Iran.

Cultural industries can affect the economic, political, social, and other aspects of urban development in Iran through tourism, higher education institutions, and entertainment. The tourism aspect includes components such as communication, branding, cultural heritage, natural heritage, and visual arts, encompassing 17 indicators from the total cultural industries indicators, including being located on the communication path, the number of hotels, and the quality of hotels. The higher education institution and science aspect has components such as printing, publishing, and research and development, encompassing seven indicators from the total cultural industries indicators. Finally, the entertainment aspect comprises three components, including films and videos, performing arts, and toys, making up eight indicators of the total cultural industries indicators. Since the aspects, components, and indicators of cultural industries do not affect urban development aspects in Iran equally, a geometric mean was obtained from the average of coefficients experts gave to the indicators of cultural industries to determine the initial weight of each index. This is even though the calculated coefficients do not allow for two-by-two comparisons of indicators and components in various aspects. Hence, all levels were consistently normalized to 1 for comparability of aspects, components, and indicators of cultural industries in urban development in Iran. Among the 32 indicators of cultural industries affecting urban development in Iran, advertisements play the most substantial role, with a coefficient of 4.033%. Next are indicators such as the quality of natural heritage, historical contexts, the number of historic and registered heritage sites, and the number and quality of annual festivals, with importance coefficients of 3.884%, 3.839%, 3.816%, and 3.770%, respectively. To calculate how much cultural industries affect urban development aspects, experts clarified the indicators of cultural industries that most affect the political, social, economic, technical, environmental, legal, and physical aspects of urban development in Iran. Therefore, the weight of each index was multiplied by the number of iterations of each urban development aspect. After normalizing to 100, the impact every index has on each aspect of urban development in Iran was determined. According to the results, cultural industries can develop social, economic, physical, technical, political, legal, and environmental aspects with impact coefficients of 39.207%, 16,901%, 12.15%, 11.076%, 9.253%, 7.499%, and 3.914%, respectively, and achieve urban development in Iran accordingly

According to this study, firstly, the accounted aspects, components, and indicators of cultural industries directly affect urban development in Iran. Further, Iranian cities are particularly interesting for tourists because of their cultural and artistic facilities, thus creating cultural tourism. These cultural industries also attract a professional workforce in various fields by being active in different artistic areas, which provides employment. Additionally, cultural industries create spaces throughout cities by engaging in numerous artistic fields, which enhances social relations and interactions within cities. Secondly, they are not equally effective in urban development in Iran. Among tourism, entertainment, and the expansion of higher education institutions and science, tourism accounts for the most significant effect, followed by entertainment. Among components related to tourism, cultural and natural heritage components have the highest points, followed by communication, branding, and visual arts. Regarding entertainment, the film and video components stood higher than performing arts and toys. Finally, regarding the expansion of higher education institutions and science, the research and development component was ranked higher than printing and publishing. Furthermore, among all 32 indicators, advertisements, natural heritage quality, historical contexts, the number of historic and registered heritage sites, the number and quality of annual festivals, the number of quality of hotels, the number and quality of museums, the annual tourism percentage, the number and quality of shopping centers, and the number and quality of science and technology parks had the highest points from the total of 9 components. With their knowledge-based nature, cultural industries borrow from culture as one of the aspects of urban life and sustainable development to affect other aspects of urban development in Iranian cities, especially on social, economic, and physical aspects, with impact coefficients of 39.207%, 16.901%, 12.150%, respectively

Improving economic conditions and the quality of life is part of the goal of achieving economic development. The tourism industry as a dynamic industry with distinct characteristics can share an important part of the countries' economic and production activities.In this respect, the tourism sector can play an important role as a driving force of economic development. The impact that this industry can have in different stages of economic development depends on the specific characteristics of the country. Given the complexity of tourism consumption, its economic impact is felt widely in other production sectors, contributing in each case to achieving the aims of accelerated development. The tourism industry affects the economic growth of countries in both direct and indirect ways. Tourism can contribute to the goal of the balanced development of different regions in a country because the income from it can lead to economic growth and the balanced development of different regions of a country by creating jobs, boosting economic activities and generating income. Therefore, it is important to identify the economic effects of tourism development in different regions of the country according to the local capacities. With its rich history and ancient civilization, Isfahan has many historical and religious monuments and is considered as one of the centers of tourism in the center of the country. Therefore, considering the potential of Isfahan, the question to rise is ‘how can tourism in this city affect the local economy?’ In this regard, the current research measures the effectiveness of domestic tourism in Isfahan Province on the production of the province and the national economy. To this end, the two-region input-output approach is used.

Over the past decades, introducing the concept of regional planning and applications of the input-output model in this context have led researchers and policy-makers to consider regional input-output tables more seriously. Since survey-based methods of providing input-output tables are expensive and time-consuming and regional data are poor in Iran, non-survey based methods, especially location quotient (LQ), are the most common methods for providing regional input-output tables in this country. In recent years, LQ method and its various functions have significantly evolved, and the SFLQ function has been introduced.Among the methods of spatial contribution, the industrial specific spatial contribution method of Flag SFLQ has been used to extract a provincial input-output table. This can maximize the number of spatial economy factors included in the coefficient of spatial contribution. It can also minimize statistical errors. Furthermore, the two-regional input-output table model has been used toinvestigate the effect of tourism expenditures on the production in Isfahan Province and the national economy. So, a two-region input-output table, production coefficients and spillover effects have been estimated.Considering the tourists' investment in the export of Isfahan Province and an increase in the final demand of the province (), the rise of production due to the arrival of domestic tourists in Isfahan Province is estimated with Equation:The production effect of the domestic tourism in the province is evaluated through Equation: The productive spillover effect of the arrival of domestic tourists in Isfahan Province on other national economic sectors is equal to ..This is how the effectiveness of domestic tourism in Isfahan on the production of the province and the national economy is estimated.

In the current research, the effect of domestic tourists entering Isfahan Province was studied using a two-region input-output table. Therefore, firstly, the table is estimated for Isfahan Province and the other national economies at the level of 20 sectors using the SFLQ method. Then, after calculating the multiplier coefficients of production, the effect of the arrival and expenditure of domestic tourists in Isfahan on the national economy and the economy of the province is examined. Calculation of extra-regional or spillover effects for both regions is also done in this research. The results of the research show that the arrival of domestic tourists in Isfahan Province in 2016 increased the production of this province by 4325 billion Rials. The arrival of domestic tourists in Isfahan not only increased the production of the province but also had an extra-regional impact of 69 billion Rials on production. As a result, the effect of tourists entering in the province at the national level, which is obtained from its total effect on Isfahan and the other national economies, is 4394 billion Rials. In addition, based on the results of the research, "Other Services" and "Transportation" sectors have been most affected by the arrival of domestic tourists. Next to them, the "Food, Beverage and Tobacco Industries" sector is prioritized. These results are not far from expected because the arrival of tourists is mostly under the service sectors including accommodation costs, cultural and sports costs, costs of buying souvenirs, etc., and costs including those related to transportation and food.

Conclusion and Policy Implications:

 Given the broad role of tourism in economic prosperity, the purpose of the present study is to answer the question ‘What is the impact of incoming tourism in Isfahan Province on the production of that region and other regions?’ To this end, the national input-output table of 2016, published by the Central Bank, was prepared based on the method of generalized SFLQ spatial contribution in twenty sections and for two regions of the province and other national economies. Then, the effectiveness of domestic tourism in Isfahan was examined. The results of the present study show that the entry of tourists into an area, in addition to affecting the production of the region itself, has an external impact on other national economies.The results of the research also show that the arrival of domestic tourists in Isfahan Province in 2016 increased the production of this province by 4325 billion Rials. In addition, it not only increased the production of Isfahan but also had an extra-regional impact of 69 billion Rials on production.

Nowadays, tourism is referred to as industry due to the breadth of services provided. Meanwhile, the development of tourism requires the fulfillment of preconditions. One of them is security while without it travel will not take place. In fact, the most important factor in formulating tourism development strategies in the world is security. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of terrorism as an important factor disrupting national and regional security on tourism. To achieve the purpose of this study, the dynamic panel data (GMM) method has been used for 128 countries and from 2002 to 2018. The results of the study show that the effect of terrorism on tourism is negative on tourism. The results show that the effect of terrorism on tourism is negative and the feeling of insecurity reduces tourists' entrance into countries that do not have the appropriate level of safety. Therefore, it is suggested that countries try to establish the security of the country and the region for the development of tourism, because the security of the region will also affect the security of the target country.

Tourism is a socio-economic phenomenon that begins with an economic decision about using leisure time and savings and has economic aspects such as investment, consumption, employment, export, and government income. Currently, tourism is one of the factors that providing income in the global economy and is becoming an essential factor for the investments and development of countries. The development of this industry is very important in developing countries, such as Iran, which are facing problems such as unemployment, lack of foreign exchange resources, and a single-product economy. Tourism is closely related to foreign direct investment, because tourism development has an urgent need for foreign direct investment in the tourism sector. Internationalization is a phenomenon that links tourism to foreign direct investment. Foreign direct investment helps in the financing, technology transfer, infrastructure development, job creation, and economic growth. Along with several benefits that foreign direct investment brings to the host country, it also plays a prominent role in developing the tourism industry. Also, the tourism industry, like many other industries, is disturbed by the fluctuations of the currency market. This disturbance in the tourism market is much more visible than in other industries, because the tourism industry is directly related to exchange rate changes. Considering that the development of the tourism industry is very important for developing countries like Iran, which are facing problems such as high unemployment rate, limited foreign exchange resources, and single product economy, the main purpose of this research is to investigate the asymmetric effect of foreign direct investment and exchange rate on Tourism in Iran.

The research model in this study to investigate the asymmetric effects of foreign direct investment on tourism is taken from the study of Munir and Iftikhar (2021) as follows, in addition, since the sanction is one of the influencing factors on Iran's economy in different periods and consequently on is the number of incoming tourists to Iran, so in this study, the sanction variable has been added to the study model as an important variable.Where, TR (number of incoming tourists), FDI (foreign direct investment), ER (real exchange rate), INF (inflation rate), and SAN (sanction index). In the model estimation process, the data of this research was extracted from the sources of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund on an annual basis during the period of 1981-2019, the data related to the sanctions index was taken from the study of Iranmanesh et al. (1400). In this study, the sanctions index was obtained through interviews with 15 experts in the economy of sanctions in the form of fuzzy questionnaires and fuzzy logic method. In addition, the Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag method (NARDL) is also used to estimate the above model.

In this study, before performing the cointegration test, the degree of integration of the variables was determined by using two unit root tests of Augmented Dickey-Fuller and Zivot-Andrews. The results of the unit root test showed that in the Dickey-Fuller test, all model variables, except the inflation rate, are integrated into the first order. Also, in the Zivot-Andrews test, the variables of foreign direct investment and the inflation rate are integrated in zero order, and the rest are integrated in one order. After performing the unit root test, the bounds cointegration test was performed to check the existence of long-term relationships between the variables, the results of this test showed that there is a long-term relationship between the variables. After ensuring the existence of a long-term relationship between the variables, Wald's test was used to perform the short-term and long-term asymmetry tests. The results of this test showed that the effect of the foreign direct investment variable on the tourism variable is asymmetric in the short and long term. By identifying the existence of a long-term relationship and confirming the asymmetric effect of foreign direct investment on tourism in the short and long term, the final estimation of the NARDL model was carried out. The estimation results of the model show the asymmetric effect of foreign direct investment in the short and long term on tourism. So that in the short and long term, the effect of positive and negative changes in the foreign direct investment variable on tourism has been positive and significant. Also, the results showed that the effect of the exchange rate on tourism in the short and long term is positive and significant. Finally, to ensure the stability of the model, CUSUM and CUSUMSQ tests were performed. The results indicate that the estimated model is stable.

According to the results of the model estimation:1-Considering the positive impact of foreign direct investment on the number of incoming tourists to Iran, it is recommended that policymakers try to strengthen relations with other countries in the first step. Also, by adopting the right policies to strengthen the infrastructure, facilitate the issuance of permits and generally provide a suitable platform and a safe environment to encourage investors and foreign countries to invest in the country, provide the ground for the arrival of more tourists from all over the world.2- Considering the positive effect of the exchange rate on the balance of payments of tourism, policymakers and, economic planners are suggested to increase the exchange rate by short shocks. But an increase in the exchange rate can cause domestic inflation, mistrust of domestic money and create rental income for profit-seeking people. Considering the negative effect of the inflation rate on the demand function of international tourism for travel to Iran, policymakers and economic planners should try to control the inflation rate in the country by adopting appropriate monetary and financial policies so that they can reduce its negative effect on the number of tourists.3- The negative effect of sanctions on the number of tourists arriving in Iran indicates the fact that the application of diverse and extensive economic sanctions by the United States of America, the European Union and the United Nations Security Council against Iran has had a significant negative effect on attracting foreign tourists to Iran. It is recommended that in the first step, policymakers and officials take practical measures by conducting effective negotiations to reduce sanctions and at the same time, make decisions so that they can reduce the negative impact of sanctions in the field of attracting foreign tourists.

Tourism has great importance in employment and production and is one of the most vital industries in the world. Many countries have made detailed planning due to the importance of the tourism industry. In this study, the effect of increasing the share of the tourism industry in the portfolio of households on the employment generation of economic sectors has been investigated. For this purpose, the AFLQ spatial share method was used in the input-output table of two regions for Khorasan Razavi Province and other national economic sectors. The results showed that with a 10% increase in household consumption, a total of 81,024 people were employed in Khorasan Razavi province and 9,656 people were employed in other regions. The most employment created in Khorasan Razavi is related to industrial production (construction), agriculture, and industry, and the least is related to religious organizations and organizations with members. Also, 2493 people are in the tourism sector and 78531 people are in the non-tourism sector. The transportation and warehousing sector accounts for the largest share of employment created in tourism-related sectors of the province. In other regions, industrial production (construction), agriculture, and industry; It has the most change in employment. Also, 718 people are in the tourism sector and 8938 people are in the non-tourism sector. Transportation and warehousing in other regions have the most employment created in the sectors related to tourism.Transportation and warehousing in other regions have the most employment created in the sectors related to tourism.Transportation and warehousing in other regions have the most employment created in the sectors related to tourism.

The tourism industry, playing an influential role in the economic processes of countries in the case of development and sustainability, has positive effects such as job creation, income generation, circulation, and foreign exchange attraction through domestic and foreign visitors, which can be mentioned as its power to generate income as the third industry in the world after the oil industry and automobile industry. Increasing stable and appropriate income is one of the economic effects of this industry, so the share of gross domestic income of countries from tourism reaches more than ten percent. Tourism is one of the critical economic pillars in many cities, which plays a vital role in creating and earning a stable income, employment, infrastructure protection, and increasing the quality of urban public services. Therefore, it causes the mobility of the urban economy and its correct movement in the path of sustainable development. East Azarbaijan province, centered on Tabriz, by registering more than 1800 works registered in the cultural sectors and tourist attractions in the UNESCO list, has made this province rank in the fifth rank of provinces with tourism potential in Iran. The city of Tabriz has been called one of the country's seven cultural and historical cities, according to the official documents and recorded cultural records. Tabriz has a high potential for tourism development due to its location on four transportation routes and the presence of numerous valuable cultural and historical attractions. Economic activities in this city are concentrated in the sectors of heavy and light manufacturing industries, food industries, crafts and arts, trade and services, and tourism, so Tabriz is the headquarters of four brands out of 100 prestigious brands in Iran. The presence of numerous historical, cultural, and artistic buildings with a long history has made the metropolis of Tabriz capable of developing and attracting tourists from neighboring cities and provinces, tourists from other parts of the country, and tourists from abroad in terms of tourism.

The current research is of an applied and survey nature. Moreover, the current research is descriptive-analytical. Library and field methods have been used to collect data. In this research, a questionnaire was used as a data collection tool. The statistical population of this research includes two categories of managers (Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization managers and Tabriz Municipality managers) and tourism industry stakeholders (hoteliers and companies active in the field of travel services). Therefore, in this research, by default, 60 questionnaires have been considered for each group of the statistical population and a total of 120 questionnaires. In order to analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used in the SPSS 25 environment. Means, frequency tables, frequency percentages, and graphs were used in descriptive statistical methods, and Pearson's correlation coefficient, regression test, and SWOT analytical model were used in inferential statistical methods. In order to check the validity (reliability) of the measurement tool of the current research, it has been accompanied by the guidance of university professors and related managers to determine how well the questions represent the content and objectives of the research; Content and form validity methods and techniques have been used. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was also used to measure the reliability of the research questionnaire. In such a way that according to each variable, the questionnaire was given to the professors and experts of the mentioned field, and it was calculated in SPSS software; Cronbach's alpha coefficient for each economic, managerial, infrastructure, and policy variable, respectively, 0.938, 0.911, 857. and 0.887 was obtained.

The analysis of the data obtained from the descriptive statistics shows that the average of the economic variable among the sample is 3.05, the average of the managerial variable is 3.52, and the average of the infrastructure variable is 3.31. The average of the policy variable is 3.22. In the inferential statistics section, Pearson's correlation test was used to discover the relationship between economic stability and municipal and citizen incomes with tourism development. According to these tests, the Sig(significance level) is 0.000, and since this figure is smaller than the desired alpha (0.05) with a confidence interval of 0.95, the relevant variables are linearly dependent, and the relationship between these two variables is confirmed. The correlation coefficient is 0.713, which shows a high correlation. Therefore, it can be concluded that the development of tourism has a positive, significant, and direct effect on the stability of the economy and the incomes of the municipality and citizens of the metropolis of Tabriz. Regression variance analysis or ANOVA also confirms the linearity of the relationship between the two variables of tourism development and economic stability and income in the municipality and citizenship of Tabriz metropolis because Sig is less than 5%. The results of the regression analysis show that for each unit of change in the independent variable, 0.71 changes in the dependent variable; It means that by changing each unit in the development of tourism with 0.71 certainties, it can be said that it can be changed in the dependent variable or economic stability and municipal income and citizenship. Also, the results showed that the total sum of strengths and opportunities, with an average of 3.2,2, is superior to the total sum of weaknesses and threats, with a total average of 2.5. Also, according to the evaluation matrix of internal and external factors, since the final score of the evaluation of internal factors (IFE) is 22.3, which is the final profile of the review of external factors (EFE) is 2.5, the type of aggressive strategy is superior to other strategies. Since offensive strategy is a combination of strengths and opportunities, strengths and opportunities are superior to weaknesses and threats.

Today, the sustainability of the urban economy is not a need. Still, as a leading necessity in the sustainability of the urban system, it has been noticed by experts and urban managers, and in this context, the tourism industry as a solution to stimulate and facilitate growth and development, with a long-term perspective in the program. Urban planning can lead societies toward sustainable development. The present study was conducted to analyze the effects of urban tourism development on the stability of the economy and the income of the municipality and citizens in Tabriz city. The results of the surveys showed that the development of tourism has a positive, significant, and direct effect on the stability of the economy and the incomes of the municipality and the citizens of the metropolis of Tabriz. Finally, by assessing the results of the SWOT analysis, it was determined that the most suitable strategy for developing tourism in the metropolis of Tabriz is an aggressive strategy. Therefore, by considering the above and the need to pay attention to it in the planning of tourism development in Tabriz city, we can hope for an increase in the income of the municipality and citizens and the stability of the Tabriz metropolis economy. Planning for the sustainable development of tourism and identifying the strengths and weaknesses, potentials and limitations should be in line with the plans and goals of the managers and other guardians of tourism in this region. In general, the current research can be the basis of macro-scale evaluation.

The development of technology, information, and communication can boost the tourism industry by further identifying and facilitating access to the attractions and facilities of tourist destinations, and since the recognition of tourist destinations is usually accompanied by the identification of adjacent regions and the tourists tend to travel visit adjacent regions. Therefore, the development of information and communication technology can also have the effects of spatial overflow and increase the number of tourists in adjacent regions. Thus, in This study, the impact of information and communication technology on tourist attraction among the provinces was investigated with a spatial econometric approach during the period 2011-2019. The results show that ICT development, the number of specialist physicians, the number of cultural centers, length of roads (freeways and highways), have positive and significant effects on destinations and neighboring provinces' tourist attraction also the results indicated that direct and spatial elasticity of information and communication technology of tourists for the target provinces and neighboring provinces is more than the elasticity of other factors affecting tourism, Which shows that neighboring and nearby provinces has significant contribution on each other's tourism industry growth and development of by developing mutual relations and specific regional planning.Key words: tourism, Information and Communications Technology, spillover effects.

Poverty is a global issue of high importance for both developing and developed countries. The first step in tackling poverty is to identify the impact of economic policies on poverty indicators. In this direction, the purpose of this study is to measure the effect of foreign tourism development on poverty reduction using SAM fixed price multiplier approach. For this purpose, 2011 SAM, 2018 foreign tourist receipts, and three poverty indicators: head count ratio, poverty gap, and (FGT) have been considered. The results indicate that the arrival of foreign tourists through the production growth channel reduces poverty in Iran and reducing poverty of rural households is greater than urban households. Results also show that the highest share in sectoral poverty reduction based on the three poverty indicators is related to the agricultural sector (based on the census poverty index), hotels and restaurants, and manufacturing, and transportation (based on the poverty gap index and the FGT indices). Whereas the least reduction in poverty occurs in the financial, insurance and education activities. Any policy making in the direction of tourism development is considered as a suitable socio-economic achievement.

The most important effective factors in sustainable cultural tourism are the six economic, social, political, cultural, managerial and environmental dimensions that these basic parameters can be transformative in Tourism industry. In order to prioritize the effectiveness of these factors and components of sustainable cultural tourism, the research based on the work done by a mixed method, and in the model building stage, it is a "qualitative-quantitative" type of research, and in the model testing stage, a descriptive research type (proof approach orientation) has been used. The statistical population of this research includes all the experts, managers and senior experts of the cultural heritage organization and organizations related to the Tourism industry in the cities of Isfahan, Shahrekord, Shiraz, Yasouj, Bandar Abbas and Bushehr that Using the Kokran formula, there are 128 people with a simple random sampling method selected as a statistical sample. The measuring tool of the research was the questionnaire made by the researcher of sustainable cultural tourism that was used. To measuring of the validity of the questionnaires using the content method and to determine its reliability, kronbach's alpha was calculated and its value was estimated to be 0.716. Structural equation method was used in Smart Pls3 software and Friedman test in SPSS23 software to check hypotheses. The results of the research showed that the indicators investigated in the model including social, economic, cultural, political, managerial and environmental factors have a significant effect on sustainable cultural tourism.

This study has been carried out with the aim of analyzing and evaluating the effect of tourism industry on socio-economic development of Kermanshah. The present study has been done using content analysis[1] method. In this study, first the data are defined, then the initial codes are generated. The main categories of the present study include terrorism industry, employment development, income increase, tourism infrastructure development, social cohesion development, social identity development, social communication development, each of which included several sub-categories. The measurement model of this study had 4 observed variables and 2 latent variables. The value of GOF for the proposed model is equal to 0.808. PLS Smart has been used to analyze the information obtained from the research. The results of the research estimates have confirmed all the research hypotheses. The results also show that: investment plays a key role in the development of tourism, domestic weakness and external threats in this region is necessary and needs to be reviewed and appropriate policies to address weaknesses and threats using strengths and opportunities, and urban management is considered as one of the influential factors in the development and improvement of sustainable tourism.

Nowadays, tourism is one of the pioneers of the world economy because of its many backward and forward linkages with other economic sectors. Meanwhile, the development of tourism requires the fulfillment of preconditions one of them is security. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of political stability and corruption control on tourism. To achieve the purpose of this study, the dynamic panel data (GMM) method has been used for 128 countries in the period 2002 to 2018. The results of the study show that the lag of arrival tourists to the countries variable is positive in all the studied countries, developed and developing countries. Also, the coefficient of political stability and control of corruption indicators were positive and significant. These results showed that political stability and strong bureaucracy lead to better management in the economic and political environments and international tensions to be minimized. Such environments will be desirable destinations for tourists. Also, in countries that have strong international linkage and trade and take the control corruption program seriously and implement it, the possibility of tourists entering them is higher, and tourists are more likely to choose these countries as tourist destinations. According to the results, it is suggested that countries implement policies and programs to promote political stability and control corruption. Countries with lower GDP per capita can help their tourism boom by increasing investment in tourism (higher than the global average share of tourism investment divided by GDP).