commerce

The method of collecting information is library, which has been collected by using online resources and reviewing and viewing various articles, dissertations and books. The information used in this study is in the form of tabular data (2011-2016) from the national accounts statistics of the Statistics Center of Iran, the Central Bank, the World Bank, the World Information Technology Report, the United Nations Statistics Division and the IMF Global Economic Outlook Database. And the tenth version of the GTAP database is extracted.This study examines the effects of international institutional forces on the dissemination of B2B e-commerce during the period (2011-2016) and several control variables. This study is for Iran and the countries of Iran's major trading partners including 35 countries including Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia, UAE, USA, France, Japan, China, South Korea, Netherlands, Hong Kong, Azerbaijan, Germany, Australia, Belgium, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brazil, Spain, Kazakhstan, Russia, Italy, Turkey, Thailand, India, Tajikistan, Egypt, Pakistan, Canada, the United Kingdom and Iran and the rest of the world, including countries that trade in the two Side with Iran, they have a small role.

Research variables include the diffusion of B2B e-commerce, Coercion pressure from export dependence, Mimetic pressures from foreign competition, Normative pressure from global cohesive trade relationships, Internet access, economic development and global shared knowledge. The method of collecting information is the library, which has been collected by using online resources and reviewing and viewing various articles, dissertations and books. The analysis of relationships between variables is based on the modified GLS pattern in the form of composite data.

The results of the final estimation of the regression function showed that the acceptance of the dependent variable (B2B e-commerce dissemination) can affect some predictors such as complexity and dependence on exports, etc. In such a case, the endogenous variable may be related to the predictors. The diffusion of B2B e-commerce, Coercion pressure from export dependence, Mimetic pressures from foreign competition, Normative pressure from global cohesive trade relationships, Internet access, economic development and global shared knowledge has a positive and significant relationship with the diffusion of e-commerce expansion (dependent variable). 

Unlike previous research, which has focused primarily on national institutions to examine the dissemination of ICT-related innovations, this study provides insight into the mechanisms for the spread of B2B e-commerce technologies worldwide, showing that embedding in The modern global community is shifting local companies. Ways of using B2B e-commerce This study shows that the rationalization of B2B e-commerce at the national level is not simply the result of endogenous institutional frameworks on a national basis; Rather, it essentially reflects the institutional and business links with the more rational B2B e-commerce movements in the modern global community. This study links a country's move toward B2B e-commerce to the movement of its core counterparts around the world. The pressures imposed comply with the institutionalized rules in a country's network. Coherent trade relations between countries create normative patterns that facilitate the rationality and dissemination of B2B e-commerce. Similarly, the exchange of technical knowledge between experts from commercial countries is expanding B2B e-commerce. High levels of scientific and technical skills and a competitive environment are of particular importance. These factors have been shown to have a positive effect on the importer of B2B e-commerce technology as well as the country's capacity to attract it. Many countries are working to increase the spread of e-commerce technologies in their economies; So policymakers can use education systems to demonstrate the importance of B2B e-commerce. This will disseminate the required knowledge about related technologies. It also creates common norms among experts on the importance of B2B e-commerce in the country. Policymakers need to encourage policies that ensure greater transparency in global markets. Transparency in business relationships is an important source of new information, modern technology and best practices. The last major contributor is B2B e-commerce vendors to educate the community about the factors that are significantly associated with B2B e-commerce dissemination. With such information, they can develop more efficient and effective strategies for upgrading their B2B e-commerce software. For example, vendors need to target both leading companies and their affiliates around the world because they adopt B2B e-commerce at the same time. The proposed framework also addresses the role of market complexity and recognizes that the expansion of B2B e-commerce is also driven by efficiency incentives. Policymakers can ensure the right business environment to attract foreign technology transfers, including B2B e-commerce. For example, policymakers can improve the ICT infrastructure to facilitate companies' ability to respond to foreign technology transfers in their own countries.The pressure imposed by The Coercion pressure from export dependence has a positive and significant effect on the diffusion of e-commerce. In other words, with the increase of dependence on exports, the rate of diffusion of e-commerce increases. Internet access also has a positive and significant effect on the diffusion of e-commerce. Normative pressure from global cohesive trade relationships between countries have a positive effect on the diffusion of e-commerce. Mimetic pressures from foreign competition also have an impact on the diffusion of e-commerce and are significant. global shared knowledge also has a positive effect on the diffusion of e-commerce. The pressures imposed comply with the institutionalized rules in a country's network.

Implementation of rehabilitation programs of the textile machinery of Iran in the beginning of 2000s is not led to increase the competitiveness of those industries. e-Commerce as a new technology has a significant role in increasing the aforementioned competitiveness in different industrial sectors. This paper aims to estimate the relationship between investment in e-Commerce development and total factor productivity in the textile and garment industries in Iran over the period 1996-2006. Panel data co integration as well as Granger causality test are employed to examine this relationship. The results of this paper indicate that there is no statistically significant relationship between investment in e-Commerce and total factor productivity in the textile and garment industries in Iran

With the increasing popularity of online shopping and internet user's growth, Iran is likely to be as a large market for e-Selling in the future. In the academic literature, e-Service quality has generally been recognized as a critical step to drive online business. Numerous studies have been devoted to e-Service quality and its evaluation. Marking researchers aim to use websites in order to understand online customers’ behavior. The objective of this paper is to examine the relation between satisfaction and quality in the customers of the Iranian insurance companies. An empirical model is specified based on the literature. This model includes six website quality factors. Structured equation modeling approach is employed to estimate the specified model. An online survey is conducted to collect the required information. The results indicate that the ease of use, data quality, confidence and the ease of e-Services effects on customer satisfaction.

This paper introduces a model for e-Commerce development in small and medium sized enterprises in Iran. The model is empirically examined in 300 SMEs spread all over the country where they are active in different industrial fields. In the group of conceptual variables, six indicators are defined. They include external social norms, social outputs, the perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, emotions and feelings, and trust. The results confirm that there are statistically significant relationship between all conceptual indicators and e-Commerce development except Trust.

In the information society, firms need to develop competitive advantages with regard to the adequate and intensive usage of information and communication technology which is essential element in today's markets. Competitive advantages through ICT development are especially important for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). Because using ICTs help to improve internal and external communications and develop new organizational models to compete in the new markets. For assurance of the effective and useful implementation of internet based technologies such as e-Commerce in business transactions, the first step is to measure e-Readiness of companies to accept these modern technologies. This study describes six dimensions of telecommunication and technical infrastructure which comprise communication with environment, informational readiness, management and organizational policies, human resources and cultural infrastructures, information technology security and legal environment. The findings of this paper indicate that except in the dimensions of informational readiness dimension and management and organizational policies, there is no e-Readiness in the other dimensions of manufacturing firms in Shiraz Grand Industrial Park.

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are crucial in any national economy, especially in the developing country. Appearance of web- based trade creates significant opportunities to SMEs in which removes the limitations of customer expectation fulfillment, speed and capability of price comparison. The purpose of current study is to identify influential factors in increasing e- Readiness of the Iran’s SMEs using electronic commerce. Hence, a questionnaire method is used to collect empirical data on the food industry’s SMEs. To do this, we first develop an analytical model based on the literature and then proposed ten hypotheses. The results indicate that of 10 hypotheses, two hypotheses are rejected while the rest of which are supported. According to the findings, the Iran's SMEs have faced with a lack of sufficient infrastructures provided by the government to properly use e-Commerce.

The identification of main actors and recognition of interaction between them are emphasized in previous studies on Innovation Systems (IS). Nowadays, the issue of innovation system’s objectives and policies are considered as the key factors in structuring innovation systems. So, it needs to provide a framework to identify the objectives and policies of the innovation systems. In this paper, an initial framework is developed to define objectives and design policies in the Commerce Innovation System (CIS) considered as a sectorial innovation system. The objectives of the CIS are classified into three main groups: knowledge creation, knowledge diffusion and knowledge absorption. Moreover, for each function of the CIS, two types of policies are defined: major and minor policies. To identify the actors and their roles in the CIS, the institution-function matrix of the CIS is formed and discussed.

This article aims to examine the effects of globalization and e-Commerce on economic growth in developing countries. A Panel Data technique is employed to estimate the empirical models using the data over the period 1990-2005. The countries studied in the paper are classified into two income groups, upper middle income and lower middle income.The results show that e–Commerce has a significant and positive effect on economic growth in upper middle income group while the coefficient of globalization index is statistically insignificant. However,e- Commerce and globalization index have significant and positive effects on economic growth in lower middle income group.

In recent decades, ICT development and its application in different economic and social domains cause the traditional methods and models to be emended to include the effects of e-Commerce developments. The reason to start this reconsideration is that e-Commerce increases productivity and decreases the prices of goods and services.The objective of the paper is to examine the effects e-Commerce development on output and prices. To this end, the input-output tables of USA, Japan and Korea is considered while e-Commerce sector is included.The simulation results show that e-Commerce penetration causes the output increases in metal and non metal, wholesale, plastic and chemical materials, transportation, foods and agricultural sectors relatively more than other sectors while it causes the prices increases in plastic and chemical materials, metal and non metal, electronic devices, construction, food and financial services sectors relatively more than other sectors.

Following the development of global Internet and internationalization of markets, e-Commerce has a significant potential to develop businesses to access global markets more easily and operate efficiently and compete fairly. Competitiveness at international level can take place if, and only if, emergent initiatives are built on robust foundations of e-Readiness. In this regard, the paper aims to examine those factors that affect e-Commerce adoption in developing countries. More specifically, this study explores e-Readiness factors that affect e-Commerce adoption in the Petrochemical Industry of Iran which is a leading industry in B2B. This study proposes a research model which is based on organizational e-Readiness (OER) and environmental e-Readiness (EER) as the main determinants of e-Commerce adoption and institutionalization. The results based on a multiple discriminate function analysis (MDFA) indicate that OER human resources, technological resources, business resources, commitment variables, and EER supporting industries variables e-Readiness variable are statistically effective to initiate e-Commerce adoption. Also, OER awareness, business resources, technological resources, commitment and government variables, and EER supporting industries e-Readiness variable are also statistically effective to institutionalize e-Commerce.

This paper has two purposes. It examines the relationship between present and desired status of electronic strategy of products and also gap analysis in the Shahravand chain stores. This paper applies 3R electronic strategy model and examines present and desired status of products strategy. The findings of the study show that the 3R electronic strategy model is the appropriate tool of strategic decision making in electronic selling. Another result of this research is ranking and prioritizing of products for electronic selling.

Numerous studies have been done on e-Commerce development and its phases. This paper aims to Study the different models of e-Commerce maturity in the Iranian Stores and evaluates the maturity level of Iran's e-Commerce web sites using 2004 data. According to the conceptual model, there are three stages in e-Commerce development that comprises static, dynamic, interactive, and exchange Stages. The results show that Iran's e-Commerce sites are in static step while they lack the minimum required standards. This paper suggests that the Iranian e-shops must provide information on their missions, goals, privacy policy, and products to straighten static phase. In dynamic phase they must present items such as FAQ, clients customized page, client's personal email, forums, fast responding system, and auto responding system. In the interaction phase, they suffer from shortages in seller-buyer negotiations, clients request for after-sales services and the seller's response. Finally, in the exchange phase they provide facilities to make proper use of e-Payments.

Two powerful and sometimes controversial current social and economic trends are globalization and the widespread adoption of information and communication technologies (ICTs). The process of globalization and e-Commerce create new challenges and opportunities for firms Many argue that these two trends are closely associated, each driving the other forward, and both being driven by other common forces, such as trade liberalization, deregulation, ‍competitive factors, and so on….Competitive factors can affect the process of EC adoption and globalization. This paper develops and tests a model for examining the relationship between firm globalization, e-Commerce adoption and competitive factors