development

Quality of life is a complex concept assessed through both objective and subjective indicators, reflecting individuals’ perceptions of various aspects of their lives. In developed countries, planners work to identify and improve quality of life, but in developing cities like Pakdasht—an immigrant-friendly area near Tehran issues such as population growth, resource inequality, inadequate public spaces, and rising crime rates have led to a decline in residents’ quality of life and a crisis of identity. Addressing these challenges is essential for enhancing comfort and alleviating urban problems in Pakdasht. The city struggles with numerous urban management issues that inhibit the development of vibrant public spaces, contributing to diminished residents’ sense of place and apathy toward improving their environment. Public spaces lacking cultural and social significance further exacerbate the identity crisis and reduce vibrancy. Additional obstacles include decreased social security, the rise of informal settlements, precarious employment, and crime, all negatively impacting quality of life. Urban changes have also resulted in increased land prices, structural shifts in living patterns, and problems like congestion. In this context, assessing and improving the quality of life could significantly enhance residents’ comfort and mitigate urban challenges. Factors such as inadequate housing, unrealistic job opportunities, insufficient urban facilities, governance inefficiencies, and security concerns have further complicated the situation. Environmental issues also contribute to these challenges, emphasizing the need for effective solutions. This research explores the challenges and quality of life indicators in urban neighborhoods of Pakdasht, analyzing how urban management can enhance citizens’ quality of life.

This research is an applied, development-oriented study utilizing a descriptive-analytical approach through surveys. It examines the citizens of Pakdasht city and includes insights from experts and university professors in urban management and planning. According to Tehran Municipality statistics, Pakdasht’s population in 2021-2022 was approximately 330,000, with a sample size of 384 citizens determined using the Cochran formula. For experts, a sample of 35 was selected via the Delphi technique. Simple random sampling was used for citizens, while purposeful sampling was employed for experts. Statistical analysis involved descriptive statistics (frequency and mean) and inferential statistics to assess attribute significance using the Likert scale. Results were analyzed using MATLAB software and the TOPSIS model, prioritizing Pakdasht based on selected criteria. A numerical taxonomy model was also used to assess similarities and rank various elements.

This research analyzes key neighborhoods in Pakdasht, focusing on two main areas: Area 1 (Mamazand, Polasht, Qouh, Zeynabiyeh, Khatounabad, Sand and Gravel, Turkabad) and Area 2 (Hisar Amir, Enqelab Town, Allameh, Yabr, and two phases behind the Municipality). The findings reveal that environmental conditions, urban facilities, and transportation significantly affect inequality and quality of life in these peripheral regions. Most evaluated factors, scoring above three on an average scale, contribute to inequality, with housing being the lowest-rated aspect. Major housing issues include poor neighborhood relations and building safety, while access to essential services like electricity, internet, and urban amenities (like shopping and banking) remains inadequate. Transportation was identified as a critical factor impacting quality of life, facing challenges such as poor walkability and cycling infrastructure. Economic conditions showed imbalances between population and resources, alongside dissatisfaction with income levels. Education and health also emerged as vital areas, with access to educational centers and medical facilities highlighting existing gaps. Urban governance and safety concerns were noted, with residents expressing dissatisfaction about citizenship rights and law enforcement performance. Environmental quality issues, such as poor green spaces and a lack of street cleanliness, further diminish living standards in these neighborhoods. Using a numerical taxonomy model, neighborhoods were categorized into four groups based on quality of life indicators, with Mamazand recognized as the only area meeting quality criteria. Other neighborhoods fell into varying classifications from developed to underdeveloped, with Enqelab Town, Hesar Amir, and Torkabad noted for poor conditions, largely due to informal settlements and infrastructural deficits stemming from significant migration. Overall, the decline in quality of life, particularly in Polasht and Allameh, is linked to the pressures of rural-to-urban migration and inadequate infrastructure and living standards.

The analyses conducted in Pakdasht reveal significant challenges concerning the quality of life for its residents. Social and economic inequalities from inadequate access to services have led to neighborhood relations and building safety issues. Poor infrastructure, such as electricity and internet, in underprivileged areas negatively impacts social and cultural well-being. At the same time, limited access to shopping centers and essential services in low-income neighborhoods constrains residents’ ability to meet daily needs. Unsatisfactory economic conditions and income inequality further complicate access to educational and healthcare services, increasing distrust in urban governance. This research focuses on categorizing quality of life at the neighborhood scale, dividing neighborhoods into four classifications: very developed, developed, less developed, and underdeveloped. Mamazand stands out as the only neighborhood with positive indicators. At the same time, Areas 1, Qouh, Phase 2, and Zeynabiyeh exhibit better conditions than the less developed neighborhoods, but still fall short compared to Mamazand. Neighborhoods with limited development, such as Polasht, Allameh, Yabr, Khatounabad, and Sand and Gravel, face shortages in services and infrastructure, while Enqelab Town, Hisar Amir, and Turkabad are not in an adequately developed state. An examination of 67 different indicators indicates that the overall situation in Pakdasht, particularly in the areas of environmental conditions, urban governance, and the economy, is severely unfavorable. Due to informal settlements, Enqelab Town and Hisar Amir experience the lowest per capita service availability, and Turkabad is in a critical state of infrastructure due to extensive migration. These issues highlight the developmental imbalance in Pakdasht and its negative impact on residents’ daily lives.

Despite the conceptual prominence of institutional congruence within scholarly literature, a methodical quantification of its dynamics has hitherto remained an elusive endeavor. This study, employing the metric of cosine similarity and anchoring itself in the paradigm of good governance, seeks to formulate a systematic measure of institutional congruence. Furthermore, utilizing the Generalized Least Squares (GLS) approach, it examines both the direct and interactive effects of institutional congruence on key economic variables—namely, natural resource revenues, banking credit, and energy consumption—within developing countries over the period from 2002 to 2016. The findings of this investigation reveal an intriguing paradox: while the transient efficiency of the examined economies registers at a relatively elevated level (0.879), their persistence efficiency remains markedly lower (0.342), underscoring a fundamental structural inefficiency. Beyond this, the results attest to the presence of the well-documented phenomena of resource curse and financial curse afflicting these nations. Amidst such constraints, institutional congruence exerts a positive and significant influence on persistence efficiency, mitigating, to a discernible extent, the adverse repercussions of the resource curse. Conversely, its interaction with energy consumption enhances efficiency and contributes to the reduction of energy imbalances. Yet, within the financial domain, a paradox emerges: rather than alleviating the financial curse, institutional congruence exacerbates it. This apparent contradiction finds its roots in the very architecture of the governance indices—while in areas such as political stability and governmental effectiveness, they facilitate the prudent management of natural and energy resources, in the financial sector, their emphasis on deregulation and financial liberalization engenders a misalignment with the institutional background of developing economies, thus giving rise to new systemic challenges. The overarching implications of this study underscore a nuanced reality: while the archetype of good governance proves efficacious in domains such as resource and energy management, its application to financial structures necessitates recalibration and contextual adaptation. Accordingly, policymakers are urged to exercise prudence in embracing wholesale deregulation, instead designing institutional reforms attuned to the unique economic and structural particularities of their respective nations—lest the specter of financial curse deepens further.

The road transport sector is a fundamental prerequisite and infrastructure for economic development. The New Economic Geography (NEG) literature suggests that transportation cost is a major driving factor for a country's emergence of core-periphery patterns. The aim of this research is the impact of road transport infrastructure on the spatio-temporal development of the cities of Khuzestan province. The research data for the period of 2010-2019 for 27 cities of Khuzestan province is in the form of panel data, which was used to investigate the temporal and spatial effects of the generalized method of moments (GMM). The variables used in this study are the Hubness index, market potential, road transport infrastructure variables such as the length of the sly and subway roads, and the displacement of goods and passengers. The estimation results show the positive effects of the Hubness index and Market potential index on the size of the cities of Khuzestan province. So that the Market potential variable shows more effects than the Hubness index on the development of the cities of Khuzestan province, this survey confirms that the transportation infrastructure in the period of 2011-2020 has been able to improve the spatial-temporal development in the cities of Khuzestan province. Also, side roads and the movement of goods as control variables have shown a positive effect on the development of the cities of Khuzestan province.

Sport plays a significant role in health promotion, quality of life enhancement, and empowerment of individuals and society. Public inclination towards sports necessitates the continuous development of sports facilities, equipment, and spaces, as the quantity and quality of such infrastructure directly influence the expansion of sporting activities within the community. One of the primary challenges in developing sports infrastructure is the reduction of governmental financial resources.In these circumstances, attracting support and financial contributions from donors for the construction and improvement of sports facilities appears essential. Donors allocate a portion of their assets for philanthropic purposes, which may include land, buildings, equipment, and financial resources. In the realm of sports, donors can play a crucial role in developing sports infrastructure, such as stadiums, halls, and playing fields, by financing construction and renovation projects.However, to effectively harness donors' capacity in this domain, it is necessary to adopt appropriate strategies, such as fostering coordination and collaboration between the government and donors, conducting precise needs assessments and project prioritization, encouraging donors to engage in underprivileged areas, and strengthening the culture of philanthropy in sports. Therefore, the main objective of the present study is to identify efficient strategies for optimal utilization of donors' capacity in developing the country's sports infrastructure.

The present study is qualitative and exploratory and employs thematic analysis. The statistical sample comprised several active donors in the sports domain, senior sports managers with experience collaborating with sports donors, and university professors who are experts in this field. Purposive and snowball sampling were utilized, and theoretical saturation was achieved after 23 interviews. Initial interview questions were formulated based on the research background and intended objectives, with additional questions incorporated depending on interview conditions. Each interview concluded by posing an open-ended question to interviewees, such as "Do you think there is anything that has not been asked about?" Interview durations ranged from 20 to 30 minutes. Following the interviews, thematic analysis was applied to extract strategies for utilizing donors' capacity in developing the country's sports infrastructure.To validate the study's findings, Lincoln and Guba's (1985) evaluative criteria were employed as a framework for assessing qualitative research quality. These criteria include credibility, transferability, and dependability, which correspond to the conventional concepts in quantitative research known as internal validity, external validity, and reliability or trustworthiness, respectively. To calculate interview reliability, the intra-topical agreement method was used. The test-retest reliability of the interviews in this study, calculated using the aforementioned formula, exceeded 0.81. Given that the reliability coefficient is greater than 0.60 (Stemler, 2001), the trustworthiness of the coding is confirmed and deemed acceptable.

Following coding based on thematic analysis, 41 sub-themes were extracted and categorized into 8 secondary themes and 4 main themes, comprising participatory and interaction strategies, supportive strategies, cultural and promotional strategies, and operational and guidance strategies. It is noteworthy that secondary themes were derived after repeated examination of interviews, subsequently informing the formation of main themes.Results were classified into 4 categories: participatory and interaction strategies (themes of participatory strategies, transparency, and trust-building strategies), supportive strategies (themes of financial and investment strategies, motivational and supportive strategies), cultural and promotional strategies (themes of cultural development and awareness-raising strategies, benchmarking strategies), and operational and guidance strategies (themes of executive strategies, managerial strategies).The Shannon matrix indicates the frequency and relative importance of key identifiers recognized in this study from the perspective of the samples under investigation. Based on collected data, motivational and supportive strategies, with a coefficient of 58, held the highest importance. Subsequently, cultural development and awareness-raising strategies, with a coefficient of 55, and transparency and trust-building strategies, with a coefficient of 48, were highly prioritized according to participants' views. Furthermore, participatory strategies with a coefficient of 42, managerial strategies with 24, financial and investment strategies with 18, and finally, executive and benchmarking strategies with a coefficient of 8 had the lowest relative importance. This priority order may indicate the significance and special emphasis of research participants on motivational, cultural, and transparency strategies for engaging donors in sports infrastructure development.

Overall, based on the findings of this research, to optimally utilize donors' capacity in developing the country's sports infrastructure, a multifaceted and comprehensive approach should be adopted. This approach must encompass a set of participatory and interactive strategies, supportive strategies, cultural and promotional strategies, and operational and guidance strategies. Initially, involving donors in decision-making, considering their opinions, maintaining continuous interaction, and ensuring transparency of actions are of paramount importance. Subsequently, motivating donors through recognition and encouragement appears essential. Alongside these factors, cultural development and awareness-raising in society to promote donors' participation in sports, as well as benchmarking from others' experiences, should be taken into account. Finally, implementing operational and managerial strategies such as organizing sports events, presenting attractive projects, designing a donors' charter, capacity building, and permit exemptions are crucial for attracting and guiding donors' participation. In sum, by simultaneously and coordinately employing these strategies across various dimensions, the valuable capacity of donors can be harnessed towards developing the country's sports infrastructure, taking fundamental and effective steps in this direction. The findings of this study can serve as a roadmap for managers and policymakers in the sports domain for optimal utilization of donors' capacity.

Due to the structural difference in the quantity and quality of services provided in the financial markets, financial development is able to explain an important part of the difference in the level of growth and development among countries, and these changes can affect the growth of research and development components in different economic sectors. On the other hand, today the globalization of the economy is such that in an economic path, successful countries are those that can provide more production and services from fewer resources, which is not possible except through more research and development. The existence of an advanced financial system is a prelude to economic development; An efficient system that encourages savings in households and reduces investment risk for entrepreneurs. Therefore, all developed countries have an advanced financial system, and no industrial economy with a higher degree of research and development can be found without a developed financial system. Also, no poor country can be found that has an advanced financial market. Today, research and development activities are the primary and basic platform for the transition from a resource-based economy to a knowledge-based economy in the countries of the world and provide the basis for the formation of knowledge-based and research-based activities. The scientific gap between developed and developing countries is also measured based on the contribution of research and development in their various economic, social and political activities. Research and development is a key and effective element in the economy of countries. Today, research and development activities are the primary and basic platform for the transition from a resource-based economy to a knowledge-based economy in the countries of the world, and it provides the basis for the formation of knowledge-based and research-based activities. The growth in the use of R&D increases more competition in the manufacturing sectors, which has positive effects on the economy, improving product quality and variety, and improving productivity, which itself increases production. The importance of investing in research and development has been taken for granted and today it is research and development that determines the allocation of funds for financial issues and the future conditions of organizations. In the last few decades, due to the highly competitive market in the financial fields and the importance of the research and development sector in creating a competitive advantage for the providers of goods and financial services and ultimately creating a very high added value, special attention has been paid to the issue of research and development. and the methods of strengthening and improving the quality level of products and services. The importance of developing the financial system in the field of research and development is obvious. The growth of this knowledge-based sector requires the accumulation of capital, and the financial system has been formed to provide the necessary resources to finance investments. Of course, not every financial system can meet the needs of the research and development sector; Only those can do this task correctly who can align individual motivations in the direction of collective interests. A task that the financial system of developing societies is deficient in performing. The importance of developing the financial system in the field of research and development is obvious. The growth of this knowledge-based sector requires the accumulation of capital, and the financial system has been formed to provide the necessary resources to finance investments.  The purpose of this research is to evaluate the nonlinear effects of financial development on research and development.

In this research, the non-linear effects of financial development on research and development in 18 selected developing countries during the period of 2006 to 2019 have been evaluated using the econometric technique of panel data with the non-linear approach of Nonlinear Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (NARDL).

The results of the estimations indicate that the impact of positive shocks of financial development indicators (banking credits and the value of trading shares) on research and development is positive, but the impact of negative shocks of financial development indicators on research and development is negative.

Based on this, in order to increase the amount of research and development expenses, it is necessary to improve the indicators of financial development. In order to improve the indicators of financial development, it is suggested to expand the size of the banking sector as much as possible, to grant facilities based on the prioritization of projects and to monitor the way of distributing bank credits, in order to properly inject liquidity and grant more facilities, which requires the application of the opinions of financial experts. Since bank facilities cannot be responsible for research and development expenses alone, therefore, in addition to providing more facilities, the increasing prosperity of the stock market can be a financial supplement for banks to cover research and development expenses. Therefore, it seems necessary that the relevant officials in the capital market should try to improve the attractiveness of the stock market to the people through sufficient information to the society (expressing the benefits of investing in the stock market) and take the necessary measures to maintain the standards and attract use capital in this market.

Economic development planning has a long-established tradition in Iran. Ideally, development plans should be formulated based on the core principles of economic development paradigms. However, it is not feasible to align a development plan perfectly with any single paradigm, as certain elements may correspond with some paradigms while conflicting with others. This study aims to assess the degree of alignment between the Seventh Development Plan and the principles of key economic paradigms through a detailed content analysis. In the first step, the fundamental principles of various development paradigms were reviewed, and eight key dichotomies that differentiate these paradigms were identified: 1-Growth vs. Equity 2- Industry vs. Agriculture 3- Urban vs. Rural Development 4- Capital-Intensive vs. Labor-Intensive Strategies 5- Government vs. Market 6- Open vs. Closed Economy 7-Sustainable vs. Unsustainable Development 8- Natural Resources vs. Knowledge-Based Economy. Using the content analysis method, all provisions of the Seventh Development Plan were analyzed and categorized based on their orientation toward these dichotomies. The comparison between the findings from the plan's content and the core principles of economic paradigms reveals that the Seventh Development Plan prioritizes equity, emphasizes industrial development, and focuses on the advancement of underdeveloped and rural areas. It also leans toward capital-intensive strategies, promotes open trade interactions, and stresses the importance of sustainable development and knowledge-based growth. Therefore, according to the results, the Seventh Development Plan has been most consistent with the economic development perspectives of institutionalists, green economy, and then Islamic economic theories.

Sanctions are one of the tools and mechanisms used by governments for protecting national interests and confining the power of other governments. After establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran, this country has always faced a broad range of sanctions from the great world powers. This research tries to evaluate and analyze the role of desired governance in dealing with sanctions and campaign of economic war against the Islamic Republic of Iran. The main question of this research is that "How is the role of desired governance in confronting with sanctions and economic war against the Islamic Republic of Iran analyzed and evaluated?" The answer to this question is that according to the transformational approach in favorable governance, the role of favorable governance in confronting with sanctions and economic war against the Islamic Republic of Iran can be evaluated and analyzed. The findings showed that considering the weak results of the Iran development strategy in the past years, application of a transformational approach in governance in order to confine the economic power of political institutions, improve transparency and accountability and create context for the formation of a powerful civil society are essential. This research investigates the role of desired governance in confronting with sanctions and economic war with descriptive and analytical method using of library, documentary resources and books and articles.

The first development program in Iran was approved by the National Council in February 1949, and then in July 1948, the law allowing the temporary implementation of the first development program was approved. The duration of this program was seven years. Before the approval of the first development program and during the Second World War, it is important that all economic sectors had negative and unstable growth. In the years leading up to the program, numerous domestic and foreign political problems caused the industrial facilities and factories that had been set up with government support in Iran to be on the verge of closure. The purpose of this research is to examine the foundations of the formation and formulation of the first development program, as well as to evaluate the results and its implementation. The purpose of this research is to investigate how to finance, how to formulate and evaluate the results of the first development program. This research is qualitative and has been done by document analysis. The results of the research show that among the financing sources of the first Program, oil income with 37.1% (7.8 billion Rials) and receiving a loan from the World Bank with 31.9% (6.7 billion Rials) are the main projected financial sources of the program (69% in total) due to The occurrence of important domestic and international issues of these resources did not materialize, which led to the suspension of the program. But this program, as the first national development program, became the basis of the development planning system in Iran, and during its implementation, the organization of the program was formed and limited measures were taken to modernize industries. Also, measures were taken to create new industries and improve the condition of railways and agricultural development.

Traditionally, oil has been mentioned as a commodity that has a distant relationship with development. Consedring the oil producing countries, especially the countries that converge with the Middle East region in terms of geographical, political and bio-economic conditions, shows that the relationship between oil on the one hand and the capabilities of the government on the other hand, there are in this area.It seems that a common denominator is that the government has been powerful in terms of control but weak in terms of political, economic and cultural capabilities. Regarding the reasons for underdevelopment in countries that have abundant resources, many perspectives and levels of analysis have been discussed; economic, political, social and even cultural reasons. Therefore, the view from the angle of political economy can be explanatory to a great extent.However, in some countries, oil is not only considered the main variable of underdevelopment, but also has become a part of the development process. Norway is one of the countries where oil has not been the only cause of backwardness, but in a systematic process, it has acted as an important part of the realities of the system based on public welfare and social services.The question that arises here is what caused Norway not to be captured by the mystery of "resource curse" and "Dutch disease"? In response to this question, the hypothesis of the research is that the institutional capabilities in Norway have led to the formation of a powerful government along with other institutional resources and these economic and political institutions are capable both in oil production and the allocation of oil revenues in the national budget and in the system. Their distribution shows a developed performance.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:

The important issue is the effects of the type of political systems and political institutions similar to the government on the levels and quality of the economy. In addition, according to Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson, subsequently, the effects of political institutions or political alignments on economic relations cannot be hidden (Acemoglu & Robinson, 2012). Therefore, economics as the science of understanding the optimal and productive human behavior is affected by politics and political processes, and politics as "authoritative allocation of values for a society" (Easton, 1957: 383-400), or "struggle over authority" (Lindblom, 1997) is affected by economic institutions. Therefore, the institution's role in both economy and politics is considered a central role. Institutions are defined from different perspectives and levels. Of course, the definition of institutions also suffers from the same plague that other concepts in human sciences suffer from; It means lack of consensus in the definition. 1. Institutions Among political economy thinkers, there is less consensus definition of institution, even among institutionalists, there is no single definition of institution, each thinker has chosen an independent definition of this concept based on his research flow or intellectual project. Some of them have defined institution as follows: a set of behavioral rules created by humans in order to manage and shape human interactions, which helps them to some extent, expectations from have the actions of others (North, 1990).One of the most utilitarian definitions of institution was provided by Hamilton, an institutional economist (Hamilton, 1932: 84). He considered the institution as "an intellectual or practical path regarding the prevalence and permanence of a certaingroupthat is engraved in the group habits or customs of a people". This definition explains Veblen's previous definition of institution as "fixed habits of thought common to all human beings" (Veblen, 1919: 239).Or with the same interpretation of North, they are considered "the rules of the game in society or the limits invented by humans that shape human interaction" (North 1990: 3).2. Development in the Attitude of InstitutionalismSome believe that institutionalism lacks a systematic core theory (Hodgson, 1998: 174) and therefore, institutionalism has a gradual view of categories similar to development, which means its lack of theoretical coherence.The lack of institutional resources causes the rule of law not to exist, or the rule of law suffers a systematic weakness. This is the reason why strong economic and political institutions lead to the formation of a strong and powerful government. Some researchers even argue that institutions can differentiate the quality of use of governance and even the quality of statecraft. Ideas similar to that oil causes the formation of rentierism. The rentier economy is a sick economy. Oil makes governments addicted to rents and they are the result of an understanding of the relationship between resources and development, which confirms that countries with rich resources are facing setbacks in terms of development.This idea follows that "institutions are weaker in countries with rich resources" (Van Der Ploeg, 2010).The starting point of this idea is, on the one hand, the theoretical formulations related to rentierism, and on the other hand, the empirical evidence regarding the underdevelopment of resource-rich states.Rich resources cause an increase in resources and capital accumulation by the government and ruling elites, an increase in resources causes political rulers to become economic investors, windfall resources make the government independent from all political and economic institutions, and the background It creates a big and fat government that intervenes in the public and private spheres. A big state not only does not provide the basis for the formation of economic and political institutions, but also becomes a political super-institution. The super-institution of the government takes the place of the government as an institution of institutions and an institution alongside other institutions. By taking over the system of extraction, production, distribution and redistribution, the government's super-institution has ordered the economy and this issue causes the creation of an institutional vicious circle.

The current research is applied-developmental in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of the researcher's approach. Documentary method was used to collect data and "grounded theory" method (institutionalist theory) was used to analyze them, which was introduced in the theoretical foundations section.

1. Democracy Authoritarianism means anything other than empowering the government. Authoritarianism means making rulers and political institutions unaccountable. They use the main sources of rent and the result of this use of rent sources is the monopoly of power in the hands of the governing body and the closure of economic and political processes. Ranked first in the Economist Intelligence Unit's 2021 World Democracy Index, Norway has a very strong democracy. This country respects the civil liberties of its citizens and the government is held accountable by civil society actors and independent media. 2. Tax Based on development indicators, it seems that there is a relationship between development and a strong tax system (Besley & Persson, 2013: 110-51). Not relying on oil for distribution resources, and relying on a strong tax system, has led to the formation of a strong democracy in Norway. Chart number (1): Personal income tax in Norway (1995-2022) (Tranding Economics, 2023) 3. Social Welfare.Social Progress Index (SPI) measures the level of social and environmental needs of citizens in countries. Fifty-four indicators in the field of basic human needs show the foundations of prosperity, the opportunity for progress and the relative performance of countries. This list is published by the nonprofit organization Social Progress Imperative and is based on writings by Amartya Sen, Douglass North, and Joseph Stiglitz (Economist Intelligence, 2013). The situation in Norway is at a tipping point. Norway, having a social-democratic government, has created a situation that has been placed in the first place in the social progress index in terms of social security measures. 4. Economic Freedom.The economic freedom index is an annual index and ranking that was created in 1995 by the Heritage Foundation and the Wall Street Journal to measure the level of economic freedom in the countries of the world. The creators of this index claim to have adopted an approach inspired by Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations that "fundamental institutions that protect the freedoms of individuals to pursue their economic interests lead to greater prosperity for the larger society." They become" (Heritage, 2023a). The welfare states of the Nordic region are known as the states that follow the social-democratic-free market hybrid economy approach (Rahmati, 2020: 235-195). In fact, from an economic point of view, they are considered to be among the protectionist countries or the welfare state (the government that provides social and welfare services to the social classes). Norway rank is 10th among 45 countries in the European region. Norway's economy has registered an overall 2.9 points of economic freedom since 2017, with increased points for the rule of law. However, Norway's economy is still under pressure from excessive government spending (Heritage, 2023b).

 CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS:

The existence of economic-political institutions is an important factor affecting the formation of democracy and its determining indicators. The formation of democratic political discourse in contrast to authoritarianism can cause greater accountability and transparency in the political system and the empowerment of strong social and political forces in the political environment.In this article, focusing on the subject of economic and political institutions, an attempt was made to examine economics and politics through the lens of institutional discourse. An attempt was made to examine the case study of Norway based on indicators obtained from institutional studies, hence indicators similar to democracy/authoritarianism, social welfare index (SPI), economic freedom index (EF), the tax index and the perception index of corruption were taken into consideration and analyzed accordingly in a comparative approach. Considering the effect of oil on the quality of the formation of institutions in Norway, it seems that the idea of resource curse and Dutch disease, which is one of the main factors of the underdevelopment of countries with abundant resources, has not happened in Norway.In Norway, oil is not only considered a factor of underdevelopment, but due to the formation of established economic institutions, it is also considered as a basis for looking to the future. Norway is an exception to the resource curse. This country is significantly different from the usual oil producer; both in the economy of oil production and in the allocation of revenues in the national budget.The presence of a powerful state along with various economic institutions, which are neither complicit nor forced by the government, has an impact on the Norwegian economy.

Non-core countries in the modern world-system face a constant struggle. They strive to break free from Western dominance and achieve independent structural development, free from hegemonic control. Historically, the development of the capitalist core has served as a model for non-core societies, both in theory and practice. However, this discussion raises a crucial question: what are the long-term consequences of adapting this model to core communities in non-core areas?The prevailing structures of knowledge often overlook the complexities and unique formations of different societies, assuming a linear path to development. This study challenges this assumption. It argues that the historical trajectories of various societies, coupled with the ongoing influence of the dominant system, create a complex and multidirectional development process within the asymmetric power dynamics of the capitalist world-system. Simply replicating the experience of core capitalist development in non-core societies is likely to have significant and disruptive effects across their entire social systems. This research will analyze this hypothesis through the lens of world-systems analysis.

This research focuses on the values of the Iranian national railway heritage and the importance of conserving and optimally utilizing these values. It introduces and emphasizes the key role of these values in the development, management, and conservation plans of the railway heritage, as well as the sustainability of tourism. Using descriptive, analytical, and survey methods, the research evaluates and prioritizes the values of the railway heritage based on their importance and impact on conservation and development.As a result, this research can assist managers, stakeholders, and decision-makers in the field of railway heritage conservation and development to formulate and implement their programs and plans based on the priorities of these values. This approach can contribute to the preservation and continuity of these values. Additionally, this research can help researchers and enthusiasts in the cultural heritage and tourism sector to identify the best solutions and strategies for the conservation and utilization of these values.The use of the ANP method has prioritized the recognition, prioritization, and scoring of the railway heritage based on values. The achievement of the research has been comprehensive prioritization and categorization, with a focus on the shared aspects of conservation and tourism. The first priority is given to the perspectives, the second priority to the bridges, the third priority to the central railway stations, the fourth priority to intangible aspects, and the fifth priority to the tunnels. The recommendation emphasizes the attention of managers, stakeholders, and decision-makers to base their programs and plans on this prioritization.

The form and path of development in most of the current backward countries of the world is unfortunately an incomplete sampling of advanced and developed countries, and sometimes the regulations are only translated from one language to another without any change. It is certain that the traditional culture of a backward third world country cannot accept the model made for the culture of others. The current research is in response to the question: What function and role can culture play in the progress of countries that are lagging behind in the development process? The hypothesis of the current research is that the progress and sustainable development of a society depends on the acculturation of the members of that society and until the cultural patterns of the countries agree with the development components, the development of these countries will not be possible. Efforts should be made to reform the culture of backward countries in line with the development components. The current research is descriptive-analytical. As a result, fundamental changes in the path of development for any society must be in harmony with the culture and traditions of that society, and all cultural factors should be helped for its correct implementation, otherwise the path of progress and development in these countries, even though it is excellent, is doomed to failure.

Society needs models to improve social and economic status for a better life and people have a better life. Since the 1950s, under the development discourse, various approaches have emerged and tried to improve the conditions of societies. The results of such patterns have different consequences. Each society has been influenced by these different approaches to development due to its historical and social characteristics. The modernization approach, the dependency theory, the ECLA School, and many other approaches are included in this range. In response to the devastating consequences of development, various alternatives have emerged. The present study, with a theoretical approach, seeks to examine the patterns of developmental discourse and its alternative discourse. Discourse has clarified the boundary between theoretical currents and the boundary between development and post-development currents has been determined based on the discourse approach. In fact, the history of the formation of the development discourse and the reactions to it have been clarified, and the latest approach in the post-development discourse has been described. The following results have also been obtained: 1-Development discourse consists of concepts such as westernization, economy orientation, growth orientation and imposition.2- Post-development is seen as an alternative to development, and the Envelopment approach is the latest approach to this platform.3- Post-development and ecosocialism are also in line Envelopment, but they are limited and uniaxial.4- Due to the consequences of development, the adoption of a Envelopment approach has been considered justified so that each society can flourish based on its internal capabilities. The Envelopment approach relies on the internal capacities of people such as NGOs.

According to the regional security complex theory, until 2003, the Middle East had an independent regional security complex with three security sub-complexes in Leavant, Persian Gulf and Maghreb. The changes that happened in the region, including the US attack on Iraq (2003), the Arab Spring (2011) and ISIS (2014), etc., caused a series of security forces to undergo changes and transformations. A new security subcategory is centered on the Kurdish issue. This has happened in the shadow of the increasing role of the Kurds in the Middle East, especially in the two countries of Iraq and Syria. Since 2003, within the framework of the Federal Republic of Iraq, the Kurds have had the opportunity to change their semi-autonomous government of the 1990s to a federal government under the name of the Iraqi Kurdistan Regional Government. On the other hand, the Kurdistan region of Iraq, as an emerging regional actor, has been trying to implement various development programs in the economic field. Although the economic situation of the Kurdistan region is better compared to other regions of Iraq, the aforementioned programs have faced various problems and obstacles. The upcoming article will deal with the various complications and difficulties that the Kurdistan Regional Government of Iraq is facing in terms of economic development. The main question is, what has been the impact of being in the crisis-producing region of the Middle East on the economic development plan of the Kurdistan Regional Government? By using the descriptive-analytical methods as well as the application of the theory of the regional security complex, we will find that the economic development of the Kurdistan region of Iraq is mainly affected by the power relations between the main actors and security interdependencies in the new Kurdish security sub-group. Therefore, the creation of an accepted role in this sub-group in the shadow De-escalation of political-security tensions and establishing balanced relations with various extra-regional and regional actors is the basic necessity of this.

Development programs in Iran are designed to increase development. But it is necessary to conduct studies to monitor and evaluate the degree of realization of the program's goals. In this study, by using the factor analysis method, the level of development of Golestan province during the fourth to sixth development plans has been evaluated and measured. In order to investigate this issue, three categories of indicators were used: a. Macroeconomic development b. Social and cultural development c. Infrastructural development and prosperity. For each of these indicators, the relative and absolute development of the province was calculated. The results show that from the fourth plan to the sixth plan, the absolute development of Golestan province is 1.58 percent weaker and the relative development of Golestan province is 3.4 percent less compared to the whole country. In other words, firstly, Golestan province has decreased by 1.58% in terms of the development index compared to its conditions at the beginning of the program, secondly, this development decrease was 3.4% more than the average of the whole country.. Therefore, during the 7th development plan, the planners of Golestan province need to design methods to compensate for this backwardness in the previous plans.

Employment is one of the most important issues of economic and social planning . One of the factors affecting employment is research and development. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of R&D on employment in the industrial sector in the provinces during 2006 - 2019 using the spatial econometric model. The results showed that the industrial value added had the greatest direct and indirect effect on the employment of the industrial sector. The spatial effect of this variable was negative and significant. The direct effect of industrial investment on industrial employment is positive but insignificant. The indirect effect of the industrial investment on the industrial employment of the neighboring provinces is negative, but it has not had a significant effect on the employment of the neighboring provinces. The direct effect of industrial R&D on the employment is positive and significant. Also, its spatial impact or spillover on the employment of neighboring provinces has been calculated to be positive and significant. Therefore, the increase of industrial research and development in one province leads to the increase of employment in neighboring provinces. Considering the importance of employment in the industry, this matter should be taken into consideration.

The present study was conducted with the aim of pathology and providing a model of sustainable development in Iranian governmental Bank which was basic research of the mixed method. For qualitative data analysis, grounded theory and for quantitative data analysis, structural equations were used. The statistical population of the qualitative section consisted of members of the board of directors and senior managers of credit and human resources departments of state-owned banks, 18 of whom were purposefully selected for semi-structured interviews. The statistical population of the quantitative section consisted of staff and staff managers and experts of state banks, 291 of whom were randomly selected for relationships between variables based on Cochrane's formula. The results showed that the sustainable development model in Iranian state banks consists of 421 primary concepts derived from open coding, 41 concepts of wisdom and 17 main. The results of quantitative analysis show that causal factors and Confounding factors and underlying factors have an impact on the category. Also, categories, confounding factors and underlying factors have an impact on strategies. Finally, strategies affect the outcomes.

Although in 1950, only 30% of the population lived in cities; Today, cities host 54% of the world's population and it is predicted to reach 66% by 2050. Among the most important negative effects of the rapid growth of urbanization and industrialization of countries is the increase in the number of personal and car-based vehicles in cities. But today, what the world's transportation experts agree on is achieving a sustainable transportation model in cities in order to provide the vision of a healthy, peaceful city with fast, safe, and efficient transportation for all citizens; Therefore, the main issue in this research is to achieve a strategic model for the development of the urban rail transport network. In this research, the statistical population is the metropolis of Tehran and includes experts, university professors and graduates in the field of transportation, urban planning, road and construction, urban planning and strategic management and it is a whole number. Using library studies, research literature has been collected and in addition to thematic analysis, semi-in-depth structured interviews have been used. In this research, two methods of descriptive and inferential statistics are used to analyze and analyze information, and according to the type of research, descriptive statistics include frequency and mean tables, and at the inferential level, in order to examine the relationships between factors, the structural equation model is used, which includes confirmatory factor analysis and analysis is the path Spss software and Smart Pls software were used for data analysis. In the end, a model for "urban rail transport network development" was developed. Therefore, the strategic model of the development of the rail transport network in four dimensions "technical and executive", "urban planning", "transportation and traffic" and "economy and urban planning", six components "political", "economic", "social", "technology", "Environmental" and "Legal" as well as ninety indicators were compiled.

The process of research and development in business identifies the needs or capacities in each business. In this process, other issues such as generating ideas, examining opinions and hypotheses, designing, producing, introducing and publishing a product, serving and performing a new way of producing or creatively presenting a product in a simple and easy way are dealt with. Most of the businesses, whether small or big, their units and different departments need to carry out the research and development process. Businesses use it for their progress. The present study aims to identify effective strategies on research and development in the domestic automotive industry and to study the implementation processes of domestic research and development based on their priority.

In this study, in order to measure and evaluate the status of effective factors; First, the effective strategies in the management of research and development in the automotive industry are identified, then the weighting coefficients related to the identified indicators are determined and prioritized using the fuzzy best-worst decision-making method (FBWM) using the triangular fuzzy gray relationship analysis method with interval values.

The results of the research showed that, three factors of business strategy, support policies and investment attraction with a weighted combination of 0.375 are effective on the formation of the current situation. According to, choosing a joint research and development strategy is a suitable option that will organize the costs of this field.

In order to grow and gain a competitive advantage, the domestic automotive industry must interact with successful companies in the world's automotive industry, and develop joint venture processes in the field of research and development by obtaining the support of managers and politicians in this industry.