economic growth

The aim of this study was to examine energy efficiency and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions in Iran.The study was conducted between 1980 and 2021.The approach used in this research has been ARDL.The data from the research was obtained from the World Bank, and the software used in this research was the avivos software with version 12 to analyze the data obtained.The findings of the study have shown that: In the long term, the effect of energy efficiency on carbon dioxide emissions is positive and meaningful, and the impact of economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions is also positive and meaningful, as well as the results of the relationship of variables in the short term, and the results of its estimates have shown that variables adjust the imbalance error at a rate of 0.54 percent and tend towards the long term. Therefore, according to the results obtained, the hypotheses of the research have been approved.

Economic growth models have long grappled with fundamental questions regarding the relationship between different types of capital and real growth rates. While numerous empirical studies have demonstrated the independent effects of physical capital and social capital on the quantity and quality of economic growth, less attention has been given to the interactive effects of these investment types. This study examines the influence of social capital on the interaction between physical capital and Iran's economic growth using the Smooth Transition Regression (STR) model. The analysis covers the period 1346–1400 (1967–2021) and employs four indicators inspired by Fukuyama's framework to measure social capital. The findings indicate that the impact of physical capital on Iran's gross domestic product (GDP) varies across different levels of social capital. Periods of greater fluctuations in social capital have been associated with increased variability in the effect of physical capital on economic growth. Specifically, stronger social capital enhances the productivity of physical capital, while weaker social capital reduces its effectiveness. This study highlights the critical role of social capital in shaping the returns on physical capital investments, suggesting that strategies to stabilize and strengthen social capital could lead to more consistent and sustainable economic growth outcomes.

Globalization as a complex and multi-dimensional phenomenon has wide-ranging effects on various economic, political, social and environmental areas. In recent decades, its importance has increased as one of the most important issues in policymaking and decisions among global communities. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of globalization dimensions on economic growth and environmental quality in Iran during the period of 1971-2021 using the wavelet method. Based on the results of the globalization and economic growth index, initially, there is a relatively high dependence on high frequencies during the middle period under review, and the two indices are in the same phase (in the same direction) and economic growth is the reason for the increase globalization. Economic, political and social globalization lead to a decrease in the quality of the environment. The findings also show that in order to improve the quality of the environment and achieve sustainable development, policy makers should pay attention to reducing its negative effects on the environment in formulating globalization policies and adopt strategies to reduce CO2 emissions.

Taxes are one of the most important sources of government revenue, which has received increasing attention in the country's economy in recent years. Important sources of taxation are VAT and payroll taxes, which play a major role in raising tax revenues. Therefore, the present paper tries to examine the effects of increasing the VAT and payroll tax rates on Iran's economic growth. The Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model is used to analyze the effects of these tax policies. The main source of data is the latest Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) provided by the Central Bank of Iran. Policy analysis is done based on three scenarios: 5%, 10%, and 15% increase in VAT and payroll tax rates. The results show that increasing the VAT rate increases economic growth, but an increase in the payroll tax rate will lead to a reduction in economic growth. On the other hand, as the rate of both taxes increases, government revenue increases, but the increase in VAT revenue is far greater than payroll tax revenue. Therefore, in general, an increasing the VAT rate takes precedence over the payroll tax rate. Also, the results of sensitivity analysis indicate the high accuracy of the research model and the reliability of the results of policy analysis.

This study aims to identify the key and leading sectors of Alborz Province as a tool for fostering production and employment development. The input-output table, one of the most effective tools for analyzing economic structures, has been used to determine intersectoral linkages. Due to statistical limitations at the provincial level, this research utilized the non-statistical MFLQ method and calculated the input-output table of Alborz Province based on the latest national table from 1395. The results indicate that the industrial sector has been identified as the leading sector of Alborz Province. This sector, due to its strong linkages with other economic sectors, has the most significant impact on the province's production and employment. Moreover, six subsectors, namely "paper production and paper products, printing, and reproduction of recorded media," "rubber and plastic products manufacturing," "fabricated metal products manufacturing, excluding machinery and equipment," "electrical equipment manufacturing," "motor vehicles, trailers, and semi-trailers manufacturing," and "other manufactured products," have been identified as the leading subsectors in Alborz Province's industry. Based on these findings, the following policy recommendations are proposed: developing industrial infrastructure, providing targeted support for leading industries, and enhancing export capacities. These actions can play a significant role in improving productivity and achieving sustainable economic growth in the province.

According to ins titutional growth models, efficient ins titutions positively influence economic growth. Among these institutions, market institutions play a vital role by preventing market failures and enhancing resilience to economic shocks. Government integrity—specifically through reducing corruption—can further strengthen the impact of these institutions on growth. This article aims to analyze the threshold effects of market ins titutional quality on the economic growth of 19 selected lowermiddle-income developing countries, with a focus on government integrity, over the period 2014–2022. To measure market ins titutional quality, this s tudy uses an index composed of the market regulator (averaging indicators for regulations and controls in the credit and labor markets) and the markets tabilizer (measured by access to sound money). The results indicate that government integrity acts as a transition variable in the economic growth model, with a threshold of 0.017% and two identified regimes, each showing a positive impact on growth. While the market institutional quality index does not significantly impact growth in the first regime, once the government integrity index crosses the threshold into the second regime, market ins titutional quality positively affects economic growth. Additional control variables—including human capital, capital per capita, technology, and foreign trade—also demonstrate positive effects on economic growth.

Economic growth and development are important economic goals for every country and have been the focus of economic planners for a long time. Therefore, with the formation and development of growth models in economic literature, the category of investment and capital provision has been placed in the focus of researchers and policymakers as one of the basic economic issues. This research aims to examine the asymmetric effects of foreign direct investment on economic growth in Iran by applying the nonlinear autoregressive distributed Lag (NARDL) and existing theories in this field, with seasonal data from 2001 to 2021. The research results show that the positive shock of foreign direct investment has a positive effect, and the negative shock of foreign direct investment has a negative and significant effect on economic growth in the long term. Also, the positive shock of the degree of trade openness has a positive effect, and the negative shock of the degree of trade openness has a negative and significant effect on economic growth in the long run. In addition, the results show that the balance of payments also has a positive and significant effect on economic growth in the long term. Finally, the results of the Wald test also show that the effects of foreign direct investment shocks and trade openness are asymmetric in both the short and long term

Financial inclusion, which refers to the access of individuals, firms, and businesses to quality and affordable financial products and services responsibly and sustainably, plays an important role in enhancing the living standards of low-income households, increasing opportunities for the growth and development of small and medium-sized enterprises, reducing poverty and inequality, and improving financial stability. Various factors, including competition in the banking industry and economic growth, influence financial inclusion. This article addresses the critical significance of accurate and scientific estimation of the impact of these factors on financial inclusion. The panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL-PMG) model is the econometric method employed, and the data utilized are associated with ECO member countries from 2004 to 2020. The results indicate that economic growth enhances the demand for financial services, resulting in the emergence of new financial institutions and markets to meet this increasing demand. Additionally, the results suggest that the heightened competition in the banking sector considerably enhances financial inclusion. The market power in the financial industry intends to restrict the supply of loans and raise interest rates, exacerbating the cost of financing for firms. As a result of increased competition, banks with lower profit margins are compelled to implement a customer-centric approach. Finally, the results suggest that enhancing competition in the banking industry and reducing market influence are critical strategies for enhancing financial inclusion in the country's banking system.

This study examines the impact of social capital and economic growth on financial development in Iran from a demand leadership perspective. Utilizing statistical data from 1996 to 2020, the study employs an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. Financial development is measured as a weighted average of five indicators: (1) the ratio of banknotes and coins held by the public to the total money supply (FD1), (2) the ratio of liquidity to GDP (FD2), (3) the ratio of banking system claims on the private sector to total banking system credit (FD3), (4) the ratio of private sector debt to the banking system relative to GDP (FD4), and (5) the ratio of total traded shares' value to GDP (FD5). Additionally, principal component analysis combines six indicators of social capital, including life expectancy, income equality, political stability, absence of violence, government integrity, and rule of law. The study estimates both short-term and long-term relationships among these variables and employs a band-edge test to verify the existence of long-term relationships. The results indicate that, both in the short term and long term, social capital, economic growth, and foreign trade volume have a positive and significant influence on financial development, while the unemployment rate has a negative and significant effect. Consequently, the findings demonstrate consistency between short-term and long-term results.

Financial crises can rapidly affect the real sector of the economy, causing significant damage. The existing literature highlights the crucial role of a country's vulnerability in undermining the stability of the financial sector. This study investigates the effect of country risk on financial fragility in selected countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) from 2000 to 2021 using the vector autoregression (VAR) method for panel data. The findings reveal that economic growth, economic structure, and economic freedom negatively impact financial fragility, whereas inflation rates, real interest rates, and country risk positively impact it. Country risk generates uncertainty, diminishes the security of the political, economic, and financial environment, and consequently reduces investment, leading to decreased economic growth and increased financial fragility. Despite its significance, the effect of country risk on financial fragility remains largely understudied. The results of this study have important implications: policymakers should focus on reducing country risk to foster a more stable political, economic, and financial environment.

The relationship between population growth and economic growth is among the important topics in population economics studies. Using the analytical and econometric methods, this article seeks to examine the relationship between these two variables in the Islamic economic approach applied to the Iranian economy. Based on the research findings, increasing the Muslim population is inherently desirable in Islam, and reducing the population rate in Islamic societies is considered reprehensible. Economic growth is also desirable from the perspective of Islam and can lead to happiness and good life. Within this framework, population growth provides the conditions for economic growth. An analysis of Iranian economic data from 1989 to 2014 using the linear least squares (OLS) method shows that population growth has a positive and significant effect on economic growth. Also, variables such as net exports, private consumption, and investment have a positive and significant effect on economic growth. In the early stages, the increase in population growth was directly associated with economic growth, but in the short term, economic growth decreased due to the baby boom of the 1960s and the incomplete entry of the population into the cycle of economic activity. However, in the long term, the human resources and capacities have had a positive effect providing the basis for the country's economic growth.

Military expenditure is a key variable in various economic growth models, and its effects can vary depending on different conditions. However, there is no general consensus regarding the relationship between defense spending, economic growth, and other macroeconomic variables. Considering the significance role of defense expenditures for ensuring of a nation's security, it is essential to examine its impact on various economic sectors. This study aims to explore the relationship between defense expenditures and macroeconomic variables in Iran over the period 1980-2022, using the vector autoregression (VAR) technique and the Toda-Yamamoto causality test. The analysis examines the relationship between defense spending and several key economic variables, including economic growth, inflation, trade balance, employment, and imports. The results obtained from the causality test point towards a bi-directional causality between defense spending and economic growth, whilst, on the other hand, a uni-directional causality exists from defense spending to employment. The study did not find a causal relationship between defense expenditure and trade balance, inflation, or imports. Additionally, the reaction functions indicate that a positive shock in military spending can lead to an increase in economic growth, imports, and employment, whilst causing a decrease in inflation and trade balance in subsequent periods.

In recent years, the countries on the southern coast of the Persian Gulf have been making progress in various fields. Among them is the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The UAE, especially Dubai, ranks first globally in some development indicators. Along with other countries in the region like Qatar and Saudi Arabia, the UAE has responded to global trends and adjusted its relations accordingly. Therefore, by joining two major international and regional organizations, the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the UAE has sought to achieve economic development. Given its significant role in regional and trans-regional affairs, studying the economic development of the UAE and the key indicators that influence it is of great importance, particularly as the global pandemic posed a challenge to the country's economy. The aim of the current study is to examine the key indicators of the UAE's economic development and its recovery from the economic crisis caused by COVID-19, relying on neoliberalism theory. The main research question is: What are the key indicators of the UAE's economic development, and how have these indicators contributed to overcoming the COVID-19 crisis? The findings suggest that indicators such as GDP growth, non-oil revenues (including non-oil trade, tourism, and foreign investment), growth of the Human Development Index (HDI), innovation in business and industrial technologies, and low unemployment rates have contributed to the country's economic development. Economic development driven by these indicators has facilitated the UAE to navigate through the COVID-19 crisis. This study uses a descriptive-analytical method and relies on library research for its findings.

Assessing the interplay between the fundamental conditions of listed companies and stock price movements provides insights into the relationship between stock market indices and economic growth. This study examines the mutual effects of Tehran Stock Exchange indices, including the total Index (TEDPIX), Price Index (TEPIX), and Dividend Yield Index (TEDIX), as well as their responses to changes in non-oil economic growth and inflation rates during the period Q4 1389 to Q2 1402, using a Structural Vector Autoregressive (SVAR) model. The findings reveal that the TEDIX, representing the overall profitability of listed companies, is influenced by non-oil economic growth but is not significantly affected by inflation and TEPIX. Furthermore, the TEPIX does not exhibit a positive response to non-oil economic growth or the TEDIX. Therefore, the notion that stock price movements in the capital market and the subsequent growth of stock indices reflect the fundamental conditions and profitability of companies is not supported. Additionally, the results indicate that increased investor interest in purchasing a company's stock and the resulting rise in its stock price do not necessarily lead to improved corporate financing or fundamental conditions.

This research aims to investigate cyberspace security's effect on economic growth in islamic countries (including Iran). In general, any disruption in cyber security can create challenges for businesses and disrupt economic stability and growth. It can be claimed that in the conditions of cyber attacks, the economy faces a kind of market failure. Therefore, establishing cyber security at the macro level of the country is considered as a public service. Investigating this issue (the effect of cyberspace security on economic growth) in a selected of islamic countries is the focus of this study. The period investigated in this research is from 2012 to 2022, and the estimation method is a panel data econometric model. The results indicate that the increase in cyber security has had a significant and positive, albeit small, effect on the economic growth of the studied islamic countries. This finding implies that, in addition to investing in information and communication technology infrastructures and increasing the penetration rate of this technology (as a necessary condition), paying attention to the security category of this area (as a sufficient condition) is necessary and unavoidable.

using countercyclical fiscal policies in macroeconomics has a long history. Policymakers use these policies to stabilize the economy and put the economy on the path of long-term growth. The experience of the 2008 financial crisis somewhat complicated this issue. Because the countries involved in economic recession were also facing high debt crisis. It is natural in such a situation to use any expansionary fiscal policy for economic stabilization, disrupting financial stability and leading to the deepening of the financial crisis. Therefore, the Fiscal consolidation of governments is of great importance in such times, although there is no single opinion regarding its relationship with economic growth. Considering the importance of financial consolidation in the economy, in this study we have investigated its relationship with economic growth. Based on this, in the first stage, we received 1402 studies from reliable databases using the keywords of Fiscal consolidation and economic growth, and then, according to meta-analysis protocols, we selected only 22 studies with final conditions to continue the study. The results of combining the effect size in different studies is 0.023, but it is not statistically significant. The positive effect size can be attributed to the co-direction of Fiscal consolidation and economic growth, which in the macroeconomics literature is related to the Keynesian effects of Fiscal consolidation. But the interpretation of its non-significance in this study is also that it is not possible to make a firm opinion about the Keynesian or non-Keynesian effects of Fiscal consolidation, as in the literature presented in macroeconomics. In the following, the results of the heterogeneity test and the publication bias of the meta-analysis confirmed the validity of the obtained results.

This article investigates the relationship between transportation infrastructure, renewable energy sources and economic growth in Iran during the period of 1991-2021 using self-explanatory vector methods with distributive breaks and short-term and long-term Grangerian causality using the error correction model. . The results of this study show that renewable energy moderates the consumption of petroleum products in the long term for Iran by 0.48%. In addition, transportation, foreign direct investment and added value of industry increase the consumption of petroleum products in Iran by 0.66, 0.14 and 0.33%, respectively. Also, a strong short-term and long-term causality relationship is confirmed from the side of renewable energies to the transportation industry infrastructure, and a strong short-term and long-term causality relationship is also confirmed from the side of the transportation infrastructure to economic growth. The strong short-term and long-term causality relationship from renewable energy to economic growth is also confirmed.

Understanding the relationship between institutions and economic performance, as well as how institutional quality differs across countries, has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Northern countries support economic progress due to having strong institutions. On the other hand, weak institutions in southern countries prevent their progress. Therefore, it is very important for policymakers to identify the factors affecting institutional quality and to understand how institutional quality affects economic growth in order to develop efficient economic policies. The main motivation of the present study is to understand the effect of improving institutional quality on Iran's economic growth through total factor productivity using the Global Trade Analysis Project model. In this regard, the data were aggregated into two regions (Iran and the rest of the world) and ten sectors based on the research objective. To achieve the main objective of the study, two scenarios were evaluated: 1) Increasing the growth rate of production factor productivity in Iran (due to improving institutional quality); 2) Increasing the growth rate of production factor productivity in other regions of the world (due to improving institutional quality). The results show that improving institutional quality through increasing the growth rate of production factor productivity in Iran leads to higher economic growth in Iran and its sub-sectors.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of investment in renewable energy on Iran's macroeconomic variables. In this regard, statistical information related to the period 1991-2022 was used. For this purpose, the stochastic dynamic general equilibrium method was used. The information used in this article was collected from the Central Bank of Iran and the Ministry of Energy. The theoretical framework of the present study will be based on investment models, optimization and inter-sectoral balance. In this study, the effects of investment in the field of renewable energy through public and private companies are included in the model. The results obtained from the investment shock in the field of renewable energy indicated that investment in this sector had the greatest impact on the growth of economic added value in the industry, services, agriculture, and oil and gas sectors. Also, the obtained results indicate that in order to increase social welfare and achieve economic development, a 4-year investment period with a 50% growth in the field of renewable energy infrastructure in the country is necessary.

The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of factors affecting capability poverty in the selected Muslim countries known as the D8 group relying on the Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) method during the period of 1997-2021. Results show the negative and significant effect of globalization on capability poverty in the D8 countries during the covered period, such that for each unit increase in the globalization index, capability poverty decreases by 1.8%, which indicates a relative improvement in the welfare of these countries. Likewise, the impact of economic growth on capability poverty is positive, so that a one percent increases in economic growth leads to an increase in capability poverty by 0.21 percent. Such finding can be due to not utilization of the benefits of growth to improve welfare infrastructure in the mentioned countries. In addition, the effect of control variables such as inflation and geographical distribution of the population has also been evaluated positively on capability poverty. Based on the findings of the current study, it is recommended to adopt inflation control programs and moving towards the promotion of globalization indicators in the economies of the D8 group.