جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « employment » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

Fiscal policy is one of the most effective government means to intervene in the economy. The relationship between government intervention in the economy and macro variables such as economic growth and employment is always one of the discussed issues in economics. The impacts of fiscal policies on production, employment and economic growth have been estimated in numerous empirical studies. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the optimum size of Iran's government. Furthermore, Considering the role of the manufacturing sector in Iran's economy, the impact of government optimal size on Iran's Manufacturing employment would be estimated.  while using data from the period 1360 to 1398, the optimal control method was used to determine the optimum size of the government, and then by using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag method( ARDL), the short-term and long-term Impacts of government optimum size on the employment of the manufacturing sector evaluated. The research results showed that the optimal size of the government both in the short term and in the long term had a positive and significant impact on manufacturing sector employment. In addition the results indicated that the Impact of government optimum size on manufacturing sector employment is greater compared to the current size of the government. In other words, if the size of the government is optimum, fiscal policies will have a greater impact on the manufacturing employment.

The size of government intervention in economic activities is important. The tourism industry is considered as a leading and job-creating sector in many countries. Therefore, in this study, the size of government and the employment of tourism sector in country and Khorasan-Razavi province have been investigated. For this purpose, the AFLQ spatial share method was used in the input-output table of two regions for Khorasan Razavi Province and other national economic sectors. The results showed that with a 10% increase in household consumption, a total of 4,533 people were employed in Khorasan Razavi province and 402 people were employed in other regions. The most employment created in Khorasan Razavi is related to education; while mining and religious organizations and organizations with members have practically not created employment by this scenario. Also, 133 people are in the tourism sector and 4,400 people are in the non-tourism sector in Razavi Khorasan. The transportation and warehousing sector accounts for the largest share of employment created in tourism-related sectors of the province. In other regions, industrial production (construction), agriculture, and industry; it has the most change in employment. Also, 34 people are in the tourism sector and 368 people are in the non-tourism sector

One of the factors affecting production and employment in one economy is investment. In economic literature, capital formation is the driving force of economic activities and economic growth patterns are based on the use of capital and labor. Despite the importance of investment in production and subsequent employment in the economy, unfortunately, in recent years, capital formation and the level of investment in the country have been very low due to several reasons such as economic instability. Therefore, it has created major problems in the field of production and employment in the country and its different regions, and it is necessary to make a codified and coherent planning to increase production and employment in the country. On the other hand, the first step for planning and making policies for the growth of production and employment is to identify the factors affecting them and to examine the effectiveness of each of these factors. The point that exists in relation to investment at the sector level (different economic sectors) is that the potential of creating production and employment (direct and indirect) of different economic sectors is different from each other. For this reason, investment in different economic sectors can have different effects on production and employment at the level of the sector as well as the whole economy. Among the reasons for the difference in the production potential and direct employment generation of the sectors, we can mention the difference in technology used in different sectors. In this way, some economic sectors have a high direct employment generation coefficient and some others have lower direct employment generation. Among the reasons for the difference in production potential and indirect employment generation of the sectors, we can also mention the difference in the communication and links between the sectors of each of the sectors with each other. Sectors that have more links with other sectors have a high potential in production and creating employment due to a certain amount of investment. Therefore, it can be said that in addition to the total amount of investment in the economy, the relative share of the sectors in the total investment, or in other words, the structure and composition of the investment is also effective in the production and employment of the entire economy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of investment expenditure change on changes in output and employment in different economic sectors in Iran. In this study, structural decomposition Analysis (SDA) in the input-output model between 2011 and 2016 have been used. To do this, first, the investment demand matrix in the economy was divided into two matrices, one is the investment composition (structure) matrix and the other is the total investment matrix. The investment composition matrix represents the share of each sector in the total investment in the economy and the second matrix represents the total investment in different sectors of the economy. For the calculations of this study, the input-output tables of the years 2011 and 2016 are needed. The statistical table of 2011 and 2016 was obtained from Iran Statistics Center. In the next step, both input-output tables were aggregated based on the availability of employment statistics in 18 sectors. After that, to remove price effects in research calculations, input-output tables should be converted to constant price. In this study, to eliminate the effect of price changes between 2011 and 2016, the table of 2016 was converted to the constant price of 2011 with the double deflation method. For this purpose, the price adjustment index of eighteen sectors has been used. Finally, this adjustment index was used to convert the 2016 table to the 2011 price. The results of this study showed that the increase in the level of investment (with a constant composition) has increased the total production of sectors of the economy by 2361599.59 billion rials, but the change in the structure of investment (with a constant volume) has reduced the total production 5224865 billion Rials. Changing the composition of investment has decreased 509620 people and changing the volume of investment has increased 3021509 people in the total employment of the economy. Considering the negative impact of the change in investment composition on production and employment in Iran's economy, it is suggested to prioritize investment in sectors that have higher production and employment coefficients in the economy.

Employment, as one of the factors of development, has a significant impact on economic growth, poverty reduction, and social welfare. Foreign direct investment flows in the world in the last two decades have had a noticeable impact on the labor market in developed and developing economies. The impact of foreign direct investment on employment levels can vary depending on the economic conditions and status of each country, as well as the type and amount of inbound investments. This current article evaluates the impact of foreign direct investment on employment levels during the period 2019-2000 in 6 selected countries in the Persian Gulf region, including Iran, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, and Iraq, using panel data methodology. The results show that foreign direct investment has a positive and significant impact on employment. Additionally, gross domestic product has a positive and significant impact on employment. Oil revenues, human capital, and institutional quality have a negative and significant impact on employment. Based on the results of the article, attracting FDI can be proposed as a strategy to increase employment levels in these countries. In other words, foreign direct investment and gross domestic product can significantly contribute to increasing employment and improving the economic and social conditions of countries in the Persian Gulf region.

Hidden unemployment and labour hoarding are two different forms of unemployment related to the productivity of the workforce. Identifying the concepts of various forms of unemployment has an important role in the effictiveness of any employment-stimulating policies. This paper provides a comprehensive definition of hidden unemployment and labour hoarding. It studies micro and macro approach to analyze the phenomenon in Iran’s factory industries. In the macro section, a Hodrick- Prescott filter was investigated to find any evidence pertaining to the existence of this phenomenon in Iran’s economy during the period of 1997-2014. The results of the study reveal the existence of hidden unemployment and labour hoarding in Iran’s economy during both growth and recession periods.

Introduction :

In recent decades, achieving sustainable employment has become one of the main goals of economic policies. As a result, a large amount of research has been carried out in order to determine the most influential variables on the increase of employment in order to make a suitable economic policy. In this research, variables such as human capital (Kapelras et al., 2019), government spending (Doi et al., 2018), income distribution (Neos et al., 2016) and institutions (Galindo Martin et al., 2021 and Urbano et al., 2019)) have been effective factors in increasing the level of employment. However, important factors can potentially provide a significant portion of new jobs. Therefore, entrepreneurship can be another effective factor in increasing the employment rate.Over the years, entrepreneurship has been proposed not only as a policy and strategy priority for economic growth (Adertesh, 2018 and Pepra and Adekoya, 2020), but also as an engine for creating employment and poverty alleviation (Desai and Hessels, 2008, Adosi, 2016 and Folster, 2000). In other words, the existing literature has proven that entrepreneurship ensures the welfare, productivity and efficiency of the economy (Bamol, 1990) and acts as a main driving force for promoting innovation, achieving new business ideas and changing economic structures(Adretsch et al., 2002; Fritsch, 2008 and Gomes et al., 2022). Furthermore, entrepreneurial activities in an economy have been proven to contribute to resilient economic performance by introducing innovations, implementing change, promoting and improving competitiveness (Wang et al., 2005). The organizational policy of the European Union also confirms the importance of entrepreneurship as a core competency for employment, growth and personal fulfillment (EC, 2004).

In spatial econometrics, spatial effects are added to the performance of periodic or complex regression models (panels). Therefore, in spatial econometrics, sample information has a spatial component. When data has a spatial component, two issues can be raised: (1) Spatial dependence, and (2) Spatial heterogeneity. Before estimating spatial panel models, we need to perform spatial dependence tests and to check the existence of autocorrelation between disturbance terms. The existence of spatial coherence between observations and spatial autocorrelation between disturbance terms indicates the need to use spatial panel models. To do this, Moran, Jerry C, and Jetis Ord J tests are used. The Moran test examines the assumption of spatial autocorrelation between disturbance terms. In spatial econometric models, to model spatial reactions, it is necessary to select the numerical value of spatial directions. For this purpose, we have two sources of assumptions: (1) Position on the coordinate plane, which is expressed by latitude and longitude, so that the distance of any point in the location, or distance of any observation located at any point relative to fixed or central points or observations can be calculated. (2) The source of spatial information is neighborhood, and which expresses the relative location in the space of an observed peripheral unit, compared to other such scales.

The aim of the current research was to analyze the effect of entrepreneurship on employment in the provinces of Iran during 2013-2020 with a spatial econometric approach. First, in order to check the diagnosis of spatial dependence, the spatial dependence of the provinces was confirmed by Moran's test and based on the significance of the above test and according to the statistical coefficient of the Lagrange test, the research was evaluated in the framework of the spatial Durbin model. According to the results of the research, the entrepreneurship index has positive and significant effect on the employment rate of the target and neighboring provinces (overflow), and this result is coompatible with the findings of other researches, including Zu et al. 2022), Levin and Rubinstein (2018), Ataf and Al Balushi (2015), Miriam and Sandi (2015), Amini et al. (2013), Khoda Muradpour et al. (2018) and Khorsand et al. The research questions were confirmed. In addition, the variables of price index and wage rate have negative and significant effects on the employment rate of the target and neighboring provinces, while the gross domestic product has a positive and significant effect on the employment rate of the target provinces.

Based on the results, the suggestions of the present research in order to increase the employment are as follows:Financial support for provincial entrepreneurs through the removal of production barriers, the use of up-to-date global technologies in order to create competition with international entrepreneurs and reduce capital risk.Presenting specialized trainings in the field of entrepreneurship with the approach of better understanding of investment opportunities, familiarity with different regions and provinces in terms of relative advantages.Supporting small and medium enterprises in provincial development programs through incentives, tax exemptions, and government subsidies.Stabilizing the price level in order to create a safe environment for encouraging entrepreneurs.Adoption of policies to create small and medium industries in rural areas and small towns.Establishing provincial meetings between top entrepreneurs for consultation, transfer of experiences, and awareness of existing problems in this field.Improving various infrastructures in deprived areas to attract more entrepreneurs.

The purpose of this research is to answer the following question:What is the impact of tourists in a region on the production and employment of that region and other national economies? For this purpose, the national input-output table of 2015 published by Central Bank has been prepared based on the generalized spatial share method of SFLQ in twenty districts and for two regions of Yazd province and other national economies. Then, the effectiveness of domestic tourism in Yazd province has been investigated. The results of the current research indicate that domestic tourists in Yazd province in 2015, the production of the province increased by 989 billion Rials and the employment of the province increased by 10,101 people. In addition, the arrival of domestic tourists in Yazd province has generated 1611 billion Rials in the national economy and created 48636 jobs. Also, the results show that "other services" and "transportation" sectors have the most effective production and employment due to the arrival of domestic tourists. By identifying the location and effectiveness of tourism areas, it will be possible to implement appropriate planning, which will automatically lead to the development of other sectors of this industry.

In recent years, the increasing significance of creative industries has made them a topic of discussion in global economics. This has profound ramifications for the economic structures and employment of societies as the creative industries swiftly emerge as potent engines of economic growth and development. Creative industries utilize the creativity, innovation, skills, and aptitude of individuals to generate employment and have a high expansion potential. Using GMM the current study investigates the impact of creative industries on employment in 98 selected countries from 2011 to 2020. The results of this study indicate a positive and statistically significant effect of “creative industries” on employment in our three different models. The coefficient of creative industries in developed countries (0.3539) is greater than its value in developing countries (0.2992), as indicated by the results obtained. Consequently, it is anticipated that the influence of artistic, cultural, and creative productions on employment in these nations will be greater than in developing nations. Also, the results has demonstrated that inflation has an adverse effect on employment, while human capital, gross domestic product, investment, and the level of economic openness all have a positive influence on employment.

Employment is one of the most important issues of economic and social planning . One of the factors affecting employment is research and development. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of R&D on employment in the industrial sector in the provinces during 2006 - 2019 using the spatial econometric model. The results showed that the industrial value added had the greatest direct and indirect effect on the employment of the industrial sector. The spatial effect of this variable was negative and significant. The direct effect of industrial investment on industrial employment is positive but insignificant. The indirect effect of the industrial investment on the industrial employment of the neighboring provinces is negative, but it has not had a significant effect on the employment of the neighboring provinces. The direct effect of industrial R&D on the employment is positive and significant. Also, its spatial impact or spillover on the employment of neighboring provinces has been calculated to be positive and significant. Therefore, the increase of industrial research and development in one province leads to the increase of employment in neighboring provinces. Considering the importance of employment in the industry, this matter should be taken into consideration.

 Today, renewable energies are of great interest due to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and climate problems, less resource limitations compared to fossil energies, and also the important role they play in sustainable development and economic growth. The countries of the world have many and diverse capacities for the production of renewable energy, and due to the greater availability of these resources, the environmental benefits and the fact that it is less expensive than other fuels, they have sought to develop the production of this type of energy. Energy, as one of the factors of production, plays a role in the economic development and growth of countries. Therefore, due to the fact that macroeconomic indicators are also affected by the development of renewable energies; In this article, the relationship between the production of renewable energy and the employment rate and the comparison of this relationship in selected OECD and OPEC countries have been investigated. For this purpose, using panel data method and data related to 20 OECD member countries and 8 OPEC member countries in the period of 1990-2019, the effect of renewable energy production on employment has been evaluated. According to the results of this study, in both groups of OECD and OPEC countries, acceptable energy production has had a positive effect on the work rate in these countries. In the OPEC group, a one percent change in the production of positive energy has increased energy to 0.27%, which is equal to 0.05 in the OECD countries.

Financial intermediation plays a significant role in the economic growth and development of a country. The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of the financial intermediation sector in production and employment, considering Iran's double-digit unemployment rate and negative economic growth rate, using the country's latest data-output table. Hence, the expanding extraction method of Diazenbacher and Lehr (2013) is used.The results of the study demonstrate that if 10% of the output of the financial intermediation sector is removed, the total output of the economy will decrease by 31188388 million Rials (31.1%). In addition, this elimination has the greatest impact on the financial intermediation and transportation sectors. Also, the 10% reduction in the supply of the financial intermediation sector will have the highest reduction in the value-added percentage on the agriculture, industry and construction sectors. In addition, the removal of 10% of the financial intermediation sector will reduce the employment of the entire economy by 49,972 people (12.3%). Considering that the agricultural and fishing sectors, industry, construction and wholesale and retail services are considered key from the perspective of production and employment, and also there is a high correlation coefficient between the decrease in output and the decrease in employment between economic sectors, it can be said that growth-oriented policies and job-creating policies are in the same direction in Iran's economy are in the same direction. Therefore, it is suggested that economic policy makers should improve employment by adopting a growth-oriented policy. In this article, the 99-sector data-output table of 2011 (which was published by the Central Bank in March 2017) has been used as a section by section. Then, the above table is aggregated into 15 sections and it has been used after separating imports

Small and medium-sized enterprises are limited economic entities that provide the basis for economic development through the accumulation of micro-financial resources, entrepreneurship and connection with industries. These companies also play a vital role in economic growth, employment, wealth generation and poverty reduction of countries.The most important development strategies is with emphasis on SME and the geographical focus of production units and these businesses organization. The purpose of this article is surveying the effects of SME credits on employment(a dynamic computable general equilibrium model). Data collection has done in library and field and using the data of Iranian Statistics Center. Information analysis has done in the form of a New Keynesian model of dynamically computable general equilibrium using GAMZ software. To complete the research, this discussion has been considered for large enterprises comparatively and as an aspect Research innovation. By the results of employment creation analysis in small, medium and large enterprises, employment creation rate during the period 1384-1391,according to the credit ceiling of 20,30,40, and 50 percent which is done by the government is ascendant.Therefore, it can be said that the amount of allocated credits has a direct effect on theproductions of small, medium and large enterprises and, consequently, on employment creation. Due to the centralization of the management system integrated and the kind of government supports that provides to these types of enterprises, the rate of employment creation in large enterprises was more than small and medium enterprise

The present study aims to investigate the impact of unilateral economic sanctions of the United States of America on Iran's employment during 1991-2020. Nowadays, the issue of employment and providing decent jobs is one of the major development goals and a main concern of policy makers and economists. Moreover, job creation is a major strategy to reduce poverty and improve well-being and thus to generate income and increase demand for goods and services. Nevertheless, with the advancement of science and technology and the specialization of jobs, the prospect of employment in most developing countries, including Iran, has become a major and fundamental problem. Several factors affect employment, one of which is definitely economic sanctions that cause social and economic inequalities as well as the reduction of economic growth through the restriction of the export and import of goods.

This research examines the effects of the economic sanctions imposed by the United States on Iran's employment during 1991 to 2020. To this end, the synthetic control method (SCM) is applied. At the first step, the total employment is measured as the outcome variable. Then, a synthetic control unit is built for Iran, by which the expected employment occurs under a scenario with no sanctions after 2005. Then, the effects of sanctions on employment are estimated. The synthetic control method is a statistical method used to evaluate the effect of an intervention in comparative studies. It involves the construction of a weighted composite of groups that are used as a control group to compare the treated unit .Using the weighted mean of units as a comparison avoids the model-dependent extrapolation on which regression results are often based. This research shows the potential gains achieved by using synthetic controls in comparative studies. The effects of the intervention may have been randomly generated, in which case it will not be statistically significant. Therefore, in the next step, the inferential techniques proposed by Abadi et al. (2015 and 2010) are used to support the estimates of the synthetic control method and evaluate the significance of the results.

Considering the importance of employment in the social and economic life of any country, especially developing countries, international economic policies have been given almost as much attention as national policies to expand employment opportunities in less developed countries and have always been one of the concerns of planners. Therefore, it seems necessary to make a serious effort to identify the factors affecting employment, which can achieve the prior goals of employment and eliminate unemployment. One of the factors affecting Iran's employment in recent years is economic sanctions. The present study utilizes the synthetic control method (SCM) to investigate the effects of sanctions on Iran's employment. Through SCM, the difference in employment between the treated country (actual Iran) and the synthetic one (synthetic Iran) is estimated. Synthetic Iran is constructed as a convex composite of the countries in the control group in such a way that it is most similar to the actual Iran in terms of the predictor values of the pre-sanction outcome variable.

The study shows the intensification of the economic sanctions imposed on Iran since 2006 and the exposure of new sectors in the Iranian economy. There were thousands of declines in the employment of Iran until 2015, which is about -7% in employment of “actual Iran” and “synthetic Iran”. However, with the JCPOA agreement in 2015 and as a result of the resumption of trade, the employment rate decreased to 749 thousand, which was 41.3% in 2018. Yet, by Trump's victory in the elections and America's withdrawal from the JCPOA, and the increased pressure of sanctions, the gap between synthetic Iran and actual Iran reached its peak in 2020, i.e. 1966 thousand people (a 48.9% decrease). This was due to a sharp decrease in employment. The results also indicate that the synthetic Iran was a good reflection of the actual Iran in the pre-intervention period. The increase in economic costs from 2018 to 2020 also shows the large and long-term negative effect of the intervention (sanctions) on Iran's employment during the sanctions period. In addition, the placebo tests show that the results are statistically significant at the 10% level. Iran had the largest treatment effects and the highest ratio of MSPE after the intervention compared to before the intervention. The findings are also robust to the composition of the donor pool and the start of the sanctions, which is because the results are similar when the countries with positive weights are removed from the donor pool one at a time or when the treatment event is moved to 2004. However, the results are not sensitive to the composition of the donor pool or to the start of the sanctions.

Crises stemming from the financial sector of economy and their possible effects on the structures of the real sector of economy including total factor productivity (TFP), labor productivity, employment and economic growth are the principal problem statement of the present study. To analyze of this problem two non-linear models have been specified. Both of them employ Iran’s macro data as well as indices generated using approaches like State-space models, over the 1985-2020 period. The first model, utilizing Markov-Switching model, beside the covering of the the crisis effects, captures the dynamics and persistence of the shocks on the dependent variable. The second one, for the robustness checking of the previous model, tries to narrow its concentration on, and by a general and theoretical specification examines, the non-linear effects of the independent variables. This model is estimated using non-linear least squares (NLS) estimators. Study results, verifying the dynamics of all dependent variables, show that both models highlight the negative and significant effect of the currency crisis.  Also, the persistence of the adverse effects cannot be rejected. Under the second model when the interrelation effect of currency crisis and credit contractions is included into the model the effects become more deteriorating. Furthermore, the nonlinear effect of research and development and mitigating heinous effects of crisis by other controlling variables cannot be rejected. Theses results have some saliant policy implications for Iran’s Economy.

One of the most important issues in the company's value creation process is investment. In this regard, investing in labor force is one of the most important types of investments. As one of the main factors of production, labor is an important tool for economic growth. Labor costs cover almost two-thirds of the added value of the entire economy. In addition to the cost of direct labor, companies also incur significant costs to ensure the health and safety of the workforce at work. Considering the significant direct and indirect costs related to the labor force, effective investment in the labor force is extremely important for companies to remain competitive and gain profitability. This paper examines the relation between firm level business strategy and their labor investment efficiency for the companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange. The research methodology is a quantitative and ex-post. Labor investment efficiency was measured using the Pinnuck and Lillis model. 124 companies were selected as the research sample and the data of these companies were used to analysis in the period of 2010-2020. The results of the research regression analysis showed that there is positive and significant relationship between business strategy and labor investment inefficiency; That is, companies with prospector type business strategy exhibit less efficiency in labor investment than companies with defender type. Also, regression results indicated that there is positive and significant relationship between business strategy and overinvestment (underinvestment) in labor; That is, companies with prospector (defender) type business strategy are more involved in overinvestment (underinvestment) in labor. This study suggest that firm level business strategy is one of the factors affecting the labor investment efficiency and decision makers (including investors to buy or sell stocks and legislators in the field of employment) should pay special attention to firm level business strategy.

The labor market in Iran is subject to bottlenecks that, if continued, could damage the national economy. High unemployment and low labor force participation are some of these problems. One of the factors affecting the level of employment and labor force participation rate is the corruption index. Therefore, in this study, using the quantitative regression method, the impact of various corruption index on the labor force participation rate and employment in selected member countries of the Islamic Cooperation Organization during the period 2018-2000 has been studied. Based on the results of model estimation, in all quantiles, the effect of corruption on labor force participation rate and employment is negative. Because corruption reduces the level of employment and labor force participation rates in selected countries by negatively affecting economic growth and the business environment and diverting government spending toward unproductive goals. Consumption level and institutional quality also have a positive effect on labor force participation rate and employment level in estimated quantiles. Also in the estimated quantiles, the impact of informal economy on labor force participation rate and employment level is negative. The effect of per capita income on the level of employment and labor force participation rate was both positive and negative.

Tourism is one of the best sources of economic growth and job creation in every region. Khorasan Razavi province, especially Mashhad as the second-largest religious city of the world and the spiritual capital of the Shiite world, has tourism capabilities with very valuable religious and cultural functions. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the employment situation in each of the main province's tourism activities. another goal of the study is to analyze the effect of increasing investment in all and each of the main sectors of tourism on the rate of direct and indirect employment in the Province's tourism industry. For this purpose, the updated input-output table of Khorasan-Razavi province (2018) has been used in the framework of analytical scenarios. The results were analyzed by considering two scenarios (proportional investment in all economic sectors of the tourism industry together, and investment in each economic sector of the tourism industry separately).
The results of the study showed that if investment in all sectors of tourism increases by 100 billion rials simultaneously -equivalent to 800 billion rials in total- (as an analytical scenario), 2831 people will be employed at the province's economic activities. Of this amount, 97.5% of people will be directly employed in the eight sectors of the province's tourism industry. The most important suggestions of this study were, investment in the field of religious and political services, construction and development of ecotourism resorts and non-reduction of the share of investment in the tourism industry due to its role in direct and indirect employment in the province.

Tourism has great importance in employment and production and is one of the most vital industries in the world. Many countries have made detailed planning due to the importance of the tourism industry. In this study, the effect of increasing the share of the tourism industry in the portfolio of households on the employment generation of economic sectors has been investigated. For this purpose, the AFLQ spatial share method was used in the input-output table of two regions for Khorasan Razavi Province and other national economic sectors. The results showed that with a 10% increase in household consumption, a total of 81,024 people were employed in Khorasan Razavi province and 9,656 people were employed in other regions. The most employment created in Khorasan Razavi is related to industrial production (construction), agriculture, and industry, and the least is related to religious organizations and organizations with members. Also, 2493 people are in the tourism sector and 78531 people are in the non-tourism sector. The transportation and warehousing sector accounts for the largest share of employment created in tourism-related sectors of the province. In other regions, industrial production (construction), agriculture, and industry; It has the most change in employment. Also, 718 people are in the tourism sector and 8938 people are in the non-tourism sector. Transportation and warehousing in other regions have the most employment created in the sectors related to tourism.Transportation and warehousing in other regions have the most employment created in the sectors related to tourism.Transportation and warehousing in other regions have the most employment created in the sectors related to tourism.

The impact of the development of information and communication technology on the labor market and social security has been the focus of international labor and social security organizations. This study examines the impact of ICT on Social Security Resources in the context of Iran’s economy during the period 1999 to 2019, using the Stochastic Dynamic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model, focused on duality of labor market (formal and informal).  The results of the study show that the development of information and communication technology affects social security resources by changing the structure of employment. A survey on the variables response to the positive impulse of ICT shows that the further increase in job opportunities in the informal sector provides more access to jobs in this sector and increasing in the participation rate, the number of informal workers increases. The finding show increasing in informal employment causes an increase in the lost resources of social security. Based on the results, it is suggested that policymakers and insurance funds develop flexible programs in order to expand insurance coverage and support informal workers with the participation of employers and the government.