energy

The aim of this study was to examine energy efficiency and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions in Iran.The study was conducted between 1980 and 2021.The approach used in this research has been ARDL.The data from the research was obtained from the World Bank, and the software used in this research was the avivos software with version 12 to analyze the data obtained.The findings of the study have shown that: In the long term, the effect of energy efficiency on carbon dioxide emissions is positive and meaningful, and the impact of economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions is also positive and meaningful, as well as the results of the relationship of variables in the short term, and the results of its estimates have shown that variables adjust the imbalance error at a rate of 0.54 percent and tend towards the long term. Therefore, according to the results obtained, the hypotheses of the research have been approved.

This study examines how real commodity prices affect foreign exchange market pressure (EMP) in resource-exporting countries using a Panel Smooth Transition Regression (PSTR) approach. Exchange market pressure, characterized by excess demand or supply of domestic currency, often requires monetary policy intervention to stabilize currency values. This research specifically investigates the relationship between EMP and real prices of four commodity categories: food, metals, energy, and raw materials. Using data from 1990-2022, we first calculated the EMP index using an independent model method. Our findings reveal the non-linear nature of exchange market pressure, with studied countries experiencing continuous fluctuations between appreciation and depreciation pressures throughout the period, never reaching a pressure-free equilibrium. The PSTR model results demonstrate that real commodity prices have a significant indirect effect on exchange market pressure across the studied countries. The real price index shows a strengthening effect on market pressure in both regimes for all exporting countries, with food-exporting nations particularly exhibiting positive and significant pressure effects across both regimes. Our findings indicate that monetary authority intervention is necessary across all four country groups to achieve target exchange rates and mitigate exchange market pressure. These results have important implications for monetary policy in resource-exporting countries, suggesting the need for active management of exchange market pressure in response to commodity price fluctuations.

Energy is a vigorous input for any economy and a determining factor in economic growth and development. The production, supply, distribution, consumption management, and conservation of energy resources are key areas, which are influenced by governance. This article intends to evaluate approved energy policies and propose improvements to energy governance in Iran. Methodologically, this research can be considered descriptive-analytical, utilizing document analysis and content analysis to interpret and analyze data. Data were gathered from various sources, including legitimate documents (general policies, permanent laws, development program laws, and budget laws) spanning from the year 1368 to 1400, as well as from published research, articles, interviews, and expert opinions. Analysis of longitudinal and diagonal relationships of approved energy policies revealed alignment between upstream documents such as general policies, five-year development plans, and annual budget laws, but shortcomings in governance have led to insufficient comprehensiveness, continuity, coherence, and convergence. This lack of governance threatens Iran's long-term energy security. Therefore, six policy packages are proposed to reform the current governance system in the country's energy industry.

Iran is among the countries with a high per capita consumption of energy. Despite the positive aspects of energy consumption, the negative side effects cannot be ignored. The environmental pollution is considered to be the most important environmental risk to health globally. Therefore, it is essential to receive green tax in order to reduce the threats to the environment and the people’s health. This study uses a general equilibrium model to consider the effects of different sectors of the economy, energy, environment and health sectors on simulating the effect of green tax on emission of pollutants, health indicators and welfare in Iran's economy. The model is calibrated with the data from the Social Accounting Matrix of 2011 in Iran and the endogenous variables of the model are calculated using the MCP technique and using the GAMS software. The results of the study showed that by applying the green tax policy, the spread of all pollutants in various degrees is always reduced. However, due to increasing the welfare of whole community, considering the effects of applying this policy on the health sector, green tax on energy inputs are proposed to prevent the increase in health costs caused by air pollution.

The increasing population and rising demand for water and energy supply, along with the exacerbation of environmental pollution effects on natural and human resources, demonstrate the vital need for a cohesive movement toward the water, energy, and environment Nexus (WEEN). Since the electricity generation industry has a significant share in water and fuel consumption and CO2 emissions in Iran, in this study, the application of a combined renewable system in the Zarand Steam Power Plant was evaluated based on the Nexus approach. Solar system designing and carbon balance evaluation during plant lifetime was conducted via PVSyst software in 2021. Also, an environmental model of ReCipe was applied to evaluate the effect of carbon reduction on the ecosystem. The results have shown that replacement of at least 1% of the nominal capacity of the fossil power plant with renewable sources, will significantly prevent 1249/46 t CO2 emission annually in this power plant which is equivalent to 362/160 m3 fossil resources storage and 373/73 TOE.year-1 energy savings. Also, the results showed that in addition to protecting valuable natural resources, the combined cycle will lead to a significant reduction in water demand equivalent to 3660 m3 having the capacity of supplying underground water resources. Considering the benefits of saving water and energy resources and reducing carbon emissions, from the NEXUS approach, in addition to managing energy supply through replacing resources and using water and heat recovery technologies, applying energy demand management policies based on energy efficiency and its environmental effects is suggested..

This study investigates the impact of final demand change on primary energy consumption, renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and economic growth. For this purpose, the multi-factor energy input-output method proposed by Guevara and Domingos (2017) has been adopted, and an input-Output table for the year 2016 has been used. The results show that among energy products, electricity has the highest primary energy consumption coefficient. Although the rate of renewable energy consumption in this product is higher than other products, due to the small share of renewable energy consumption in primary energy consumption, electricity has the highest rate of CO2 emission. Also, the efficiency of primary energy conversion to secondary energy is 24% with the lowest efficiency among energy products. Among non-energy products, non-metallic mineral products and transportation services have the highest primary energy consumption coefficient and CO2 emission. The results of units’ emission production growth of the sectors related to non-energy products show that leather products had the least CO2 emissions per production growth unit. In contrast, transportation services had the highest emissions per production growth unit.

Economic growth has caused some environmental problems such as energy shortage and environmental pollution. In this regard, in the present study, the analysis of a fixed-sum energy and environmental efficiency to achieve sustainable efficiency in the transport sector of Iran under the limitation of energy consumption and environmental pollution using the Common equilibrium efficient frontier data envelopment analysis (CEEFDEA) is carried out. For this purpose, first, a certain value of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission was considered. Then, based on these values and considering the minimum-maximum of their fixed sum, the general equilibrium efficiency boundary was built. The obtained results show that all provinces have the same satisfaction level of 0.979. Based on the results of the equilibrium efficiency boundary through the degree of satisfaction, all provinces should adjust energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. Also, the sustainable efficiency value of most provinces in the transportation sector was less than one. According to the results, the transportation sector is inefficient in terms of eco-efficiency score. Therefore, it is necessary to provide the basis for sustainable development by adopting and implementing rational policies compatible with the role of energy and environment in this sector.

Examining the relationship between the oil-based economy and politics and the emergence of public dissatisfaction leading to protest movements can reveal significant points in identifying recent revolutions in the Middle East. One of the main elements that facilitate the world economic development is energy. The threat of the world has paved the way for the development of instability and imbalances in energy supply and demand. Thus, energy resources have a fundamental problem that requires an urgent approach for the nations of the world. A country's energy has become a resource that determines a country's ability to influence the world economic trends, outlines, geopolitics, and international relations. The main question that this research seeks to answer is what effect has the Islamic Awakening had on the flow of energy in the world? The findings showed that so far the Islamic Awakening has caused the least disruption to the oil market because the producers of the Persian Gulf and mainly Saudi Arabia have compensated the losses caused by the oil supply. Economically, the disruptions have been largely limited to the countries involved in Islamic Awakening events and have rarely challenged the energy system of the world. The negative consequences of the Middle East Arab governments dependence on oil revenues and foreign aid have played a major role in the emergence of protest movements leading to the Islamic Awakening. The method used in this research is analytical-descriptive, and the main problem of the research has been investigated in the framework of Gilpin's theory of political economy. Also, the data have been collected based on reliable secondary library and internet document sources.

This study investigates the economic effects of taxes on pollutants in Iran in 2011. For this purpose, computable general equilibrium model with 2011 social accounting matrix is applied. Six scenarios taxes on pollutants have defined and estimatethe effects on economic variables and production quantity of activities. The results show that the taxes on pollutants is conducive to environmental improvement, but the economic variables and production quantity of activities are adversely affected. when the government refunds the production  tax and corporate income tax, the results show that this can indeed relieve the negative effects. According to the results, it is suggested that the taxes on pollutants should be applied along with the tax refund through the reduction of other taxes in order to reduce the negative effects of the taxes on pollutants on production quantity of activities and economic variables.

The second law of thermodynamics or the law of Entropy is a warning to economic activists and economic policymakers who pursue the goal of unlimited economic growth without considering the capacity of the environment. The main goal of this paper is to answer the question whether energy input is a substitute for capital and other inputs in the automotive, chemical and food industries. For this purpose, while using the data of companies indexed in Tehran Stock Exchange for the period of 1386-1400 Hs, the Translog cost function was estimated. Substitution of inputs in the selected industries was judged based on price elasticities and Allen's elasticity of substitution. Contrary to theoretical expectations, the results showed that the cross elasticities and Allen's substitution elasticities between electricity and other energy carriers are negative and therefore these inputs are not substitutes for electricity. In other words, in the production process of the aforementioned industries, electricity and other energy inputs are needed. Also, the findings of this research showed that Allen's elasticity of substitution between electricity and capital is negative, and therefore these two inputs are complementary to each other. Due to the fact that it is not possible to replace electricity with other inputs in the selected industries, it can be concluded that the growth of these industries regardless of the capacity of the environment will bring harmful effects on the environment through energy supply for these industries.

OPEC was established to play a greater role in the international energy system, and over a period of time, the trans-OPEC states have tried to influence the functioning and status of the organization. One of these actors has been the United States, which has influenced the organization by adopting various policies and plans, even after the discovery of Shale technology, which is becoming a major supplier of oil. In this regard, this piece of research seeks to address the important question of how the US energy policies during the Trump presidency affected OPEC? to answer the question, it is hypothesized that with the discovery of Shale technology and its expansion during Trump's presidency, the United States has tried to establish a new international energy order as well as to change the traditional energy geopolitics in order to sideline the organization. This research analyzes the issue by applying the theory of realism as well as using an explanatory method with primary and secondary data including documents, reports, speeches, books, articles, and valid websites. Finally, the findings of the study emphasize the fact that it is necessary for Iranian officials and policymakers to know and understand US energy policies, especially during the Trump era and developments in the global energy system so that to be able to try moderating the consequences of the sanctions and paving the way for Iran’s return as one of the significant players of the field of energy in the international system

This paper investigates the effects of price changing of housing energy and transport fuels on household demand in 10 separate quantiles during the years 2003-2017 via a quantile regression approach.  The results indicate that the sign of the own price elasticities is theoretically expected. These two mentioned categories of goods in all consuming quantiles are Hicks-Allen Substitutes and while the price of one of these two categories increases and if also this price increase is accompanied by  consumer compensation, it is expected that the demand for the other category of goods will increase. In addition, the two categories housing energy and transport fuels have appeared as luxury goods in all consuming quantiles. Also, the highest percentage of consumption reduction due to a one percent increase in fuel price, after consumer compensation, is related to quantile 1 which means they were the least consuming households, and the lowest percentage is related to quantile 8, which is the most consuming quantile. But the least percentage of housing energy consumption reduction due to a one percent increase in its price, after consumer compensation, has occurred in low consuming quantile 2 and the most one has occurred in high consuming quantile 7.

In the new century, consumer concerns about environmental accountability, which are also aligned with environmental laws, have pushed a growing number of companies to design and create environmentally friendly programs. Accordingly, this study examines how to implement a green marketing mix to sell a product and stay in the market. Based on this, a sample of 90 investment marketing specialists in the field of green marketing in the field of energy was randomly selected and examined according to the volume of each category. The conceptual model of the research was designed based on the combined theoretical studies of green marketing and consumer intention and based on it, questionnaires were designed and the desired data were collected. The results show that in order to research the objectives of the research, the following items should be considered in such a way that they can compete with similar types: the use of recyclable materials to produce the product to reduce environmental damage, the introduction and presentation of environmentally friendly energy in exhibitions, conferences and seminars, the use of update transportation system to distribute products in the market to do less harm to the environment, appropriate pricing of green products.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of electricity tariffs in the domestic and industrial sectors on electricity consumption and macroeconomic variables. In this regard, statistical data for the period 1991-2020 based on seasonal frequency and dynamic stochastic general equilibrium approach (DSGE) have been used. In this study, it is assumed that there is a section in the household and enterprise section called the electricity sector subsidy. The scenario designed in this study is that in terms of a pattern of electricity consumption, electricity tariffs for high-consumption subscribers in the domestic and industrial sectors will increase. The results showed that with the price shock, the amount of electricity consumption in the domestic sector has decreased more than the industrial sector. In addition, the price shock has led to an increase in investment, GDP and consumption at the macroeconomic level. In fact, in terms of price effect and income resulting from this policy, the situation of the electricity industry and other macroeconomic variables has improved over a period of 5 years.

Iran with arid and semi-arid climate needs to save water and energy resources. In this study, the two regions of Isfahan and Yazd as two critical points in terms of water and energy have been studied. In this research, the two-region Input-Output model is used to measure and analyze the water and energy relations between the economic sectors of Isfahan and Yazd provinces and the link model is used to investigate the hybrid flow of two sources and the extent of link effects in each region in 2016. The results of combined water and energy flow indicate that the two sectors "water, electricity and gas" and "agriculture" are the most consuming sectors or the most effective sectors in terms of consumption in two regions, so that the most important management node in the relationship between water and energy are considered. Also, the calculations made in the total flow section of the two sources of water and energy indicate that the two sectors "water, electricity and gas" and "coke production, products from oil refining and nuclear fuels, and manufacturing of chemical materials and products” account for the highest output (export) and input (import) of water and energy from other sectors, respectively.  In addition, "Building" and "water, electricity and gas" are the most important sectors in water and energy imports, respectively. The total flow of water and energy resources between Isfahan and Yazd provinces indicate that each economic sector of Isfahan province is an exporter in the field of water and energy importing from other sectors, and each economic sector of Yazd province is an importer in the field of water and energy.

China’s global role and its influence on the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) are growig steadily. Therefore, the matter is that why China pays attention to MENA how this region can help them extend its strenghth. By the open-ended conflicts embedded into the region from the outset of the Ottoman Empire collapsed at the second decade of last century shows that there is no room to salve for them and the interest involving of the Western countries into the region highly volatile them indeed. Declaring the US new strategy pivots on the Far East provides China with proper situation to come into the region by virtue of power vacuumed. The main question is that why and how China takes part into the MENA. As ever-growing needs energy, being a bridge between the East-West and the need to receive the new high Western technologies from Israel are the reason why China is interested in the MENA. It is tried to foster the political stability, make offer to humanitarian aids to the crisis-engaged countries and to copy with the terrorism in order to manage opposite issues. The paper tries to explain the Chinese foreign policy behavior into the MENA by what it brings in its strategic and foreign policy conduct development.

Economic growth and development require greater use of human, physical, and natural resources to increase production and per-capita income. In fact, environmental degradation has been the primary product of man’s efforts to secure improved standards of living for the growing number of people. The extent of environmental degradation is linked to human population size and the quantity of natural resources available per person. Rapid population growth, intensification of agriculture, uncontrolled growth of urbanization, and industrialization play important roles in resource depletion, waste production and environmental degradation. The increasing population and growing affluence have resulted in rapid growth of energy production and consumption and, thus, the environmental effects like ground water and surface water contamination, air pollution and global warming. All of them are of growing concern due to the increasing levels of consumption. The many problems that are now evident emphasize the urgent need to reassess the status of environmental resources. Based on the evidence, definitive plans must be developed to improve environmental management now and for the future.
The importance of non-renewable energy is not only because energy is an input of production and its consumption facilitates the production but also because it is a major source of carbon emission, leading to environmental degradation. In fact, the increased use of energy, especially from carbon-related sources, is associated with a rising level of carbon emission, which is harmful to environment and human health. Then, one of the major problems of mankind is to combine the energy consumption and to have respect for environment. The present paper is an attempt to study the effects of increased production on energy consumption and the energy content of goods and services of different economic sectors in Yazd Province. Therefore, the energy footprint index is briefly introduced and, according to the theoretical framework, the fossil energy contents of the economic sectors in the province are calculated for 2011.

Considering that the main objective of the present study is to assess and calculate the use of energy in different economic sectors of Yazd Province and since there are interrelationships between economic activities and energy consumption, we use the energy footprint indexes for domestic and foreign trade, i.e., exports and imports, and a regional input-output model to calculate the energy contents of goods and services of various economic sectors in the province. To this end, in the present study, the Industry-Specific FLQ (SFLQ) method is used based on the national input-output table of 2011 to compute the input-output table of Yazd Province in 20 sectors defined by the Statistical Center of Iran.

Information on the domestic energy footprint at the level of economic sectors in Yazd Province shows that the sectors "Other services", "Manufacture of fabricated metal products except machinery and equipment" and "Other food, beverage and tobacco" have the highest share of the fossil energy content in the final domestic demand of the province. Also, the study of the content of fossil energy in the export of goods and services shows that, in 2011, the amount of fossil energy exported through goods and services out of the province was 699,979,025 tons. The findings indicate that the "other services" and "manufacturing of metal fabricated products except machinery and equipment" sectors have the most traces of the export energy. Also, some sectors, such as "construction" and "transportation", have a small share in the export energy footprint due to their export value and low increasing coefficients. From the sum of the values of each section in the matrix of the energy footprint for imported intermediate and final goods, 20% of the total energy footprint of the imported goods and services is related to the final import energy footprint, and the remaining share belongs to the intermediate import energy footprint. The "building" and "transportation" sectors have the highest fossil energy content, respectively. The sections "Manufacture, repair and installation of computer products and manufacture and repair of electrical appliances" are in the last ranks due to their lower import values and lower energy increasing coefficients. Finally, the trade balance of energy footprint was calculated, which showed a difference between the exports and imports of virtual energy at the level of economic sectors. Although comparative and competitive advantages should be considered in exports and imports, the importance of virtual energy in competitive advantages has been ignored in the country. Therefore, virtual energy should be considered in the production of goods and services to get their competitive advantages known to the outside world. The findings indicate that Yazd Province is an importer of net fossil fuels. In other words, only seven sectors have a trade surplus of fossil energy content.

Despite the special importance of energy content (energy footprint), the number of national studies conducted in this field is very small. The energy footprint index at the macro level is less accurate than its measurement at the sectoral level. The results of the research indicate that Yazd Province is a net importer of net fossil fuels. In other words, only seven sections including "crude oil, natural gas and other mines", "other food, beverage and tobacco products", "manufacture of rubber and plastic products", "manufacture of non-metallic mineral products", "manufacture of fabricated metal products except machinery and equipment", "manufacture, repair and installation of subsidized products and manufacture and repair of electrical appliances", and "other services" have a positive energy footprint trade balance. The findings related to the trade deficit of fossil energy contents in most economic sectors of the province indicate that the industrial and production activities over there are at a low level. In other words, the trade deficit of the province proves that the structure of the province's economy depends on the outside world.

Considering the difference in consumption patterns in different urban, rural and semi-urban areas; In the current situation, due to the increase in the number of consumers, the trend towards settlement and urbanization, the change in people's lifestyles, the desire to use luxury goods, the need to access consumer needs due to time constraints, there is always the risk of wasting and reducing resources and energy production forces. And also there has been a concern to improve and optimize the consumption patterns of people in the society. Therefore, semi-urbanization is an important factor on energy efficiency. Therefore, the present study investigated the effect of the semi-urbanized population of the country's provinces on the improvement of energy efficiency during the years 1389-1399 using the dynamic spatial econometric technique. In addition to the main variable of semi-urbanization, the effect of some other explanatory variables has also been investigated; Labor force, real GDP, added value of the industrial sector, foreign direct investment, population with high school education and above, degree of trade openness and dependent variable lag have a positive effect on energy efficiency. So that all the variables, except for the width from the origin, have had a statistically significant effect on energy efficiency. Finally, to compare the urban and rural conditions of the mentioned model, an estimate was also made for only urban and rural conditions, which shows the positive effect of the city and Village living is based on energy efficiency.

The manufacture of machinery and equipment has one of the largest production value chains among different industries and the products of these industries are widely used as intermediate goods in other industries. In this paper, the production function, Average elasticity, marginal elasticity, substitution elasticity, and elasticities of types of energy for the nine selected activities of the machinery and equipment industries have been estimated by using the Translog production function and seasonal statistics and information of the years 2002(2)-2019 (1).The results show that the marginal elasticities of labor, capital stock, and energy are positive for all the production activities. The average elasticities of employment and energy in three activities the manufacture of pumps, compressors, taps, and valves (2813), manufacture of bearings, gears, gearing, and driving elements (2814), manufacture of machinery for textile, apparel, and leather production (2826) are more than the other activities. The manufacture of engines and turbines except aircraft, vehicle, and cycle engines (2811), manufacture of machinery for metallurgy (2823), and manufacture of the other special-purpose machinery (2829), have the most average production elasticity with respect to the capital stock and energy, respectively. In the manufacture of bearings, gears, gearing, and driving elements (2814), manufacture of agricultural and forestry machinery (2821), manufacture of machinery for mining, quarrying, and construction (2824), and manufacture of machinery for textile, apparel, and leather production (2826), the estimated coefficients for the substitution elasticities between capital stock and employment as well as the substitution elasticities between capital stock and energy are positive that it indicates the inputs are substitute, In the manufacture of pumps, compressors, taps, and valves (2813) and the manufacture of the other special-purpose machinery (2829), there is a substitution relationship between only the two inputs of capital stock and employment. Substitution relations between energy and employment for the three activities of manufacture of bearings, gears, gearing, and driving elements (2814), manufacture of engines and turbines, except aircraft, vehicle, and cycle engines (2811), and manufacture of machinery for metallurgy (2823) has been observed.