entropy

The second law of thermodynamics or the law of Entropy is a warning to economic activists and economic policymakers who pursue the goal of unlimited economic growth without considering the capacity of the environment. The main goal of this paper is to answer the question whether energy input is a substitute for capital and other inputs in the automotive, chemical and food industries. For this purpose, while using the data of companies indexed in Tehran Stock Exchange for the period of 1386-1400 Hs, the Translog cost function was estimated. Substitution of inputs in the selected industries was judged based on price elasticities and Allen's elasticity of substitution. Contrary to theoretical expectations, the results showed that the cross elasticities and Allen's substitution elasticities between electricity and other energy carriers are negative and therefore these inputs are not substitutes for electricity. In other words, in the production process of the aforementioned industries, electricity and other energy inputs are needed. Also, the findings of this research showed that Allen's elasticity of substitution between electricity and capital is negative, and therefore these two inputs are complementary to each other. Due to the fact that it is not possible to replace electricity with other inputs in the selected industries, it can be concluded that the growth of these industries regardless of the capacity of the environment will bring harmful effects on the environment through energy supply for these industries.

Cities are safe havens for innovation and invention; Valuable interactions are possible due to the presence of a thinking mass and the existence of diversity. For this reason, understanding the factors affecting innovation in urban geographical areas, especially urban innovation systems, is very important. A review of the urban economics literature shows that there is a modeling gap in an urban innovation system that encompasses all aspects of a dynamic urban system. Therefore, this study seeks to find a suitable solution to this issue. In this regard, first, the components of the urban innovation system in the urban economy literature have been studied using the meta-combined method. Then, by interviewing experts, the importance of each of the identified components has been examined and determined. The identified components for Hamedan city in 1399 have been calculated and the urban innovation system model is based on it. That all layers have an essential connection with each other. To model the urban innovation system, which is based on endogenous economic growth models, the Meta- synthesis method according to the exploratory nature of the research and then the ARAS method using SPSS, ATLASti and Excel software have been used. The results show that the urban innovation system in Hamedan is identifiable and in general, from five main sub-layers including idea generation layer, innovation production layer, product production layer, consumption layer, feedback layer, control and improvement and an infrastructure layer (Background layer).

Urban system of spatial distribution of city the geographic confine area and country refers. Space consequence of the increasing number of cities population, imbalance city network. Iran urban system the traditional model of galaxy before 1300 chain model (due to the concentration of facilities in large cities) inclined. This pattern in addition to the, disturb the logical relations between the small towns, middle and large with each other, cause confusion in Iran's urban system. One of the most important issues in urban system, the spatial distribution of the population. The aim of this study measure and evaluate balance in the system of the city of Hamedan during the 1365 to 1391 model entropy and nearest neighbor is investigated. Research method is descriptive- analytical; as well as for qualitative and quantitative analysis of statistical data Excel and GIS software is used. The Statistical Society of all cities in the province from 1365 to 1391 in the fourth period of census. The results of this study indicate that the distribution pattern of urban settlements in Hamedan province. /99 random and tending to normal that due to the rise of urban areas in close distance to major cities and central. also the results entropy method show Entropy coefficient in 1365 from 62 percent to 66 percent in 1391 urban surfaces and area surface of from 42 percent to 43 percent; the year 1391 Balancinglevel in four decades reached. Although the years 1365 to 1391 changes but the trend toward poor balance of population in urban areas and area of the province reveals. That in area surfaces the urban was more gradual descent. Overall urban hierarchy in the urban network of the province half been moderate. By providing equal opportunities for all cities Optimal spatial hierarchy can be in the province created.

The use of artificial neural networks (ANN) in forecasting has many applications. Appropriate design of ANN parameters enhances the performance and accuracy of neural network models.  Most studies use a trial and error approach in setting the value of ANN parameters. Other methods used to determine the best structure of a neural network only use a single evaluation criterion to determine the appropriate structure. In this study, the authors provide a new method to design the network structure. In this method, we use a combination of Taguchi experimental design and TOPSIS methods, to determine he optimal ANN structure, taking into account three evaluation criteria simultaneously. The  estimated demand for gasoline in the Hormozgan province produced using this method, confirms its efficiency and effectiveness. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the ANN variables indicates that contribution of the number of neurons in the first hidden layer to the changes in the network performance is about 54% while the contribution of the learning algorithm is about 27%.

This research aimed to investigate the public and private institutions in Iran and compared its situation with the countries have been mentioned in Iran’s 1404 vision statement so that it can suggest strategies which lead to move the country toward economic development while standing as the first country in the region according to its 20-year national vision. The main focus in this research was put on “institutions” in different pillars of competitiveness to determine the weight of each institution''s index using 2013-2014 Global Competitiveness Report and Shanon Entropy method. After that we adopted TOPSIS method to prioritize regional countries based on institutions and chose the best country to benchmark in each index. Whereas global competitiveness report ranked countries with same weight، in the next step aggregate method was used to find the final ranking of each country. Finally، based on Importance-Performance Matrix، “intellectual property protection”، «corruption and embezzlement»، “diversion of public funds”، “wastefulness of government spending”، “public trust in politicians”، and “favoritism in decisions of government officials”، were identified as the first priorities for improving “Institutions” in Iran. The result of this research can be used as guidance for Iranian policy makers in order to develop institutions and implementation of policy and executive prioritizing which can serve Iran to achieve competitive advantage between regional countries.

In recent decades، the holistic or systemic approach has been influential in the attitude of researchers in the different fields of science. In this holistic approach، models، principles and rules are found that regardless of the specific elements and relationships that formed between the elemental forces apply on the public system. One of those universal rules from systemic approach، is the second law of thermodynamics and entropy، which is one of the most important property of physical systems and the concept has emerged from the second law of thermodynamics، a feature that there is not only in physical systems but also in the living، social and economic systems. The concept of entropy in the economics literature is a kind of systemic thinking. In this paper after describing the system concepts and entropy، new approach to the concept of entropy in the economy is explained using a systemic approach.

Due to the potentiality of the accumulation of atmospheric carbon dioxide and its permanent nature، the actual amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere، the accumulation of effective per capita carbon dioxide and the accumulation of effective per capita of this pollutant in the steady state has been estimated estimated through Kalman filter approach in a Ramsey equilibrium model over the period of 1991- 2007 for Iran. Thereby the researchers were able to estimate parameters such as the coefficient of environment cleaning for carbon dioxide، the share of fossil resources in production، the rate of time preference and the elasticity of emission function with respect to reduction activities. The empirical results of the study concerning the minimum، equilibrium & maximum rate of the coefficient of environment cleaning، indicate that for 1991 to 2007 in Iran the elasticity of fossil energy in production function is 0. 4475، the rate of time preference is 0. 12، the elasticity of emission function with respect to reduction activities is 4. 45 and the coefficient of environment cleaning for carbon dioxide is 0. 02. The effective per capita accumulated co2 & effective per capita accumulated co2 in steady state with the coefficient of seasonal cleaning of 0. 02 respectively have the average of 50. 45، 52. 97 metric ton based on constant 2005 (PPP). Also the average of effective per capita consumption of the fossil fuel energy and the effective per capita capital in steady state are respectively 4. 468 kg and 6. 56 $ based on constant 2005 (PPP). The surpassing of the average value of the accumulation of carbon dioxide in steady state compared to its accumulation average value indicates that the accumulation path of co2 will have an increasing trend in next years.