government

Allocation authority is one of the property rights and belongs to the owner. The allocator must have the power of allocation to be able to allocate the asset. According to the definition of economics, ownership has a special place in economics. Its ownership and rights in any society depend on the ruling ideology of that society. In today's world, there are two dominant ideologies, one is communism, which wants to abolish all kinds of ownership, and the milder form of socialism, which wants to abolish private ownership and share ownership of capital and means of production, and the other is capitalism or the system of freedom in all types of ownership. which are relevant in two domains of property rights. The proposed frameworks for other economic systems fall within the scope of these two. In this context, views with the name of Islam have also been proposed, some of which are worthy of consideration. If we want to accept or reject a particular view on the issue of ownership from an Islamic point of view, the criterion for acceptance or rejection should be the Qur'an. Therefore, in this article, by extracting the verses related to ownership in the Qur'an and comparing the verses of the Qur'an and the views of three Muslim thinkers (Mohammed Hossein Beheshti, Morteza Motahari, and Mohammad Baqer Sadr), an attempt has been made to examine and formulate a theoretical formulation of the issue of ownership. In this study, we come to the conclusion that private ownership is confirmed in all verses of the Quran, and based on verses such as 1 and 41 of Anfal, public ownership is also confirmed for some properties, that the government will be in charge of managing such properties, although the government is not the owner.

Education has gained increasing significance from various perspectives, particularly in terms of economics. It can be argued that education constitutes the largest portion of public expenditure worldwide. Few individuals, having examined the direct and indirect social and private benefits of education—including both public and higher education—regard investment in education as useless or of little utility. However, there remains a gap in research regarding the roles of governments and the private sector in education, especially concerning Islamic perspectives. The aim of this qualitative research is to analyze the economic role of the government in education with an emphasis on Islamic viewpoints. In this regard, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 education economics experts who were purposefully selected using snowball sampling until data saturation was achieved. The content of interviews was analyzed to elicit themes that can be used in a SWOT matrix. The findings indicate that government involvement in education presents strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, emphasizing the importance of collaborative financing by both public and private sectors. With such cooperation, governments and markets can address current shortcomings and contribute to enhancing the quality of education.

Sanctions are one of the tools and mechanisms used by governments for protecting national interests and confining the power of other governments. After establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran, this country has always faced a broad range of sanctions from the great world powers. This research tries to evaluate and analyze the role of desired governance in dealing with sanctions and campaign of economic war against the Islamic Republic of Iran. The main question of this research is that "How is the role of desired governance in confronting with sanctions and economic war against the Islamic Republic of Iran analyzed and evaluated?" The answer to this question is that according to the transformational approach in favorable governance, the role of favorable governance in confronting with sanctions and economic war against the Islamic Republic of Iran can be evaluated and analyzed. The findings showed that considering the weak results of the Iran development strategy in the past years, application of a transformational approach in governance in order to confine the economic power of political institutions, improve transparency and accountability and create context for the formation of a powerful civil society are essential. This research investigates the role of desired governance in confronting with sanctions and economic war with descriptive and analytical method using of library, documentary resources and books and articles.

Given two fundamental problems of the Iranian economy in recent decades, namely structural budget deficits and low economic growth, this study investigates the nonlinear effect of the size of the government budget deficit (government budget deficit as a percentage of GDP) on Iran's economic growth using the Threshold Autoregressive (TAR) model. The findings of this study show that the size of the budget deficit, in a two-regime structure with a threshold value of 4.28%, has affected Iran's economic growth during the period 1973-2021. In such a way that in the first regime (years with a budget deficit size of less than 4.28%), the deficit size had a positive effect on economic growth and in the second regime (years with a budget deficit size greater than 4.28%), the deficit size had a negative effect on economic growth. Therefore, in line with Barrow's (1990) theory, the findings showed that there was an inverse U-shaped relationship between the budget deficit size and economic growth in Iran. Also, the findings showed that investment growth and export growth had a positive and significant effect on economic growth, while the positive effect of population growth on Iran's economic growth was not statistically significant.

Public debt is a government-related variable that links several successive governments. Each government may have different opinions and priorities regarding the application of financial policies in the economy, including the level or composition of public expenditures. The purpose of this article is to investigate the asymmetric effect of public debt on financial development in Iran during the period 1973 to 2021. For this purpose, after performing relevant tests, using the non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model, it was observed that in the long term, there is a negative and significant relationship between positive and negative changes in public debt and financial development index in Iran. At the same time, the coefficient of positive changes in public debt is smaller than its negative changes; This means that the reduction of public debt has a greater effect on the development of the financial sector compared to its increase. Also, the results indicate a negative and significant effect of the interest rate on the financial development index.

The public sector and its role in the implementation of financial policies for Iran are of special importance for two reasons. On the one hand, the main source of government income is the foreign currency income from oil exports, which is strongly affected by international shocks, and on the other hand, due to the prominent role of the government in Iran's economy, the government's financial behavior in the form of annual budgeting and policies Government finance, like tax collection, has a great impact on other productive sectors. Therefore, it is necessary to follow the implementation of financial policies with special care. In this regard, tax is one of the most stable government revenues and can be used as a tool to implement social justice and encourage investment. Tax collection in an optimal way can have an effect on economic indicators in addition to its positive effects. The purpose of this article is to determine the effective factors on the optimal tax rate in Iran's economy during the period of 1981-2016 with the help of the optimal control method. The results of the research show that the consumption ratio of the private sector to the public sector and the depreciation rate have a negative effect, the ratio of public sector investment to the private sector, capital stock, technical progress coefficient, the elasticity of production compared to the investment of the public and private sectors have a positive effect on the optimal tax rate. are Among the mentioned factors, the ratio of private sector consumption to the public sector and the elasticity of production compared to private sector investment have the greatest impact on the optimal tax rate. Depending on the value of the mentioned variables, the optimal tax rate in the economy is between 22.88 and 25.5 percent. The average tax rate in the period under review was about 14% at constant prices. One of the reasons for the low tax rate is the existence of tax exemptions, the exclusion of taxes on some activities, and the dependence of the government budget on oil. Therefore, for the optimization of taxation in the economy, it is necessary to expand the tax bases, prevent tax evasion in the economy, collect taxes in a targeted manner from activities, reduce the government budget deficit, especially the current budget, remove dependence on oil revenues, and downsize and reduce the administration of the government. The attention of policy makers.

abstract (for journal site)Today, it has been established that if countries can employ proper policies in line with the benefits of international trade, they can then prevent related crises in the field of trade, such as payment balance crises. This article models the behavior of monopolists and countries based on possible strategies for each player by presenting a static game between the players. Initially, a scenario is considered in which two countries are indifferent to each other. Then, in the second scenario, two countries are considered to be rivals (enemies), and in the third scenario, three countries are assumed, with one being a rival and the other being indifferent. The results show that in all three scenarios, the dominant strategy for the monopolist is to supply products domestically. However, for the government in the first scenario, the dominant strategy is a zero import tariff (consumer support). In the second scenario, where there is also a rival country, there is no dominant strategy for the government, and equilibrium occurs where the government imposes high tariffs (supporting the monopolist). In the third scenario, the dominant strategy for the government is to impose high import tariffs (supporting the monopolist). In summary, if imports occur from non-rival countries, the government supports consumers, and in the case of imports from other countries, the government supports the monopolist. In short, if the imports are from non-competing countries, the government supports the consumers, and in case of imports from other countries, the government supports the monopolist.

Over the last decade, Microfinance has grown exponentially, in terms of Conceptual area, objectives, institutions, products & numbers of clients and providers. Now All micro-finance programs designed so that to meet the different needs. It is an undeniable fact that pay attention to microfinance revolution & to design Islamic microfinance system. One of the elements for designing of the system is the role of government in Islamic microfinance. In this article, role of government in Islamic microfinance in Iran, through using The Descriptive- analytical, statistical analysis method will be discussed.  The research results show that the government's role in microfinance in Iran is not a providing role but a supporting role. Also, the results of the research show that the government's tools to play a supportive role in the field of microfinance include: creating macroeconomic stability, adjusting the framework of laws and regulations, and applying legal and targeted supervision.

Despite the fact that the roots of self-regulation should be sought in the 18th and 19th centuries and in the ideas emanating from classical liberal political economy theories, today self-regulation is considered not only one of the effective and useful approaches in moving the wheels of economic systems, but also a successful and useful method in different fields are political, social and even cultural. Meanwhile, the Guild organization has always been one of the institutions demanding self-regulation in the economic field, and with this basis, the issue of the independence of this institution and the extent and type of its dependence on the government is raised as a serious challenge in this field. This article tries to look at the history and functions of Iran's Guild organization, examines this system with a self-regulation approach, and seeks to answer the main question, how is the position of the Guild organization in Iran as a self-regulation institution explained and what are its functions? Based on this, this article concludes with a descriptive-analytical method and using library resources that the Guild organization of Iran, although it has some self-regulating traits, such as: serious participation in the election of the Guild union leader, determining the price and standard of the product, determining the amount of tax, etc. .. has been, but on the other hand, with features such as: limitless supervision of government elements such as: sheriff, inspector, inspector, Darogh, etc. on guild affairs, government interference in the election of the guild leader, lack of development of civil society and dependency Organic to the government and... while being different from western guilds, it did not have the necessary independence as a full-fledged self-regulating institution and does not have it.

In this era, human growth and progress in various sciences have been remarkable, so that the performance of the government has also been affected. Industrialization, progress and development of new communication and transportation technologies, urbanization, emergence of capitalism, growth and development of social division of labor, commercialization and commodification of economic relations are among the things that have caused the phenomenon of globalization. The mentioned cases can be effective on the activities of the government, especially for developing countries where the role of the government in the economy is very large. Due to the fact that the government plays a very important role in the economy and political decisions of a country, therefore, it is very important to examine the issues affecting the government's activities. Therefore, due to the importance of this issue, in this research, the impact of globalization on the Constraints on Government Powers in developing countries for the period 2012-2020 has been investigated. A panel regression analysis for 61 developing countries shows that political and social globalization has a positive and significant effect on the level of non-governmental organizations' monitoring of government power. But economic globalization has a positive and non-significant effect. A higher level of economic development has a positive effect and the abundance of natural resources has a negative effect on the level of and Constraints on Government Powers. In other words, the increase in social communication and the integration of more developing countries in the international political system leads to an increase in the supervision of non-governmental organizations over the power of the government. Considering that the phenomenon of globalization is one of the most important issues of the world and considering that developing countries including Iran are affected by this phenomenon, it is suggested that the government should facilitate globalization in order to increase efficiency in the economy.

The issue of money creation is one of the most important monetary and economic issues and has a decisive effect on macroeconomic variables. Usually, the process of money creation in commercial banks is well explained in economics textbooks and is accepted as a normal matter, and after that only the issue of money supply and liquidity volume and their impact on macroeconomic variables is considered. is placed However, the economic effects of money creation are rarely investigated. Some economists have paid attention to the great influence of the banking system on the flow of money creation as well as its economic effects and have put forward various suggestions to prevent its negative effects. What has been discussed in this article is: an overview of the different viewpoints of economists about the creation of money, an overview of its economic effects, an examination of the nature of credit money and banks, and finally a jurisprudential examination of the phenomenon of money creation by banks. and the government with ijtihad and analytical method. The innovation of this article is a relatively comprehensive jurisprudential review of money creation and also presenting some suggested rules to avoid the negative effects of money creation.

The Coase theorem is significantly prominent in responding to the externality problem, which has been criticized and defended through history. This study addresses zero transaction costs, one of the most significant criticisms of the Coase theorem. Acceptance of zero transaction costs has two misleading consequences. First, that market exchange is not possible once the transaction costs are positive. Second, the government's role is relegated to determining property rights. According to our modified version of the Coase Theorem with positive transaction costs, markets are exchanged when the expected return exceeds the expected costs. Technological progress and institutional innovation are two ways that government can influence market agreements, but their effect on pollution emissions and efficiency is different. Pollution is reduced if the polluter owns property rights, but efficacy cannot be judged. When the pollutant has the property rights, changes in pollution emissions and efficiency depend on the share of reduction costs and transaction costs resulting from technological progress and improvement of institutional quality. In addition, a criterion to determine property rights could be proposed. If all economic entities have the same share of technological progress and improvement of institutional quality, by granting property rights to polluters, efficiency always increases and pollution emissions decrease.

Aim and Introduction :

In recent years, economists have come to recognize that corruption is not just a deviation or a hurt; it is a systemic feature of many economies, which constitutes a significant impediment to economic growth and development. The present article tries to answer this question: does corruption more depended on gender or institutional factors? Today with the spread of corruption, its negative effects have overshadowed many economic, social and political aspects and have led to reduced efficiency. The international community considers corruption as an economic and social complication and many thinkers in economic, social, political and psychological sciences are studying its causes and consequences. Studies have expanded to such an extent that in the study of (Dollar et al., 2001), women are considered as myth of transparency for reasons such as lower risk averse than men and less meet with corrupt activities because they enter the labor market later than men. In this regard, (Karimi et al., 2018), also concluded that with the increase of women participation in the public sector, corruption will decrease. Therefore, less gender inequality in the economy and politics leads to the less corruption.  But according to a Europol report in 2019, " Crime has no gender." Therefore, this study investigates the issue in a different atmosphere from gender behavior and examines the issue in the framework of institutions. The present article investigates the gender behaviors of human in framework of government performance and religions. Corruption as a social complication has many negative economic effects such as reduced investment, economic growth, etc. (Tanzi, 1998). Therefore, it is rejected by all religions because of religion can influence human behavior and actions. Finally, a substantial body of recent research looks at differences in the behavior of men and women in diverse economic transactions. We contribute to this literature by investigating gender differences. So, this article tries to study the gender behaviors of human.  This study shows that Islam and Christianity have no significant effect on relation between corruption and gender inequality index. But all the results showed that government performance does influence this relation. Also, the robustness test strongly confirmed the results of the study.

The data are drawn from a wide range of sources. There are two major measures of corruption: Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), that is the inverse of transparency, Anti-Money Laundering/Counter-Financing of Terrorism (AML). The CPI was obtained from Transparency International (TI), and it ranges from 0 to 10 where low values indicate high transparency and low corruption. Gender Inequality Index (GII) was used as gender index. Our data set contains 89 countries over 10 years (from 2008 to 2017). This study used the dynamic panel data approach, system generalized method of moments (GMM-SYSTEM) and Panel vector autoregressive model (PVAR) to examine the relationship between corruption and gender inequality, where the government performance and religions (Islam and Christianity) can link between corruption and gender inequality. In order to investigate the effect of countries (cross-sections), two groups of Muslim and Christian countries have been used. However, in order to investigate government performance effect on relation between corruption and gender inequality and examine robustness test the results of the study used two groups of instrument variables. The first group is the worldwide governance indicators (WGI) and second group is Fraser institute indicators.

In order to answer the question, does corruption more depend on gender or institutional factors? Despite the behavioral specifications of women, the rate of corruption in women is lower than men (Dollar et al., 2001). We find by System Generalized Method of Moments strong evidence about this prediction. Results show that women’s participation decreases corruption and that corruption decreases women’s participation in government; and both effects are substantively significant. However, the estimation results of the systems studied in the present article confirm that the relationship between corruption index and gender inequality is significantly affected by the way the government works. While religions have no effect on how the index of corruption and gender inequality affect each other. Therefore, it can be said that government performance is a missing loop in relationship between corruption and gender and its effects are statistically significant.

Corruption is a historical, important and effective phenomenon. There is extensive researches about the factors of corruption. The social science literature indicates that women may be more honest or more risk averse and may have higher standards of ethical behavior and may be more concerned with the common good in comparison with men. This would imply that women are more willing to sacrifice private profit for the public good and this would be especially important for political and public life. Does greater participation of women in the public sector cause decreased corruption, or does greater corruption in government cause lower participation of women in government? In this study, our overall impression is that the evidence supports both propositions. So, the major aim in article is to explain the gender behavior of human to do corrupt activity in the formwork of government and religions using the dynamic panel data approach. Thus, this study used statistical data from 89 countries during 2008-2017, two corruption indicators, two groups of instrument variables and two groups of countries. The selection of countries was based on access to statistical data. The estimations show that religion has no significant effect on corruption and gender inequality index, i.e. Islam and Christianity have no significant effect on relation between corruption and gender inequality index. This study also investigated the impact of government performance on relation between two indices. In all systems, Sargan test has been confirmed. In summary, the results of estimated systems indicate that government institution is a missing loop in relationship between corruption and gender and its effects are statistically significant.

Today, migration is one of the most important growing phenomena in the world, which has a significant impact on the relationships between people, societies and governments in the regions of origin and destination. Along with this important phenomenon, there is another concept called economic development. Economic development can be considered as one of the most important goals of the government at different political and even international levels. Due to the high share of the government in Iran's economy, the government plays a very important role in the migration of people. Considering that the main goals of economic development are to increasing social welfare, reduce poverty, establishing social justice, create employment, appropriate income distribution and other it can be expected that these factors will motivate people to migrate from areas with less economic development to areas with more economic development. In this research, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of economic and environmental factors on migration, as well as factors affecting economic development in the provinces of Iran. For this purpose, cross-sectional data was used in 2016. Considering the very important relationship between migration and economic development, a model with two equations has been designed as a Simultaneous equations model and estimated by 3SLS method. The results show that regions with more economic development and creative human capital are factors for attracting immigrants. While environmental pollution has a negative effect on net migration. Also, the results show that the provinces that have moved towards industrialization, and the literacy rate is higher in them, are more developed.

Inclusive growth has been the focus of much attention in many countries due to Low economic growth and widespread inequalities. Inclusive growth is a development concept that focuses on the process of achieving growth. It is created by opportunities and people’s participation in the growth process. Given that the government can take appropriate measures to providing the way for more inclusive growth, there is a close relationship between inclusive growth and government performance in good governance. In this regard, this study aims to investigate the relationship between good governance and inclusive growth and the panel data method has been used for two selected groups of middle and high per capita income countries in period 2010-2018. By measuring the multidimensional index of inclusive growth, it was observed that the average inclusive growth index for high income countries is higher than middle income countries. The results show that the good governance has a positive and significant effect on the inclusive growth index in middle per capita income countries, and other determinants of inclusive growth such as capital, labor, technology, trade openness, government expenditure and human development index have a positive effect on inclusive growth. It is recommended that middle income countries pay special attention to institutional reforms to provide the appropriate for people to participate in economic opportunities and achieve inclusive growth.

The tourism industry, as one of the most profitable service industries in the world, is the priority of the economic income of many countries. In this article, due to the importance of the key position of the government in the economy and because the government is the main player in the political process of tourism development, the role of its economic policies is examined. In terms of purpose, this research is of applied type, in terms of conducting method, it is of descriptive-analytical type, and in terms of data collection method, it is survey type. The cross-sectional method and interview are used as data collection tools. The sources of information used in this method are theoretical foundations, research background, observations, documents, and in-depth interviews with experienced managers and experts. The statistical population under investigation is all those involved in the field of the tourism industry. The statistical sample interviewed was 30 academic experts, experts in tourism policy and Iran's economy. The sampling method used for the in-depth semi-structured interview with the interviewees was the judgmental purposeful sampling method and the snowball method, and it is carried out until the theoretical saturation stage in the subject of the article. Structural analysis of examining the factor structure between the second-order variables and the first-order variables shows that the second-order variable (tourism development) and the first-order variables (entrepreneurship development and job opportunities, competition between potential areas, government investment in the tourism sector, economic policies of the government in the field of tourism, maximum participation of society and the private sector) have significant causal relationships. In the relationship between the second-order variable (tourism development) and the first-order variable, the government's economic policy in the field of tourism (B=0.89) and competition between susceptible regions (B=0.60) were identified as the first and last rank respectively. The results show that the government's economic policy component in the field of tourism with a coefficient of 0.89, the component of entrepreneurship development and employment opportunities with a coefficient of 0.88, and the component of government investment in the tourism sector with a coefficient of 0.83 have the greatest impact on the development of tourism in Iran. have. Furthermore, the component of the maximum participation of the community and the private sector with a coefficient of 0.66, and the component of competition between susceptible areas with a coefficient of 0.60 have the least effect on the promotion and development of tourism.

The widespread outbreak of Covid 19 disease has cost the government and the people so much that its effects need to be investigated. Therefore, this study tries to study the strategy of the government and the people in the form of game theory, considering the limitations created following the outbreak of coronavirus during the period of 2020/02/19 to 2021/04/19.  The results showed that, when the government chooses either strategy of intervention and non-intervention, People choose the strategy of violating restrictions between the strategy of staying at home and the strategy of violating restrictions. Also, both in the case of choosing a strategy to stay at home and in the case of choosing a strategy of violation of restrictions by the people, the government will choose the strategy of intervention between intervention strategy and non-intervention. The reason for this choice is that if the government does not come to control and prevent this disease, society will face great social costs due to the widespread epidemic. Therefore, the Nash equilibrium in this game has been the choice of intervention strategy by the government and the strategy of violation of restrictions by the people. Accordingly, the government needs to take important steps to persuade individuals to accept restrictions by reducing the opportunity cost of staying at home.

Many of the common natural resources of the world are in critical conditions. The solution to this crisis is the development of effective management institutions. However, there is no consensus on these institutions. Some economists believe that creating a privately owned entity can solve the management problems of these resources. Others support the control of resources by the central government. Some institutionalists consider the local management strategy as the solution to this crisis. In this study, an empirical meta-analysis was performed to examine what solution the Iranian studies on the management of water (as a common natural resource) have favored more and what factors they have considered for its success or failure. For this purpose, about 120 articles were collected from the Database of National Publications (Magiran), Noor Specialized Magazines Website (Noormags), Scientific Information Database (SID) of ACECR, and Comprehensive Portal of Humanities using ‘water management’ as the keyword. Seventy-three of these articles were related to the subject of the current study. The results of this research showed that most of these studies (about 70%) used a local participatory management solution and in order to investigate the reasons for its success or failure, they paid more attention to physical factors than institutional rules and arrangements. Thirty percent of the studies supported the market or government solution. In conclusion, this study suggests that more comprehensive approaches such as Ostrom’s analysis be used in future studies to find the most appropriate management method and its effectiveness in analyses so that common resources such as water can be managed more efficiently.