urban management

Introduction :

One of the basic issues in urban management is revenue management in the municipality. On the other hand, the upstream documents specifically emphasize the financial independence of municipalities based on paragraph b of note 52 of the law. This created an accelerated movement by which municipalities have turned to unstable and short-term income generation. In general, municipal financing sources can be divided into two categories: internal and external sources. Internal financial resources include cash flows from operating activities, asset sales, and accumulated profits, and external financial resources include funds acquired through the financial market, such as issuing bonds, issuing new shares, and receiving facilities. One of the foundational approaches in sustainable urban income generation is the growth and development of good urban governance. Creating new businesses with high added value, developing existing businesses, promoting economic growth and social welfare, reducing the unemployment rate, and finally increasing per capita production and establishing social justice are among the achievements of good urban governance. It seems that according to the existing arrangements and various sources for financing described, there is a potential possibility of generating income and financing. The main issue is how to manage finances and income sources and expenses properly. In this context, good urban governance, relying on the principles of participation, transparency, rule of law, responsibility, accountability, and effectiveness, has provided the necessary mechanisms for managing the revenue sources of municipalities. Suppose the financial management of the municipality is in harmony with the goals of good urban governance. In that case, the regulation of financial inflows and outflows in this institution will not be far from expected and accessible. Therefore, good urban governance must be relied on to create sustainable income for city managers and citizens. This issue is also worthy of attention from a negative point of view because continuing the current situation can lead to the spread of financial corruption, injustice in the distribution of urban facilities, and citizens’ dissatisfaction, which will bring destructive and long-term effects. From a theoretical point of view, the significant number of articles indexed in the country’s scientific journals shows that the categories of “municipal revenue sources” and “good urban governance” have an important position. Of course, the main research gap is that a combined study regarding the role of good governance in the financial management of the municipal institution has been neglected from the researchers’ point of view. Therefore, according to the existing research gap in this study, both categories will be addressed together with an integrated approach. In other words, the contribution of the research and theoretical synergy of the present study is the attention to the management of revenue resources of municipalities based on good urban governance. Therefore, this study is an attempt to fill the research gap in the field of managing revenue resources of municipalities based on good urban governance with an approach based on an exploratory research design that covers the research gap. The present study will answer this key question: how is the management model of municipalities’ revenue resources based on good urban governance?

This study is an applied-developmental research conducted to design and validate the revenue resource management model in line with good urban governance in municipalities. Based on the data collection method, it is considered a cross-sectional survey. To achieve the research goal, an exploratory mixed research design was used. The community of participants in the qualitative section includes experts, professors, and general actors present in public and non-governmental institutions and organizations involved in developing these municipal financial policies. Based on the view of Miller et al. (2010), five criteria of keyness, popularity, theoretical knowledge, diversity, and participation motivation were used to select participants. Sampling was done using a purposeful method, and theoretical saturation was obtained from 15 interviews. The statistical population of the quantitative part includes all the actors present in public and non-governmental institutions and organizations involved in the process of formulating these financial policies of municipalities. The sample size was estimated to be 384 people using Cochran’s formula, and since the statistical population is homogeneous, simple random sampling was used for sampling in the quantitative part. The main tools for collecting research data are semi-structured interviews and researcher-made questionnaires. The interview consisted of 5 basic questions and was conducted in a semi-structured way. The research questionnaire includes nine main constructs and 64 items with a five-point Likert scale. Content validity (opinion from experts) was used to measure the validity of the questionnaire, and its validity was confirmed. Also, the total Cronbach’s alpha of the questionnaire was 0.856 in a preliminary study. After distributing the questionnaire to the selected sample, the validity of the questionnaire was checked using three methods construct validity (external model), convergent validity (AVE), and divergent validity. AVE value for all variables should be greater than 0.5. Composite reliability (CR) and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of each factor were calculated to calculate the reliability. Thematic analysis was used to identify the categories of revenue resource management models that are in line with good urban governance in municipalities. The partial least squares method was used to validate the model. Data analysis was done in the qualitative phase with Maxqda software and in the quantitative phase with Smart PLS software.

In the findings section, the interviews were conducted using thematic analysis based on the six-step Ethrid-Sterling method. In the open coding stage, 1441 codes were identified. Through axial coding, two overarching themes, nine main themes, and 64 secondary themes were obtained. The factor loadings are greater than 0.6 in all cases, and the t statistic is greater than 1.96 in all cases. Therefore, the measurement part of the model is valid. And the coefficient of determination of the endogenous structures of the research model is favorable. The value of the determination coefficient of the municipality’s revenue resource management was estimated at 0.814. This shows that the variables of the model have been able to explain 81% of the changes in the management of municipal revenue resources. The index (Q^2) was also estimated to be positive in all cases, so the model has good predictive ability.

Research results showed that good urban governance affects urban planning, public culture, and meritocracy systems. These factors also affect the optimization of municipal tax and toll laws and municipal financial management tasks and lead to achieving sustainable financial resources and sustainable urban development. Finally, obtaining financial resources and sustainable development leads to the management of sustainable municipal income resources.

Introduction :

A smart city leverages cutting-edge technologies to deliver automated and efficient services, ultimately enhancing its citizens’ lifestyles and quality of life. While smart cities are characterized by three key aspects - institutional factors, technological factors, and human factors - it is the integrated amalgamation of these three elements that give rise to the six core components of a smart city, categorised as smart economy, smart people, smart governance, smart living, smart mobility, and smart environment. These six components serve as effective tools for governments to operate more efficiently within the framework of sound management and governance practices. Historically, urban development trajectories have demonstrated that a city’s intelligence relies not solely on innovative technological factors but, more crucially, on the intelligent management and coordination of various urban domains and stakeholders. Smart governance holds a position of high importance among other smart city pillars, owing to its prominent role in policymaking, planning, fostering public participation, and providing public services, as well as its significant contribution to shaping the foundational elements of a smart city. This importance is so pronounced that some experts posit that smart cities are initiated through smart governance. Urban managers must recognize that technology alone is insufficient to make a city smarter; rather, building a smart city necessitates a political understanding and application of technology.Consequently, we conclude that the implementation of smart city development is an absolute necessity due to its immense potential, as it enables effective governance. This is because its foundation is built upon the smart participation of citizens through information andcommunication technologies. Smart city development empowers city authorities to engage in direct interaction with society and urban infrastructure, which can shape a highly effective management approach. Such an approach can mitigate administrative corruption, facilitate proper oversight, enable immediate responses to challenges, prevent resource wastage, and more. Ultimately, this can culminate in efficient governance and earn citizens’ trust. It is crucial to recognize that this method of city management is an ongoing process, not a project or a final objective. The present study underscores the importance of efficient governance predicated on smart city development. This research aims to propose macro-level strategies for realizing the vision of the role of smart city development in efficient governance, as perceived by the citizens of Tehran. The primary question driving this research is the impact of smart city development on efficient governance from the citizens’ perspective.

This study employed the grounded theory approach as formulated by Strauss and Corbin, emphasizing open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, and conducted in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 19 residents of Tehran through theoretical sampling. From the interviews, 14 selective codes were identified and organized into five categories: causal conditions, strategies, intervening factors, contextual factors, and outcomes. Additionally, 133 axial codes and 668 open codes were extracted. The primary focus of this research is “smart city development in Tehran.” The researcher achieved theoretical saturation after the 16th interview but continued interviewing up to the 19th participant to ensure greater reliability. Data analysis and coding were performed using MAXQDA 2020. The standards of acceptability, confirmability, reliability, and transferability were applied to evaluate the quality criteria.

Smart city development, which serves as the focal point of this research, is a process that employs modern technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence, data analysis, and geographic information systems to improve citizens’ quality of life, enhance resource efficiency, protect the environment, and streamline communication within urban settings. The identified causal conditions in this study include deficiencies in urban management and a lack of integration among organizations, economic difficulties, inadequate financial resources, urban social and environmental challenges, and a failure to meet global standards. The notion of deficiencies in urban management and the absence of organizational integration involves a technological culture and structure that is outdated, a lack of unified urban governance, political and social challenges at the management level, the absence of comprehensive strategies for city administration, unpreparedness for managing crises arising from natural disasters, and the obsolescence of traditional management practices. Economic difficulties and insufficient financial resources encompass sanctions, budget shortfalls in government funding, and a lack of private-sector investment. Social and environmental challenges include environmental degradation and resource scarcity, a mismatch between urban infrastructure and population growth, inadequate adaptation of pathways, shifts in the status of social issues, and rising social anomie. The concept of lagging behind global standards pertains to the failure to align with and adhere to international norms, regulations, and methodologies across various domains, including technology, environmental management, economic practices, and social issues. This lag can result in diminished competitiveness, backwardness, and constraints on international collaboration.The strategies outlined in this study include establishing a foundation for smart city development, implementing knowledge management practices, creating a financing framework, and adopting modern technologies. Establishing a foundation for smart city development entails formulating, reviewing, and communicating regulations, utilizing human resources, and developing essential infrastructure and hardware. Knowledge management promotes the exchange of knowledge and experiences among members of the organization and at the city level. This sharing of knowledge fosters increased collaboration and coordination among participants and, ultimately, among organizations, leading to improved processes and more informed decision-making. The establishment of a financing framework, both from internal and external sources, is another critical strategy for realizing smart city development in Tehran. The adoption of modern technologies includes innovative training methods using advanced tools and the application of cutting-edge instruments.Security and privacy concerns and ineffective management systems are significant intervening factors in this research. Security and privacy issues involve the potential for personal data breaches and leaks, as well as government surveillance of citizens’ behavior through digital means, which diminishes trust and encourages a preference for foreign applications over domestic ones. Ineffective management systems are characterized by a lack of concern and accountability among managers in addressing urban challenges, the concentration of resources in Tehran, insufficient attention to ethical standards by managers, inadequate needs assessments before planning, inappropriate responses to current issues, a preference for foreign applications over local ones, a lack of consistency in government planning and oversight, and a failure to implement merit-based practices while underutilizing the talents and creativity of citizens.The contextual factors identified in this study encompass optimal and integrated governance as well as transnational communications. Optimal and integrated governance within a smart city signifies the existence of a management system that ensures all organizations and ecosystems involved in smart city development function in a cohesive and aligned manner. Key components and indicators of effective governance in a city include transparency, citizen engagement, coordination, adaptability, efficiency and effectiveness, sustainability, and innovation. Transnational communications refer to the exchange of data, trade, and enhanced technical and cultural collaborations between cities and countries. The advantages of transnational communications include the sharing of experiences and knowledge, collaboration on joint initiatives, and the attraction of foreign investments.The impacts of smart city development discussed in this research include both positive and negative effects. Positive impacts are reflected in social aspects (such as the convergence of urban information, increased job opportunities, improved social security, enhanced social capital, mitigation of urban challenges, sustainable urban growth, and the establishment of integrated management) as well as in individual aspects (including easier access to urban services, development of communication networks, enhanced quality of personal life, opportunities for social mobility, and easier access to knowledge). Conversely, negative impacts encompass social consequences (such as an excessive reliance on technology within national structures, the displacement of certain jobs, and the diminishing of traditional practices) and individual consequences (including the emergence of new risks, sedentary behavior, and related health issues, reduced soft skills, and a rise in psychological disorders).

The development of smart cities plays a vital role in achieving sustainable development and enhancing residents’ quality of life. This concept is realized through information and communication technologies aimed at improving urban management, increasing transparency, fostering citizen engagement, and optimizing resources. Consequently, effective governance in smart city development promotes greater transparency and citizen involvement in decision-making, streamlines processes to reduce bureaucracy, enhances communication, and establishes suitable regulations. Additional benefits include advancements in electronic urban services, cost savings, intelligent traffic management, reduced congestion, improved public transport safety and efficiency, effective waste management, smart energy management, efficient water resource management, and data-driven decision-making, providing accurate data to decision-makers. This enhances decision-making quality and public services. Such advancements can lead to increased accountability, timely decisions, and transparency in governance. To support this initiative, it is essential to raise citizen awareness through training and workshops that educate residents about smart city concepts, encourage participation, create opportunities for involvement in decision-making, establish platforms for gathering citizen opinions, develop smart city projects, disseminate information about initiatives, conduct research, and create national databases as effective measures.

Introduction Since its formation, urban management in Iran, which has been backed for more than a hundred years, has always faced fluctuations both in its concept and position. Moreover, the ambiguity in its structure and the way of communication with its internal and external environment has always been a problem for the urban management system of the country. Therefore, a large body of today’s urban management problems, including its inefficiency and low effectiveness, are caused by these historical fluctuations. Meanwhile, one of the important foundations of the urban management system, the city Islamic councils, is one of the best hopes for creating citizen participation capacities in the urban management system and strengthening local self-governance. This basic principle of urban management has played an important role in the transition from non-participatory and authoritarian urban management to good urban governance and has appropriate legal capacities to make the urban management system transparent, accountable, and reliable. However, although city councils have been added to Iran’s urban management system as an important principle and advisory and supervisory layer in the last 20 years, the result of their performance in terms of efficiency and effectiveness on the quality of the urban management system and its improvement has not been positive and significant. The main purpose of this study is the pathology of the organizations, duties, and elections of the country’s Islamic councils and the election of mayors’ law (approved in 1996 and its subsequent amendments).Materials and MethodsThe legal research approach has been deployed as the main methodology of the current article to identify the critical bottlenecks in this law, its inefficiencies, and inadequacies from the perspective of the efficiency and effectiveness of the Islamic city of Tehran (placement and duties). Moreover, using this semi-structural method (in-person interview) the role of the council in Tehran’s urban management system has been recognized and analyzed, and then required legal reforms and policy recommendations are proposed.FindingsThe results of the article show that, regarding the law, the majority of Tehran city councils’ authority is in the removal and installation of the mayor and supervision of municipal affairs, and the lowest area of its authority is in connection with the supervision and cooperation of urban branches of the central government who are service providers at the city level. As a result, one of the main reasons for the council’s low efficiency is the determination of the limits for the council’s supervisory powers to the extent of cooperation, which is done based on discretion and upon the request of government organizations. Also, the mechanism of legal treatment for the conditions of non-cooperation of government agencies with the council is not provided in the law. This drawback particularly in Tehran where all of the central government ministries and branches are established has exacerbated the inefficiency and inability of the city council for supervision and effectiveness for the whole city not only for the municipal affairs.ConclusionThe results also indicate that there are three possible solutions for enhancing the role of the city council in Tehran’s urban management. These are 1) Amendment of the current law, 2) Developing a new law based on the local management independence, and 3) Amendment of the current law regarding the separation of Tehran city council as the capital council from another city council in the country and law amendment based on this separation. By examining the strengths and weaknesses of each of the possible options for amending the law, option 3 is the most likely solution with a higher ability to be realized in the current legal environment and legal structure of the country. Moreover, the general favor of urban management experts regarding the separation of Tehran’s problems as the capital of the country has increased the chance of solution number 3. Indeed, considering the vast amendments required to change the current law of councils to expand the decision-making powers and competencies of the council over the whole urban organizations, and not just the municipality, this ability and relative capacity exists in the current conditions in Tehran. Finally, supporting the main results of previous studies on the issue of drafting new laws for Tehran’s urban management system for separating and amending existing laws to strengthen the position of the local management in the national and regional management structure of the country indicates that the option number 3 is a shortcut for reaching the good result.

Introduction :

Participatory governance is an important approach that has attracted the attention of statesmen in the past few years, and it is used to bring people together with policies and use their capacity in implementation and monitoring. Urban management also uses this approach in the field of budgeting, implementing, and monitoring municipal projects. In this regard, one of the important plans that were carried out in Tehran municipality in 1401 is the “I am the mayor” plan, which aims to survey citizens for budgeting and prioritization of new municipal projects. 

This article aims to investigate and evaluate this plan’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats with the SWOT analysis method and then prioritize the extracted strategies using QSPM technique. This research was conducted using a qualitative (descriptive-analytical) method. Information was collected in the form of in-depth and semi-structured interviews. In this regard, 24 experts in the field of urban management and participatory governance were surveyed.

The results of this analysis show that proper accessibility, proper notification, considering the incentive system, and a quick review of proposals are the strengths of the plan; short plan implementation time, the possibility of registering fake comments, aggregating various preferences, and asking unprofessional questions are weak points of the plan; increasing social capital, strengthening social justice, reducing social problems, and greater productivity are plan opportunities; and limitation of resources, imposing opinions on all people, creating expectations in citizens, and lack of sufficient awareness of citizens are the threats of this plan. Based on the analysis, 8 important strategies have been presented in the form of a SWOT matrix. 

The results obtained from the QSPM analysis also show that among the developed strategies, the “Strategy of informing people about the results of plan implementation” and “the strategy of using various tools and methods for participation” are the most important. The selection of “Strategy of informing people about the results of plan implementation” as the most important strategy shows that people like to be aware of the results of their participation and to see the effects of participation in their lives. In the end, practical suggestions are provided for making more use of strengths and opportunities, as well as reducing weaknesses and threats. Finally, solutions for better implementation of participatory budgeting plans are recommended.

The Civil Service Management Law in the administrative system of the country is a public policy and the mother law, which includes valuable concepts and norms in the field of administrative law.The law is considered a change in administrative law and has changed the legal tradition of the country. However, some articles of the law have not been fully implemented, despite the fact that several years have passed since its adoption.Therefore, this study intends to take an important step towards the growth of the country's administrative system by analyzing the form deficiencies of the Civil Service Management Law and providing corrective solutions. The research is inductive and qualitative. The interviewees in the present study were selected by snowball sampling method. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview and the "theme analysis" approach by MAXQDA quality software was used to analyze the data.The research findings showed that some of the form deficiencies identified in the Civil Service Management Law: "Lack of comprehensive definitions and terms used in the law, The existence of ambiguity in some articles of the law (lack of transparency), the inconsistency of the name of the chapter with its content, the existence of parallel and sometimes contradictory laws and their non-publication and the publicity of these laws, etc.Therefore, according to the research findings, having inherent features of the law is ambiguous in the Civil Service Management Law. Given the importance and key role of the Civil Service Management Law in the quality of public administration, The method and model intended to study this law and the results of this research can, To be used in pathology and development of other public laws and policies, including urban management laws, which are considered as the most important points of connection between urban management and citizens.

In developing countries with inefficient economic systems and poor tax systems and without mechanisms of citizen participation in the supply of urban costs, the municipal revenue supply system will incline toward unsustainable income resources. Providing sustainable economic resources is one of the most critical challenges for urban management planners and policy-makers. Considering the importance of the role of Tehran metropolis in the urban and national economy, the present study is aimed to identify the complexity of the economic capital acquisition system based on the "competitive advantage of nations" model and with the participation of the Tehran urban management and investment decision-makers and also to identify the environmental determinant factors and extract the cause-effect relationships of the economic capital acquisition system to find the competitive strategies of the development of the economic resources acquisition system in Tehran urban management.

The present paper uses the hybrid fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making approaches, including the two-stage Delphi technique to identify the factors affecting the subsystems of the "competitive advantage of nations" model, the fuzzy AHP to perform the paired comparisons and prioritize the factors, the hybrid fuzzy DEMATEL and SNA (social network analysis) approaches to analyze the network and extract the applied causal relationships. The participants included 12 elites from among the chiefs of the investment offices of the 22 municipal districts of Tehran and the experts introduced by the International Relations & Affairs of Tehran Municipality, who were selected using the purposeful sampling method. The research problem was investigated and analyzed using the fuzzy structure, considering the ambiguity and complexity of the relationships and the available approximate information.

After the review of the literature on the economic capital acquisition in urban management, based on the "competitive advantage of nations" model, initially, four economic resource acquisition systems (production factors, demand conditions, strategy and structure, and supportive industries), the governmental factors, unpredicted events, and 15 subsystems were determined (Fig.1). In the first stage, a total of 97 factors were ranked and refined (filtered) based on the consensus of the elites and using the Likert scale. In the second stage of the Delphi technique, to provide an opportunity for self-revision and assessment of the opinions of others, we again referred to the elites and, subsequently, a total of 65 factors were finally agreed upon and approved based on the elites' consensus. Figure (2) illustrates the Pareto diagram of the identified influential factors. As can be seen in this figure, the production factors with 18 factors ranked first in terms of the factors affecting the economic resource acquisition and the strategy and structure with 17 factors ranked next to it. Figure 1- Economic resource acquisition factors system based on the "competitive advantage of nations" model (res: findings) Figure 2- Pareto diagram of factors affecting the economic resource acquisition based on the "competitive advantage of nations" (res: findings) The assessment of the effectiveness of the systems showed that the external factors, including the government that is out of the control of the capital acquisition system in urban management, had the highest effectiveness with a weight of 33.8%. Next to it, the competition structure and strategy, with a weight of 33%, were the most influential factors in the capital acquisition in Tehran. Subsequently, the factors of production with a weight of 16.8%, the supportive industries related to urban management with a weight of 8.4%, and domestic demand for urban services in Tehran with a weight of 9% exhibited the lowest effectiveness. By investigating the system and subsystems of the model, it can be concluded that although the elites believed that the factors, which were out of the authority of the urban managers, were among the most critical factors affecting capital acquisition, the role of urban managers is the most important influential factor in those areas that are within the authority of the urban managers. In the next stage, in order to find the key factors, considering the results of paired comparisons of the factors, a total of 30 critical priorities, including 32 influential factors, were selected. Afterward, the 32 identified factors were analyzed using the DEMATEL and SNA approaches to extract the cause-effect relationships and extract the network relationships. Subsequently, to depict the relationship network and analyze the relationships between the factors, the total effect matrix was analyzed with a threshold bound in UCINET software based on the degree centrality index, and betweenness centrality index and, thereby, the relationship network was drawn using NETDRAW software. Figure (3) illustrates the cause-effect relationships of the factors affecting the financial resource acquisition in the Tehran metropolis based on the degree centrality index.Figure 3- Relationship network of the factors affecting the economic resource acquisition based on the degree centrality index (res: findings) (the magnitude of the nodes has been set based on the magnitude of the degree centrality)Based on the results of the SNA analysis, using the available expert human forces (P12), the agreement or opposition of the country's political position with the capital acquisition (S23), the probability of the occurrence of war and chaos (O16), and the urban infrastructures in the investment areas (P53) were identified as the causal factors in the network. In addition, the factors of the capital acquisition strategies (S12), the participation of the domestic companies in invested industries (I22), the supply of capital through accessible facilities in specialized industries (P23), the supply of capital through the stock market and OTC facilities for investors (P22), the structure of the demand sector with regard to the needs of the real-person citizens and legal entities of the city (D31) were determined as the most effectible factors. Furthermore, apropos of the factors with a high betweenness centrality, the factors of the capital acquisition strategies (S12), the regional knowledge for foreign investors (P42), the participation of domestic companies in the invested industries (I22), the decision-maker headquarters' convergence and consensus on the spatial marketing strategies (O22), and the innovation in the urban management services-related supplier industries (I12) were identified as the key factors that played a crucial role in the competitive advantage and capital acquisition.

Considering the results of the present study on the development of the economic resources acquisition system based on the "competitive advantage of nations" model in Tehran urban management, the following recommendations are presented by the authors:Developing the government's collaboration with the municipality in the acquisition of investment opportunities in urban management; Coordinating the governmental position and policies with the investment acquisition and applying incentive policies for the private sector and attracting foreign investors; Maintaining security and stability to reduce the risk of war and increase the attractiveness of urban investment; Planning for the development of the infrastructures required for the acquisition of investments in urban services; Supplying the required capital through specialized industrial facilities and capital market facilities and the participation of the companies working in the field of the opportunities of investment of different industries in urban services; Using specialized human forces for the acquisition of investment opportunities in urban management; Compiling the capital acquisition strategies in urban services in an integrated form through strategic planning of urban management; Developing the regional knowledge and accessible specialized data on the investment opportunities in urban management; The convergence and consensus of the decision-maker headquarters on the spatial marketing strategies and urban branding;
Providing the ground for innovations in the urban management services-related supplier industries.

Business model, how to production value, absorb customer, explain the structure of make money and cost, and all business on the way of this structure will be disparate and find identity. Now a day’s ،designing of the business model have known applicable in the four level: the product or services level, business unit level, company level and industry level. Whereas cities is the main center of economic activities, developing a business model is important. Add a new layer with name of the "urban layer" to the literature on the business model is the goal of this study. This research is of exploratory (qualitative) type and qualitative data were collected from the research method and with the method of data collection and documentary information as well as in-depth expert interviews. The nature of the research is inductive and the information obtained was analyzed by systematic review method, content analysis and logical analysis through MAXQDA software. The results show that the complex space of urban management, the need for economic policy and the facilitation of business affairs in the city, have necessitated the development of a business model for cities. In this study, after review and analysis, the dimensions of the extraction model and the relationships between them were explained, and finally the urban business model was designed.

Good urban governance is one of the concepts that it takes into consideration the general welfare of citizens and its policies and programs are within the framework of specific indicators. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate good urban governance indicators in the central neighborhoods of Marivan city, (1, 2, 4, 14). The data and information of this research were collected in two ways, library and survey, that in the survey method, the questionnaire tool was used that validity and reliability were confirmed by experts in this field. The total sample size was estimated at 380 people using the Cochran formula, the sampling method is non-random and questionnaires were distributed randomly among citizens. SPSS and Excel software were used to analyze the data, and given the normality of the data, ANOVA test was used. Using Tukey’s test, the differences between each neighborhood were investigated. The results indicated that in the neighborhoods studied, good urban governance indexes are not in desirable condition. The first and 14th neighborhoods do not have a significant difference in terms of accountability, consistency orientation and justice, and in other indices, these two neighborhoods have significant differences with each other. This significant difference is not high due to the difference in the average of the indices studied in both neighborhoods, and it can be said that the status of urban governance indicators in these two neighborhoods, like the two and four neighborhoods, is not in a desirable situation, and all of them are on almost the same level.

safety One of the criteria and essential component in today's urban life And the safety city as a desirable city always Considered as planners and experts of the municipality. The aim of this study is to explain the effects of fire as one of the factors affecting the safety of the city of Tabriz as the independent variable And its effect on the incidence of fire in residential, commercial and industrial is as dependent variable. In this study, the use of descriptive strategy to explain research Question and literature research carried out exploration And the ideas of the research community Getting to describe through the questionnaire. The study population consisted of fire and safety services Tabriz operational staff are And their number is 72 The sample consisted of all employees. The data gathering tools included a questionnaire is constructed researcher which its validity and reliability was approved and After gathering analyzing data and results were examined. For data analyzing, linear regressions coefficient and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used. The results of this study indicate that the fire components have a positive and significant effect on the incidence of fire in residential, commercial and industrial places.

Today, the city and every environment of civil and social life become meaningful to the citizens. The relationship between citizenship and urban management is one of the important issues that have been considered in the field of urban management in the world. One of the factors that can lead to the realization and sustainability of the democratic system in society through public gatherings is the attention to citizens’ rights that can be achieved by the councils to achieve this goal. In a comprehensive glance, the councils have the keyword of civil rights in itself since the philosophy of the council itself is a part of the realization of the criteria and components of the citizenship rights. In other words, the councils are the realization of citizenship rights. In this regard, the present study examines the performance of Tehran City Council in the realization of citizenship rights. This research is applied and survey-descriptive in terms of method. Data collection was carried out in two ways: library-documentary and survey-field with questionnaires. The available sample is 150 employees of the Islamic Council and 384 citizens of Tehran in 2016. To analyze the collected data, SPSS software, T-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and regression were used. The results of this study showed that citizens of Tehran have less than average performance of city council due to lack of proper mechanism for monitoring city affairs and realization of citizenship rights. In addition, there is a positive and significant correlation between the performance of Islamic City Council of Tehran (supervision of urban management, electing mayor and approval of municipal affairs) with the extent of realization of citizenship rights. Moreover, the results of regression test indicates that among the dimensions of the Islamic City Council of Tehran, the variables of electing mayor, the supervision of urban management and approval of municipal affairs predict respectively the extent of realization of citizenship rights. Therefore, providing appropriate mechanisms to better realization of these criteria in the Islamic City Council of Tehran will help to play the best role of this institution in realizing citizenship rights in order to increase Tehran citizens’ quality of life.

The multiplicity and uncoordinated management in public and private organizations responsible for urban issues is one of the critical problems in urban management. Without an integrated urban management, effective administration of cities is impossible. So the present paper is trying to study the feasibility of achieving an integrated urban management in Isfahan. For this purpose, components of integrated urban management are identified and measured using self-made questionnaire. Our statistical population includes urban management executive agencies, involving in similar and overlapping activities in the field of management such as: municipality, local government, Telecommunication Company, Water and Sewage Company, and Gas and Electricity Distribution Company. For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics were used. The results show that the most important factor for achieving integration is to have one single urban management unit. The most effective ways to make this happen include: cohesion, Equifinality, coordination, systematic approach, interaction between executive agencies in charge of urban affairs and realization of good governance in the city of Isfahan.

Needs have been introduced as important motivations of individual and collective behavior, so behaviors are reflections of the needs, and sustainability and continuity of human life depend on their satisfaction. Satisfaction can be defined as the level of actual performance of an organization to respond to the expectations of its clients. The lack of needs and satisfaction' assessment processes in urban planning and management system will lead to shortcomings such as: the absence of complete knowledge about citizens’ requests and needs, the lack of mutual relationship between decision-makers and the community, and the absence of applicable theoretical foundations in urban planning and governance. These problems were essential motivations to conduct a retrospective descriptive analysis and a prescriptive-analytical study, based on inductive research strategy in Joozdan, using methods such as social survey according to behavior measurements, Likert scaling, statistical tests and also document analysis. Our findings suggest that fixing the problems in the roads, heavy vehicles traffic, and bus services are in greater priority for citizens. On the other hand the greatest satisfaction is obtained from management of garbage collection, cleanliness of the neighborhood and urban infrastructures. The urge of the need and the level of satisfaction are inversely related and a simultaneous assessment of them in a community will help urban planners to be more confident in recognizing citizen’s priorities.

Much attempt has been focused on changing and improving the structure and form of designing performance evaluation systems so far and less attention has been paid to content of issues. Thus, this research aims to design performance measurement indicators in urban management by integrating balanced evaluation model (for structural aspect) and components of good governance approved by the United Nations Development Programme (for content aspect) in the field of organizational performance. In order to access to research purpose, after redefining the components of good governance in four aspects of balanced evaluation via semi-structured depth interviews with executive managers of municipality and university professors, 103 indicators in the first step, and 95 indicators in the second step were extracted to measure the performance of urban management. In the following, these indicators were evaluated with Delphi method by academic and organizational experts. The results indicated that 73 indicators were confirmed by academic and organizational experts among designed ones given eight good governance components and four aspects of balanced evaluation for performance measurement. Thus, these indicators are appropriate guides for better development of performance evaluation system in urban economics for managers to be aware of impacts and consequences of organization’s administrative decisions and plans.

Urban management in today’s competitive world should be able to identify city’s strengths and weaknesses and improve its competitive advantages. The importance of urban management in order to access to urban sustainable development is to improve citizens’ conditions and quality of life, protect city’s physical environment, enhance citizens’ trust level to urban management, and improve their participation level in managing urban affairs. On the other hand, media, as a powerful component of civil society, affect different parts of the community; therefore, this research explains the role of mass media in urban management. Research methodology is survey. Statistical population includes clients of 22-district of Tehran Municipality in 2014. 400 of them were selected as sample research by stratified cluster random sampling. To collect data, research-made questionnaire, including 24 questions, was used. It was obtained by interviewing with experts. Its face validity was confirmed and its reliability was calculated by Cronbach’s alpha. In order to analyze data statistically, one-sample t-test, ANOVA, and Lee Hee tests were used. The results indicated that the role of mass media in urban management is more than average. However, mass media influence more on improvement of citizen’s participation in administering urban affairs and it affects citizen’s trust level less.

When the large urban projects (Mega Project) to be loaded on a national scale in a small town, you can see dramatic changes in the market for land and housing in urban settlements. This paper attempts to study the impact of presence and activity of Padideh Shandiz Tourism Company on land and housing market changes examined in 2009 to 2014 from the perspective of citizens. Research methods in this study is application from the goal and descriptive and analytical from the method, library and field data collection methods and data analysis as well as descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (factor analysis and one-sample t-test) were performed. The statistical population community, including families living in Shandiz City on the basis of the 2011 census, with a 10,428 population of 3056 households and is required sample size of 160 households was based on Cochran formula. The findings indicate that the direct effects caused by the presence and activities of Padideh Shandiz Tourism Company in the time interval studied, the statistic 43.6% of the biggest impacts on the land and housing market changes have had on the town. Also based on one sample t-test showed a significant difference between the mean and median of the theoretical (3) Shandiz City from the perspective of citizens that are substantially influence of these factors on land and housing market changes. According to the findings, strategies including attention to urban managements of land and housing market changes in the future, due to the low-income indigenous housing, prevention of social conflicts, provision of infrastructure, etc. have been proposed.

One of the criteria of social justice and urban sustainable development is considering balanced distribution of infrastructures and urban facilities; therefore, the distribution of the services should be in such a way that not only it creates spatial justice in the areas, but it also prepare the ground for urban development. This research has descriptive-analytical approach and tries to recognize and rank the rate of existing services in 13 neighborhoods of Noorabad Mamsani City in Fars Province using education, health, and cultur, sport, office, green space, and facility indexes. For this purpose, initially the prosperity of services in these areas was examined by using models of the coefficient of variation and statistical techniques and then, the rate of prosperity of urban services in these neighborhoods was evaluated and analyzed by using multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) model based on TOPSIS approach. The results show that there are significant discrepancies regarding the rate of prosperity of services among 13 neighborhoods of Noorabad so that central areas of the city i.e. neighborhoods 1 and 2 in district 2, are prosperous and nomadic areas are prosper less. Eventually, there is imbalance and inequality among different areas in this city regarding concentration of population and access in terms of spatial distribution of services.

Today, most people expect social demands from organizations. They move toward social expectations in line with accountability. Many social experts have emphasized on the importance of learning in organizations. The aim of this research is studying the impact of organizational learning on economic and social accountability of Tehran Municipality. Case study is Tehran Municipality districts 1, 6, 8, 19, and 22 and 255 high-ranked and average managers are the population of this research. The reliability of data collection tool was assessed by Cronbach’s alpha and estimated 0.98. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Pearson correlation coefficient, sample T test, T statistics in SPSS and LISREL were used for data collection. Confirmatory Factor analysis and Structural Equation Modeling were used for studying construct validity of the questionnaire and testing the hypothesis and model fitting concept respectively. According to the obtained results, there is a positive and significant relationship between organizational learning and social accountability. Multiple coefficient of determination (R2) shows that the variable of organizational learning could predict 0.69 percent of social accountability.

Absorbing finances from the private and foreign sectors for implementation of municipalities’ projects are counted as valid methods of providing financial resources in urban management field. Currently, one of the main approaches in urban and rural management fields in the country is reducing dependencies on governmental aids and dues and moving toward identifying T stable earnings and new instruments of providing financial resources such as: attracting domestic and foreign investors.The main goal of this research is studying the effective factors on the participation of private sector providing stable financial recourses for municipality projects. According to the collected data, part of the potential investors do not participate in urban projects, therefore, using usual econometric methods have incompatible results. In order to estimate the parameters of this function, Logit and Probit method based on the maximum likelihood function is used. It is necessary to mention that for estimating function, Stata software is used. The statistical population is Tabriz city and its municipality. Required data were collected via survey method and the instruments of data collection were questionnaire and field findings. In this study, random sampling method was used and for determining the required sample size Cochran formula and Morgan table were used. The findings of this research show that factors such as improving business environment and efficient laws which guarantee the profit of private functionary make private sector increase the implementation of urban projects, and the presence of bureaucracy and lack of suitable capacity building delay the process mutually.

The highest purpose of development and urban management, is the improvement of lifequality and satisfaction of citizens from their residential environment, however, satisfaction is a multidimensional concept that arises from several factors.In recent years, the government to stop the rising cost of land and housing for low income families without housing, construction of low-cost housing units was located in the agenda by the name of Maskane Mehr. Now, Over several years after the construction of this residential areas, a question arises that How much of this housing residents satisfied with their residential environment And what is the urban management role in the satisfaction of these citizens.This paper tries to identify the most important factors affecting the level of satisfaction in the residential environment and provide a Satisfaction evaluation model in the studied sample of Maskane Mehr residents of the Bustan Complex in New Hashtgerd city.The research Method is analytical and documentary data and information through a survey and interviews with residents were collected through questionnaires distributed. Also the sample size was calculated 165 person according to the Cochran formula. Due to the lack of independence and dependence between agents, Fuzzy network analysis was used to identify possible dependencies between agents and their determination to develop the evaluation model. The results show that Many residents in the complex have relatively satisfied in some indicators such as good access to applications and utilities, as well as access to the transport network.

Complexity of urban issues and need to information related to organizational features and job characteristics of employees for managing and correct urban programming and diversity of these information, are the important issues in urban management Efficiency and Effectiveness. With respect to this topic, the purpose of this research was study the relationship between Perceived Organizational protestation of Urban Management with Social Responsibility and employees’ job performance of General Department of the Hamadan Municipality. The Statistical population of the research was included all Municipal employees. Then 140 people were selected as the sample size by using Stratified-relative random sampling method. Also to analysis the research data, inferential statistics Methods such as Pearson correlation coefficient, T test, and multivariate regression analysis were used. The Results showed that: The Status of perceived organizational protect, social responsibility and employee’s job performance was above the average and there was a significant positive correlation between organizational protections with social responsibility and employee’s job performance in Municipal General Department of Hamadan.