risk

The present study examines the relationship between investors' emotions and the risk and performance of investment funds. This study is an applied study in terms of its nature and descriptive method and in terms of its purpose, and since in the present study the current state of the variables has been analyzed using information collection through past information, it is included in the category of descriptive and post-event studies. In the course of conducting this study, two hypotheses were formulated and 48 funds were selected through systematic exclusion sampling for a 5-year period between 1398 and 1402 and the data related to the research variables were analyzed after collection in Excel software using Stata statistical software. The results of the hypothesis test showed: The general results of the first hypothesis showed that there is a relationship between investors' emotions and the risk of investment funds with different criteria and there is no relationship with some criteria. Since the relationship between investor sentiment and the risk of investment funds with different criteria indicates the existence of a relationship and the absence of a relationship, it can be argued that investors make different decisions when examining the risk of investment funds with different criteria. There is also a significant direct relationship between investor sentiment and the performance of investment funds.

Classical theories state that economic agents (both firms and individuals) engage in rational behavior with the aim of maximizing utility (profit, capital, etc.). In the meantime, from the perspective of capital behavior. Transformers, risk-taking is an attribute that encourages people to take initiative and do risky things. In fact, risk-taking is a person's desire to be in the decision-making scenario. Behavioral state is a set of stable and external emotions that have different intensity and duration in different people. In order to conceptually and formally develop the behavioral risk of investors in the Iranian capital market, the researcher, while describing, explaining and modeling, seeks to identify indicators and components that play the role of behavioral risk of investors in the development of capital attitudes and beliefs. Determine transmitters. For this purpose, in the present article, the researcher presented the conceptual model in order to control the behavioral risk of capital through interviews with experts in knowledge-based companies, using the data theory theory of the foundation. The results of the research in the presented model have two categories of causal conditions including controlling the emotional and emotional behaviors of investors and the perception and knowledge of shareholders, three underlying categories including positive external stimuli, negative external stimuli and monitoring laws and policies. There are three intervening categories including shareholder behavioral outputs, investor culture and investor behavioral characteristics, one strategic category including strategic investor attitudes and one consequential category including decision approaches.

Enterprise risk management as a key element of the internal control system has become important over the years. The changes in the conditions of companies, especially banks, have increased the scope and complexity of their risk, and this has led to an increase in the demand for using enterprise risk management as an enterprise risk management framework. As the most important financial institution in the money market, the bank faces various risks. The implementation of this system in the bank makes the process of identifying, evaluating and monitoring risks with a comprehensive approach. The purpose of this study is to develop a comprehensive risk management implementation framework in the banking industry. Despite the growing importance of enterprise risk management, its implementation in Iran has received little attention and is facing challenges, and no study has been conducted to investigate its implementation conditions, effective factors, necessary foundations, and existing obstacles. Therefore, the current research has developed a framework for implementing enterprise risk management in the banking industry by using qualitative approach and systematic review and multiple case study methods by examining two banks. The statistical population of this research includes the board of directors, senior managers, members of specialized committees and experienced experts. The results of the research show that the extracted framework of enterprise risk management is not fully implemented in Iranian banks, and the challenges of its implementation include the lack of information technology infrastructure, the lack of sufficient knowledge and government restrictions. The current research can be considered as a suitable model for the banking industry.

Banks play an important and fundamental role in the economy of emerging countries so that they supply a huge and wide part of economic activities, and they certainly are exposed to many risks in performing them. The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between risks based on the accounting and market criteria of registered banks in Stock Exchange Organization. Following this issue, the quality and transparency of registered banks' reporting in Iran's capital market is considered significantly important, therefore the improvement of the quality and transparency of banking information causes the sufficient awareness and adopting the correct decisions by investors. This research has investigated the role of the relationship between risks based on accounting components and capital market criteria in state banks in the period of 2013 to 2022. Total market risk, systematic risk and the specific risk of each bank is considered as dependent variables and total risks, liquidity and credit leveraged accounting are considered as independent variables. Panel data statistical technique was used for testing the hypotheses. The obtained results indicate that there is a significant relationship between risks based on accounting components and capital market criteria of state banks.

Subject and Purpose of the Article: 

One of the factors of risk growth in banks is incorrect expansionary monetary policy, which leads to adverse effects on economic activities and price levels. In this research, an attempt has been made to investigate the role of banks in influencing monetary policies on macroeconomic variables in the Iranian economy.

To achieve this goal and investigate the effect of monetary policy on real variables and price levels in Iran's economy, the Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model and banking system information have been used. The model examined in this article has four sectors: households, economic enterprises (which include intermediate goods producers, consumer and capital final goods producers, and trust companies), banks and monetary authorities (central bank and government).

The results show that the expansionary monetary policy shock has caused production, inflation, private sector consumption, investment, net worth in the economy and lending to increase. Another result obtained from the investigated model shows that the credit shock and the increase in the lending power of the banks cause an increase in production, private sector consumption, investment, net worth and total loans and decrease the level of inflation. Finally, when a shock occurs due to an increase in inflation and a decrease in consumption and investment, this shock causes an increase in the volume of loans, while the level of production remains almost constant.

The present research proposes a structural model of the factors influencing risk appetite in exchange-listed banks (focusing on human resources in Tehran). Therefore, a mixed-method research strategy of a sequential exploratory design (qualitative-quantitative) was employed. In the qualitative phase, using the Grounded Theory paradigm proposed by Strauss and Corbin (2018) and conducting semi-structured interviews with 15 experts in the relevant field, who were selected through purposive (in the first step) and theoretical (in the second step) sampling, the construction of a paradigmatic model was initiated. In the quantitative phase, data were collected from 384 human resources in the Tehran-based exchange-listed banks using a survey questionnaire developed by the researcher. Sampling was done through Cochran's formula and proportional stratified sampling method. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 and Smart PLS3 software. The results of data analysis indicated that a significant difference exists at the 0.01 level (P < 0.01) in the current and desirable status of the overall index and the six elements of the structural model of factors influencing risk appetite in exchange-listed banks among the human resources of exchange-listed banks in Tehran. This implies that the empirical structural (path) model and the reflective measurement of factors influencing risk appetite in exchange-listed banks fit and are consistent.

Today, resource owners want to maximize their wealth by choosing between available choices that will give them the most benefit against the least risk. Hence, finding such choices has led to the presentation of various theories and models for predicting risk and return by financial experts and practitioners. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between accounting anomalies with risk and return. The statistical population of the study includes companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Accordingly, 115 companies were selected by screening sampling method in the period 2013 to 2020 and the relationships between research variables were analyzed using multivariate regression using panel data. The results of testing the hypotheses showed that there is a positive relationship between risk based on capital asset pricing model (CAPM) and real return. The results also demonstrated that there is a positive relationship between the risk-based accounting approach based on risk measurement (ABRM) and the actual returns. It was also found that there is a positive relationship between CAPM-based returns and actual returns and, in addition between ABRM and actual returns.

In recent decades, the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events have increased in many parts of the world, including our country, as a result of global warming. This study examines the impact of weather disasters on the stock market of Iran. A combination of accounting ratios and statistical tests are used to estimate the effects of extreme weather events on the stock market and index of different market groups. To achieve the purpose of the study, the time-series data of the period 2010-2024 have been used. The results showed that the negative impact of weather disasters on stock market returns and volatility is observed one day after the extreme weather events. This effect can be seen in most market groups. The insurance and pension group and the banks group are the most affected, while the basic metals group is the least affected by the studied weather events.

Considering the important role of managers in the success of firms, the present research investigates the effect of managerial ability and managerial incentives on the firm's performance. Specifically, this study investigates how the managerial ability factor can have a significant impact on the profitability and risk of firms. By doing so, this study can provide several policy implications about how managerial ability can influence a firm's decisions and its related business policies. The statistical population of this research is the firms admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period of 2015 to 2019 and the sample includes 140 firms. The data of the research was extracted from Rahvard Navin software and the panel data method was used to estimate the model. In this study, the independent research variable is the managerial ability (Demirjan et al. model, 2012) and managerial incentives (CEO cash bonus), and the dependent variable is the firm's performance, where the firm's profitability and risk indicators are considered as performance criteria. The results of the research show that the managerial ability and cash reward of the CEO have a positive and significant relationship with the firm's profitability, in other words, more capable managers with high managerial incentives can have better profitability. Also, the ability of the managers and the CEO's cash bonus has a positive and significant effect on the firm's risk. The coefficients and significance levels related to control variables also show that firm size, sales growth, and firm growth have a positive and significant effect on firm profitability and firm risk. Accordingly, management's ability and motivations can affect the firm's decisions, business policies, and the firm's performance, including the firm's profitability and risk.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between company risk, operational efficiency and board of directors' compensation with regard to the moderating role of company size in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. In terms of classification based on objectives, the current research is of applied type and in terms of data analysis method it is cross-sectional correlational research. The statistical population of the research is all the companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange in the period of 1396-1400, and 154 companies were analyzed as the final sample of the research. The collected data of the companies were analyzed using regression analysis and using Eviews and Stata software. The results of regression analysis using the method of fixed effects and generalized least squares and hypothesis testing show that there is an inverse relationship between company risk and board of directors' compensation, and there is a direct and significant relationship between operational efficiency and board of directors' compensation and between company size and board of directors' compensation. . Also, the results show that company size inversely moderates the relationship between business risk and board compensation and directly moderates the relationship between operational efficiency and board compensation.

The experience of advanced countries and various studies in the field of economic growth of countries over time or among countries have shown that explaining the rate of economic growth only through conventional factors; Like capital and labor force, it does not give accurate results and human capital as a main variable should be included in growth models. For this purpose, the current research aims to examine the impact of human capital and investment efficiency on banks' risk. The data related to the banks admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange and the Tehran Stock Exchange for the ten-year period between 1392 and 1401 were extracted for 22 banks and the statistical software Eviews 8 was used. The current research is an applied research from the aspect of the result. After statistical analysis, the results of research hypotheses indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between human capital and bank risk and between investment efficiency and bank risk.

In order to increase their cash assets, companies try to use experienced managers who have formed the investment committee, so that they can perform the company's performance and activities better and with more trust and confidence in the decision process. Taking steps to implement organizational goals. According to the studies conducted by Ahmed et al. in 2020, the characteristics of the investment committee is a variable that affects the company's cash assets and growth; These characteristics can be considered the experience, independence, number of meetings and size of the members of the investment committee, so in this article we investigated the impact of the investment committee on financial leverage. In order to achieve the general purpose of the research, the four hypotheses of compiling the statistical population studied in this research, all the companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange, which have been a member of the Tehran Stock Exchange since 2017 or before. The results show that there is a significant relationship between the experience of the investment committee and the financial leverage of the companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange. There is a significant relationship between the independence of the investment committee and the financial leverage of companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange. There is a significant relationship between the number of investment committee meetings and the financial leverage of companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange. There is a significant relationship between the size of the investment committee and the financial leverage of companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange.

Environmental risks have always been considered as one of the most important issues of human societies, and planning to deal with and prevent these risks and their harmful effects has been among the long-term goals of the aforementioned societies and is one of the great challenges of mankind throughout the history of living on Earth. Earth has been facing environmental hazards and protecting human life and property with them, so it is always necessary to use scientific methods in studies related to environmental hazards. At the beginning of the third millennium, the science of foresight, in addition to the analysis of past trends, discovered, invented and evaluated possible, probable and desirable futures, and countries that want fundamental changes, based on sustainable planning based on scenario design with a foresight approach. They have planned their future development. In this research, first, according to the history, relative position and available national and regional information of the city of Ghabadaran, a list of 32 types of hazards that threaten the city. Identify and determine their reliability and validity based on the questionnaire and based on the main factors of probability, consequence, degree of exposure, the extent of the area affected by the risk, the duration of the impact and the rate of occurrence with very low, low, medium, high and very high values using Environmental risk options are prioritized using the TOPSIS method. The results of the TOPSIS method output in Bagh Bahadran city, the destruction of forest and vegetation, the reduction of surface and underground water caused by factors inside and outside the city, drought and traffic accidents, have been assigned the highest risks in the order of priority.

This Research Examines the Effect of Customer Focus on Risk, Innovation and Stock Returns in Companies Listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the Years 2016 to 2020. The Research method is Correlational. In this Study, the Statistical Population of this Study Consists of all Companies Listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Which was selected by Systematic Removal of 105 Companies. The Results of this Study on the First Hypothesis show that Customer Focus has a Significant Effect on Risk. The Result of the Second Hypothesis was that Customer Focus has a Significant Effect on Innovation. Also, the Result of the Third hypothesis Showed that Customer Focus has a Significant Effect on Stock Returns. In the First Hypothesis, the Control Variables, Research and Development Cost, Firm size, Tangible Assets, Intangible Assets, Return on Assets, Corporate Growth, Operational activity Cash Flow had a Positive and Significant Effect on the Corporate's Risk, But Financial Leverage Variables, Equity Income, and The Book Value did not affect the Market Value. In the Second Hypothesis, the Control Variables of Product Market Competition, Firm Age, Cash Flow of Operating Activities, Profitability, Corporate Growth, had a Positive and Significant Effect on Innovation; But the Variables of Firm Size, Financial Leverage, Operating Efficiency had no Effect. In the Third Hypothesis, Control Variables, Firm Size, Book Value on Market Value, Asset Return had a Positive and Significant Effect on Stock Return; But the Investment Ability Variable had no Effect.

In recent years, looking at managing risk and also its implementation in small and large organizations in Iran has received attention. In this study, the statistical population is accountants in listed companies. The spatial territory of the current research of Tehran Stock Exchange includes the information of the year 1400. In this study, first, by using library studies and documents, using ATLAS.ti 9 software, different risks were identified. Risks were coded, then some codes were removed with the opinion of professors and experts. In order to confirm these risks, a Delphi section questionnaire was prepared and used in the opinion of 35 experts who have postgraduate and doctorate education and have more than 10 years of work experience in the field of accounting and financial management of companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange. Out of 26 risks, 24 risks were approved. Excel 2016 software was used for the calculations of the Delphi section. The selection of experts was in the form of a snowball and continued until theoretical saturation was reached. In this review, the risks of inflation, liquidity, credit, income, budget, liquidity, exchange rate, tax, reinvestment, refinancing, operational, interest rate, human resources, technology, management, competition, laws and regulations , industry, reputation, management systems, processes, stock price are known as accounting risks in companies admitted to the stock exchange, and suggestions have been made for risk management.

The present study intends to examine the level of risk-taking of individuals in different financial markets of digital currencies, stock exchanges and Forex. According to the theoretical literature, one of the most important sources influencing individuals' risk level is their financial literacy. This means that those who are more financially literate take fewer risks, and these risks are largely calculated. This research was conducted with a sample of 384 investors in the above three markets by survey method and using multi-stage sampling method. According to the research findings, the risk level of cryptocurrency market participants was higher than the other two markets, while the financial literacy of this group of people was much lower than the actors of the other two markets. On the other hand, according to the analysis of variance test, this difference is statistically significant and the results of Pearson correlation test also confirm the relationship between risk-taking and financial knowledge. With this in mind, it can be said that part of the risk-taking of cryptocurrency market participants is due to their low financial knowledge.

Since tax constitutes a major part of the government's income and is the most common and most important method of providing government spending to ensure social welfare and economic growth, therefore regardless of taxes and important factors in avoiding paying taxes, economic growth and increasing public welfare in the long term It is not possible. Therefore, the main purpose of the research is to examine the relationship between the effective tax rate and the risk of companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange, emphasizing the components of tax culture. The data of this research includes the financial information of listed companies from the beginning of 2007 to the end of 2016. In this research, the panel data model was used to check the hypotheses. The results showed that there is a significant and direct relationship between the lower effective tax rate and sub-indices of tax culture (tax laws, crimes and forgiveness, awareness, social justice), with future tax rate fluctuations and future stock price fluctuations. Therefore, it is necessary to use the funds from tax avoidance activities in the field of investment to increase the expected future cash flow and as a result reduce the cost of capital.