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This qualitative study aimed to explore the perceptions of managers of knowledge-based and technology companies in Yazd City, Iran, regarding the causes of bachelor's graduates' unpreparedness for employment. A phenomenological approach was used to examine the experiences of 10 managers from knowledge-based and technology companies located in the Yazd Science and Technology Park. The participants were selected using purposive sampling. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted, and the collected data were analyzed using Smith’s method. To ensure the validity of the findings, triangulation was employed, including (member checking, peer review, collaborative research, and researcher reflexivity). Coding was performed by the researcher in collaboration with another expert in qualitative research, and the results were compared. The analysis identified three main themes: (1) Weakness in acquiring soft, cognitive, and technical skills (with 11 sub-themes); (2) Poor quality of university education (with 5 sub-themes); and (3) Deficiencies in policymaking and planning (with 5 sub-themes). Based on the findings, educational policymakers and planners can address the factors hindering graduates' employability in knowledge-based and technology companies and take necessary actions to better prepare them for employment in these companies.

 this research has been carried out with the aim of "the role of culture and the economy of culture in the creation and development of entrepreneurship and employment in the field of medical information technology management". The participants in this research included 104 professors and employees of the entrepreneurship department of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences who were selected through the entire population. The research method was a mixed method (qualitative and quantitative), which was used in the qualitative part of the metacomposite approach and in the quantitative part of the descriptive method of causal correlation based on the modeling of structural equations in a new way. the validity through the content method as well as triangulation in both methods were confirmed acceptably, and the reliability in the metacomposite approach was confirmed based on Lincoln and Goba (2017) indices and in the preliminary study of the quantitative part, using Cronbach's alpha coefficients. To analyze the findings of this study in the qualitative part of document mining with emphasis on domestic and foreign studies and in the quantitative part of descriptive statisticsand inferential statistics with Smart PLS software) The results showed, "Cultural, economic, technical-technological factors and legal-civil support had a significant impact on the creation and expansion of entrepreneurship and employment in the field of medical information technology management". Therefore, it seems that the direction of development Entrepreneurship in the field of medical education requires cultural infrastructure, government and private sector support, access to new technologies, and economic support.

In order to calculate the employment trend in Iran, the aim of the article is to optimize the employment trend in Iran for the years of implementation of the sixth economic, social and cultural development program (1396-1400). For this purpose, firstly, using the Gauss-Seidel algorithm, the system of dynamic and non-linear macrometric equations and the quantitative goals of the sixth development program, the employment process in the country was simulated. Then, the optimal trend of the working population was calculated from the minimization of the welfare loss function of the policymaker by programming and implementing an open-loop algorithm and solving the Bellman equations. The obtained results showed that achieving higher employment requires controlling inflation at lower rates as well as achieving a higher economic growth rate. The findings of this research are compatible with the theory of new Keynesians such as Gerish, Clarida, Gertler, Menkiu, Walsh and Taylor regarding the necessity of simultaneously reducing inflation and increasing production. Therefore, the jump in production and curbing inflation can be the optimal control of employment and business at the level Make the goal possible. Based on this, the targeting of macroeconomic indicators in the available (possible) territory, complete monetary and financial discipline, independence of the central bank and the use of stochastic optimal control theory in the targeting of development programs are among the policy recommendations of this article.

The purpose of the current research is to examine the challenges caused by Corona in the tourism industry in the field of employment and to examine the ways out of it. Since the tourism industry has suffered the most economic impact during the outbreak of Corona virus, the choice of this industry and its role in the employment and unemployment of the country is of particular importance. The interdisciplinary nature of this industry, from social sciences to economics, geography, architecture, management, and medicine, is so intertwined that it cannot be considered as a separate field. The research method is qualitative and data collection was done using in-depth interviews with experts and experts in the field of tourism and marketing. The result of the in-depth interview with experts led to the identification of 12 challenges, 23 consequences and 42 strategies, and finally, 18 practical strategies were selected from all strategies and their relationship was analyzed.

In this research, obstacles and problems of TOSE’E TA’AVON BANK in the development of entrepreneurship and knowledge-based employment have been investigated. For this purpose, qualitative research method and semi-structured in-depth interview tool have been used. The statistical population consists of all internal and external stakeholders of TOSE’E TA’AVON BANK.Among them, 15 people were selected by purposeful sampling method. The findings were placed in two general categories of problems of knowledge-based entrepreneurship and the role of TOSE’E TA’AVON BANK in supporting knowledge-based entrepreneurship. According to the findings of the research, the problems of knowledge-based entrepreneurship are caused by the internal performance of TOSE’E TA’AVON BANK, factors outside this bank, or caused by the internal performance of knowledge-based companies. The findings also showed that the role of TOSE’E TA’AVON BANK in supporting knowledge-based entrepreneurship through creating strategies such as creating social trust, using the bank's large database capacity, creating financial support in creating an innovation environment, using multiple methods of financing, direct investment, Advising knowledge-based projects is the bank's two-way interaction with the country's entrepreneurial environment, supporting changeable, risky and high-risk investment, joining the global trend of supporting knowledge bases, supporting the components of the innovation ecosystem and creating new structures.

ne of the important issues that have been paid attention to in recent decades is the issue of employment. Different societies are looking for ways to promote employment and make better use of human resources available to them. In doing so, new technologies play an important role both in creating or eliminating employment and in the process of sustainable development in the agricultural sector in countries. In recent years, the application of information and communication technology (ICT) has exerted effects on various aspects of human life and brought about tremendous changes in the economic and social dimension. ICT has extensive effects on the type of work and employment structure, which has brought many changes and developments to employment at all levels. This technology has also affected the structure of jobs and has changed the nature of jobs in societies by reducing the average difficulty of work, making jobs more intellectual, unstable and specialized. In this research, in order to investigate the effects of information and communication technology on the employment and sustainable development of Iran's agricultural sector in the period of 1370 to 1400, among the variables of agricultural sector employees, the production value of the agricultural sector, the capital stock of the agricultural sector, and the share of ICT costs in the gross domestic product of the agricultural sector, under the labor demand function, have been used and the coefficients have been estimated using the soft transition regression model approach. The estimation results of the model indicate that with the increase and development of information and communication technology indicators, employment in the agricultural sector has improved.

The aim of the current research is to present a policy model in the field of employment. This research is qualitative-exploratory with the Strauss and Corbin method, applied, interpretive and inductive data approach. Fourteen academic and executive experts formed the statistical community of the research. The data obtained from them were analyzed in three stages of open, central and selective coding and 170 primary codes were extracted and 39 categories and 14 concepts were counted. In this way, the considered model with two causal factors; Organizational and extra-organizational, three factors as a central phenomenon; Parliament Labor and Social Affairs Commission, Ministry of Cooperation, Labor and Social Welfare and technical and professional institutions, two intervening factors; structural and executive, two background factors; hard and soft, two strategies; the actions of politicians and the actions of the private sector and non-governmental organizations and finally the three concepts of consequences; Infrastructural, operational and cultural-social was formed.

This article is aimed at designing and validating a model for overcoming the challenges of virtual education in the post-corona era. This cross-sectional study in terms of purpose is exploratory, in terms of audience is basic and in terms of approach is a mixed research. The participants in the qualitative section was made up of 20 Tehran’s  educational managers and experts at the first secondary level. After interviewing 17 persons who have been selected purposefully we reached theoretical saturation. The statistical population in the quantitative section consists of teachers of the first secondary level at Tehran in the academic year of 1400-1401. The sample size was estimated to be 384 teachers, selected via Cochran's formula and cluster-random method. The data collection tools were semi-structured interviews in the qualitative phase and researcher-made questionnaires, which were validated by construct validity, convergent validity and divergent validity methods. Using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability, the reliability of the questionnaire was also evaluated. In order to t identify the dimensions and components of the research, we used thematic analysis and for finding   the relationships of the elements we used the structural-interpretive modeling method and for validating the research model we applied the partial least squares method. The results of the research showed that the infrastructure of human resources and technology ,and the rules of virtual education provide a context for the culturalization of virtual education. Cultivation of virtual education has led to the digital skills of teachers and the monitoring system of virtual education, and these factors also lead to the participation of students. Students' participation is related to the performance evaluation system of virtual education and the creation of a teaching-learning environment, and at  the end, the development of virtual education can be achieved through the efficiency of the educational system and the repair of students' learning gaps.

The category of knowledge has always been the subject of human discussion, and its yield in the field of economics is the presentation of the knowledge-based economy concept, which emphasizes on the production and distribution of goods and services and takes into account the share of knowledge. Employment in the knowledge-based economy is characterized by increasing demand for highly skilled workers, and the member countries of economic cooperation and development tend to have high-tech intensive knowledge in the production and employment sectors. In developing countries, knowledge-based economy and knowledge-based employment are carried out in a scattered manner and a fixed and incomplete pattern. In Iran, the issue of educated unemployment in the provinces is one of the problems that has always attracted the attention of provincial officials. According to the statistics, 49% of the graduates of the universities in Yazd have bachelor's degrees, 26% associate degrees, 20% master's degrees, 2% professional doctorate degrees, and 1% specialized doctorate degrees in the fields of humanities, technology, engineering, art, medicine, basic sciences, agriculture and veterinary medicine. Most of the male graduates are in technical and engineering fields and humanities, and the female graduates studied humanities and arts. Most of the graduates are from the universities of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology (20%), technical and vocational centers (20%) and Islamic Azad universities (19%). Most of the graduates of the province studied in Yazd, Meybod, Taft and Ardakan cities. According to the statistical yearbook of Yazd Province, the unemployment rate in the population of graduates or students studying in higher education is 14031, and the number of the unemployed is 45912. Therefore, one of the main problems in the province is the growing unemployment rate, especially among university graduates looking for a job. Also, the slow trend of sustainable employment and employment of students in the country hinders the full realization of the knowledge-based economy. In this regard, the present study seeks to provide solutions to increase the employment of knowledge-based people in Yazd Province.

Given the lack of theoretical foundations regarding the concept of knowledge-based employment and the need to recognize its dimensions and a comprehensive explanation of the factors affecting the development of knowledge-based employment in the field, this exploratory study is conducted on fundamental themes, dimensions and concepts through interviews with experts. In the target community, the other related sources were extracted and, at the same time, the data analysis and coding were performed using the Atlas IT8 software.

The process of analysis in theorizing began with the coding of the data, and then the relationship between the categories produced in the open coding stage was established. In this process, one category was recognized as the central or main category and then the other categories were set as sub-categories. Under the various headings of the paradigm model, the main category was related, and, in the last stage, the concepts were regularly related together. According to the results, the development of employment as a causal condition, the interaction of university, industry and government as a central category of information and communication technology, social capital, policy institution, innovation and marketing, education system and macroeconomic conditions of the country as institutional factors were identified as the context for regional development, economic growth, development of knowledge-based companies, and dissemination of collaborative learning based on mutual trust as strategies, interactions and actions. They provide a framework for the development of knowledge-based employment.

Interaction of university, industry and government in the context of institutional conditions such as institutional convergence, dissemination of institutional learning, cohesion and integration of the institutional structure of society under the influence of intervening factors such as information and communication technology, social capital, political institution, innovation and marketing, education system, and the macroeconomic conditions of the country lead to strategies of interaction and action such as regional development, economic growth and development, development of knowledge-based companies, and the dissemination of collaborative learning based on mutual trust. The result of these strategies is the development of knowledge-based employment with issues such as networking between academic institutions and knowledge-based companies, the consideration of science and technology policy as national assets, possession of a well-educated human resources, production of knowledge based on community needs in practical contexts, the activity of universities as scientific-economic institutions and academic groups as knowledge enterprises, improvement of technological capability in major industries, networking between academic institutions and private companies, activities and interdisciplinary learning based on real operational issues, and integration of science and technology by developing strategies and macro-policies.

The trend of technology, changes in society and the increase in urban population and the influence of factors affecting the change and transformation of society and economy in this area have caused the employment situation to be accompanied by problems. In our country, employment legal policies with the attitude of family support are of interest, although the realization of these policies in practice faces many executive and legal obstacles. In this regard, this research has been conducted with the aim of investigating the impact of social and economic factors on employment in Iran. The statistical population of this research was taken from experts and experts in the economic and social fields, 109 people were selected by simple random method for the sample size. The theoretical foundations part of the research is taken from researches and practical articles. In this research, in order to measure social and economic factors, researcher-made closed questionnaire questions were used. The results of Cronbach's alpha test were calculated to be 0.80 for the reliability of the research questionnaire, which shows the appropriate validity of the questionnaire in the present study. In this regard, the global data bank was used to measure the variables of employment, urban population and adjusted per capita income of the government. These variables were extracted during the period of 1993-2020 and were analyzed and analyzed by regression method and based on panel data. After analysis and investigation, the result of the research hypothesis indicated that social and economic factors have a positive and significant effect on employment. Also, the variables of urbanization population and the percentage of adjusted income per capita of the government had a positive and significant effect on employment.

Considering the importance of employment and analyzing factors influencing it in economy, the current study estimated the number of employees working for 10 years or more in 31 provinces in Iran. Employing descriptive-analytical research method and econometric technique, the current research analyzed the role of Ease of Doing Business (EDB) index over the years 2016-2019. The findings suggest in both 2016 and 2019 there is a positive correlation between employment and EDB index, which has also been proved by other criteria including the rate of employment and industrialization of provinces. Furthermore, given the level of development of provinces (from underdeveloped to developed), while the EDB index of more developed provinces decrease, the number of employees in these provinces increase. The results of basic framework and its 6 following scenarios indicate that improving EDB index has a positive effect on employment in provinces. Moreover, in provinces which have a lower unemployment rate or are more industrialized, the EDB index has a lesser effect on employment. This is while the size of this effect is larger in provinces which enjoy a more favorable EDB index. Another finding of the study suggest that as the level of development of provinces increases from underprivileged to developed ones, the rate of effectiveness of EDB index on employment decreases. Finally, the price level has a negative impact on employment, and the rate of economic participation and bank facilities have a positive effect.

Countries are forced to transform their production structure, to create new sectors and technologies that generate productive and better jobs. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of industrial policy and structural changes of economic enterprises on the employment of Iran and newly industrialized countries using the autoregressive econometric model with a break in the time frame of 2000-2020. The results of the research showed that along with the traditional factors affecting the increase in employment, respectively, the index with a break in structural changes, the index with a break in investment in technology absorption, the index with a break in research and development costs in Iran and the countries under review, have a positive and significant effect on industrial employment. lonely labor productivity index has a negative effect on industrial employment. Since the developments along with the growth of technology in the industrial sector can affect industrial employment, it is necessary to direct investment in the absorption of technology by industrial enterprises from the agricultural and service sectors to the productive sub-sectors of the industrial sector in order to increase employment in the formulation of industrial policy plans. It is suggested that the revenues of the oil and gas sector should be allocated to investment in research and development, innovation and training of the workforce and the development of industrial projects.

In recent decades, the global economic system has created macro wealth and the spread of contradictions such as the gap between rich and poor, this gap has led to the emergence of entrepreneurial ideas in the field of social issues. Social entrepreneurs decide to respond by defining and implementing new business models to the needs of the deprived and helpless.

Addressing the gap between theories in this social entrepreneurship requires a review of studies conducted in the field of social entrepreneurship and its impact on the empowerment of the disabled.

In this study, in order to create a link between empowerment studies of the disabled as a vulnerable group of society and social entrepreneurship, therefore, to better identify the dimensions of this issue, led to the study of previous research.

According to previous studies, it can be said that social entrepreneurship activities lead to the empowerment of people with disabilities for self-efficacy and a sense of personal worth with the power of choice and effectiveness in these people. Keywords: Social Entrepreneurship, Empowerment, Disabled, Employment

The basic concept of a personal brand is based on strategy promotion, and promotion of development concepts towards the advancement of people to strengthen the competence of people to enter the market. The current research has investigated the influence of the strategic role of individual competencies on the strengthening of the personal brand about the part of employment quality.

The research method in the present research, since research aims to determine the empirical relationships in the field of relationships between the factors influencing the development of the personal brand and the competencies related to the creation and development of a personal brand, in terms of the purpose applied, and in terms of the way of collecting descriptive information, it is correlational. The statistical population includes post-graduate university graduates. The random sample size was 356 people using Cochran's formula and the data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The face validity was confirmed based on the opinion of professors and experts, and the overall reliability was in the acceptable range. Through Cronbach's alpha test, the total reliability of the questions was 876. / is 0. Statistical analysis, normality test with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test method, confirmatory factor analysis, path analysis and fitting of the research model were done with the help of SPSS software and Smart pls software.

Examining the data obtained from standard coefficients, t-statistics, as well as the graph of standard coefficients and significance of the personal brand model showed that all dimensions of the specialized component have a direct and significant effect on the unique brand model at a confidence level of 99%.

The results of the research have shown that the main hypotheses are accepted and the components of individual competence based on the components of employment quality have a significant positive effect on the components of personal brand.

This study aims was to designing a Model of personality trait and Entrepreneurship motivation on Medium and Small Businesses starting up with the role of mediation Awareness of entrepreneurship. The research was conducted by descriptive-correlation method and in the field. The statistical population of the study consisted of physical education students of Khorasan Razavi province. The statistical sample of the research was calculated based on Krejcie and Morgan table of 384 people and a questionnaire was distributed among them. To collect data, we use standard questionnaires personality trait, Entrepreneurship motivation, Medium and Small Businesses starting up & Awareness of entrepreneurship. The reliability of questionnaires, respectively, 0/84, 0/78, 0/86 and 0/76 respectively. For the test a research hypotheses, structural equation modeling based on partial least squares method using statistical software PLS. The result showed there is a significant impact of personality trait on Medium and Small Businesses starting up & Awareness of entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship motivation on Medium and Small Businesses starting up & Awareness of entrepreneurship, also there is a significant impact of Awareness of entrepreneurship on Medium and Small Businesses starting up. It seems Awareness of entrepreneurship, personality trait & Entrepreneurship motivation of students to factor in is the Medium and Small Businesses starting up.

The employment of different age groups is one of the main topics among the policy makers. The government has always been seeking ways in the social welfare system to provide job opportunities for the young people. One way is to change the age of retirement. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of retirement age on employment and unemployment. The study uses the two-stage constant elasticity of substitution function and nonlinear estimation to analyze the replacement of the young labor in the Iranian labor market from 2005 to 2018 and the effect of retirement age change on the employment of different age groups. The findings indicate that the substitution rate of young labor in the Iranian labor market was 42 percent, and thus, as 100 people get retired, only 42 individuals get employed. Therefore, the policy of retirement age change was not very much influential. Also, considering the fact that the social welfare system is salary-based and its budget is based on current payment, these policies may challenge the financial sustainability of the social welfare system.

Considering the importance and effectiveness of transportation in regional and local development in countries, this article examines the challenges and strategies for the development of the air transport industry as one of the sub-sectors of the transportation industry. According to the results of research, it can be concluded that the value added of the air transport industry and the level of wages and the price of capital as the price of factors of production in this sector are the most important factors in increasing production, employment and labor force in These sections are in Iran. This seems to be due to the fact that in the past few years, for various reasons, including international sanctions, the provision of foreign exchange resources, and the depletion of fleets and equipment in the air transport industry, the negative impact of the corona epidemic on the transportation economy Transportation, high investment has not been made in Iran's air transport sector, and due to the lack of sufficient capacity in this sector, in many cases, shortages can be observed. Therefore, the increase in value added in this industry leads to an increase in demand for labor and increases employment. On the other hand, because most of the people working in this sector are professionals and educated people, the added value that these people create is much higher than other sub-sectors of transportation. Therefore, aviation, while being one of the most important sub-sectors of services for regional and local economic development, has the capacity to invest in this sector, a significant increase in macroeconomic variables in the country, including employment create...

Many industries with predetermined plans have been completely suffered losses from the Covid-19 pandemic since March 2020, when the World Health Organization recognized it. The inbound tourists to Iran in the first six months of 1399 has decreased by almost 96%, affecting Gross Domestic Product, employment, imports, and income distribution. The purpose of present study is to investigate the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the employment of Iran's tourism sector using the labor force statistics of the year 1398 and the updated input-output table of the year 1390. The results extracted from the calculation of the direct, indirect, and induced effects show that 456,000 out of 4,575,000 people working in the 13 sectors related to the tourism industry have lost their jobs. Wholesale and retail services, road passenger services, and transportation support services have the highest ranks of employment lost among the 13 tourism-related sectors.

Nowadays, higher education in agriculture has faced many challenges, which the most important one is reduction in the number of students who are interested in studying these majors and unemployment increasing rate among the graduated of agricultural colleges. Thus, study of the leading countries in the field of policies in this matter cab be very helpful. This paper aims to examine the agricultural higher education system policies with an approach macro policies of Iran agricultural sector. The studied cases, India, United States of America and Netherlands which leading countries in higher agricultural education, were choose as a statistical sample and using comparative analysis, similarities and differences were identified. The results showed that higher agricultural education has faces threats in the all of the world. This is a general issue and not just specific to a particular country but the difference between countries is in responding and thinking about threats and formulating coherent clear and efficient policies and acting on them determine the success rate of countries that determine the success rate of the countries. According to further findings and study of the experiences of countries more similar to Iran, the paper suggests more two strategies for the implementation of agricultural higher education policies such as branding and marketing orientation. Also, the result of this research can contribute to the policy makers in higher agricultural to provide the polices and strategies.

Different technology transfer methods, in addition to being effective in reducing the technology gap, have other economic consequences. Not paying attention to these effects can add to the economic problems and challenges of countries. Among these effects, employment effect is important especially the effect on skilled and unskilled labor force. In this paper using a systematic review of published scientific research papers on the effect of technology transfer methods on employment; by Sign test and SPSS26 software, the effect of ten selected technology transfer methods has been investigated. At 1% level; among the studied methods, Alliances and Joint ventures were found to be ineffective on employment, the effect of Mergers and Acquisitions, Foreign direct investment, Franchises, Licenses, Multinational corporations, R&D and Spinoffs were significantly positive. In the second stage; Using TOPSIS method, technology transfer methods were ranked based on the effect on skilled and simple labor force. Accordingly, the franchise method was identified as the most appropriate method for employment in the simple labor force and R&D, foreign direct investment and spinoffs were identified as the most appropriate method for employment in the skilled labor force.