بدبینی سازمانی

Knowing the factors to prevent organizational cynicism in the workplace has always been one of the preoccupations of the organization's management. The purpose of this research is to investigate the mediating role of employees' silence and negative gossip in the workplace in the relationship between narcissistic leadership and organizational cynicism in the workplace. What is obtained through the study is carefully analyzed to address managers and employees to find better ways to deal with the state of work environments.

Design/Methodology/Approach: 

This research in terms of purpose, is practical, in terms of the data collection method, it is of field type, and in terms of the implementation method, it is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population consisted of all the employees of the five-star hotels in Mashhad, numbering 165 people, of which 115 people were selected as a statistical sample using Cochran's formula by simple random method. The information needed in the theoretical part was collected through library studies and the data needed to test the research hypotheses was gathered through the distribution of the 4-question questionnaire of negative rumors related to the work of Ko et al. (2015), Tangirala and Ramanujam's (2008) employee silence questionnaire with 5 questions and Hachwarter and Thomson's (2012) narcissistic leadership questionnaire with 16 questions. To measure validity, face validity and confirmatory factor analysis were used, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure reliability. Cronbach's alpha of narcissistic leadership, behavioral cynicism, the silence of employees, and negative gossip in the workplace was calculated as 0.838, 0.836, 0.835, and 842 respectively. Data analysis was done by structural equation method with a partial least squares approach and Amos software.

The path coefficient between narcissistic leadership and organizational pessimism is significant. Therefore, employee silence partially mediates the direct effect of narcissistic leadership on organizational cynicism. Therefore, the first hypothesis is confirmed. The path coefficient between narcissistic leadership and organizational pessimism is significant. Therefore, negative rumors partially mediate the positive and direct effect of narcissistic leadership on organizational cynicism. Therefore, the second hypothesis is confirmed. The path coefficient between the two variables of narcissistic leadership and organizational pessimism is significant. Therefore, there is a direct and positive relationship between narcissistic leadership and organizational pessimism, and the third hypothesis is confirmed. The path coefficient between narcissistic leadership and employee silence is significant. Therefore, there is a direct and positive relationship between narcissistic leadership and employees' silence, and the fourth hypothesis is confirmed. The path coefficient between narcissistic leadership and negative work-related gossip is significant. Therefore, there is a direct and positive relationship between narcissistic leadership and negative work-related rumors, and the fifth hypothesis is confirmed. The path coefficient between employee silence and organizational pessimism is significant. Therefore, there is a direct and positive relationship between employees' silence and organizational pessimism, and the sixth hypothesis is confirmed. The path coefficient between the variable of negative rumors related to work and organizational pessimism is significant. Therefore, there is a direct and positive relationship between negative work-related rumors and organizational pessimism, and the seventh hypothesis is confirmed.

According to the first hypothesis, managers should avoid behaviors such as self-arrogance, exaggeration, lying, immorality, and prejudice that cause employee frustration and should pay attention to improving the performance of their subordinates. According to the second hypothesis, if managers do not abandon the narcissistic style, employees respond to their managers with jealous and harmful behaviors and use silence as a compromise strategy to prevent further abuse. According to the third hypothesis, by avoiding narcissistic leadership, managers can prevent negative work-related rumors and psychological disorders that arise from incompatibility between employees and the organization. According to the fourth hypothesis, to prevent organizational pessimism and increase employee participation, leaders should allow employees to express their opinions about organizational issues and avoid repressive behaviors. According to the fifth hypothesis, managers can make the employees think of each other and their interaction with the organization, prevent the occurrence of pessimism, and increase the productivity of the employees. According to the sixth hypothesis, managers should avoid arrogance, hand-holding, over-sensitivity, and thinking about their benefit, to avoid the silence of employees, which leads to undesirable consequences. According to the seventh hypothesis, managers can avoid creating tension at work with rational behavior and empathy with employees in the work environment, and by conducting positive evaluation conversations, they can avoid creating rumors in the workplace caused by a negative atmosphere and a poor work environment in the organization.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of social capital components on explaining organizational pessimism as a behavioral challenge in Payam Noor universities in Guilan province.

The present research in terms of method; It is quantitative, with comparative logic, and in terms of purpose, it is practical and developmental. The statistical population of the research, the centers of Payam Noor University in Guilan province were selected in the number of 23 centers, the total number of human resources (academic faculty and administrative staff) is 588 people, and 220 people were selected as a sample using the cluster sampling method based on Cochran's formula. became The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. The questionnaire used was obtained from an exploratory study. In order to analyze the data, the mean, standard deviation method was used in the descriptive statistics section by SPSS23 statistical software, and in the inferential statistics section, the structural equation modeling method was used using Smart PLS3 statistical software.

The research findings indicate that the structural, relational and functional factors of social capital have an effect on organizational pessimism and explain it, and among the identified factors, the greatest intensity is related to the relational component, with the impact coefficient -0.672 and the factor load is 0.840.

The special achievement of the present research shows the importance that by improving relations and increasing interactions among employees and professors and supporting management of such communication, the field of pessimism will be reduced to a great extent. Based on this, in terms of application, it can be claimed that by relying on the three elements of social capital, the level of organizational pessimism can be reduced in Payam Noor University, Guilan Province. Also, in terms of domestic research innovation with such a theme, it has not been seen in the country from a topical and spatial point of view.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of incivility in the workplace on deviant behaviors in the workplace with the mediating role of organizational pessimism and emotional exhaustion. The current research was applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive in terms of the method of collecting correlational data. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all the employees of Isfahan branch of Islamic Azad University (Khorasgan) in the number of 660 people, and 445 people were selected as a sample through the stratified sampling method proportional to the volume through Cochran's sampling formula. The research tools were Cortina et al.'s workplace incivility questionnaire (2001), Spector et al.'s deviant behavior questionnaire (2006), Dean et al.'s (1998) organizational cynicism questionnaire, and Maslach and Jackson's emotional exhaustion questionnaire (1981). Based on this, the content, form and construct validity were examined and after the necessary terms, the validity was confirmed and on the other hand, the reliability of the questionnaires was 0.90, 0.90, 0.88 and 0.88 respectively with Cronbach's alpha method. Estimated. Data analysis was done at two descriptive and inferential levels including structural equation modeling.The results of the research showed that incivility in the workplace had a positive effect on deviant behaviors in the workplace, and the coefficient of this effect was 0.77, and also, the results showed that organizational pessimism and emotional exhaustion play a mediating role between incivility in the workplace and deviant behaviors. had in the work environment.

The present study has been conducted with the aim of analyzing the role of ethical leadership on cynicism and organizational citizenship behavior through of organizational identity and leader-member exchange in Iranian Gas Transmission Company District-2. In terms of purpose, this research is applied and done in a descriptive-correlational way. The sample size based on Cochran's formula, 196 people were selected. The tools of data collection were standard questionnaires and the hypotheses were tested using the structural equation modeling method. The results of the research showed that ethical leadership has a direct and negative effect on organizational cynicism Iranian Gas Transmission Company District-2. Also, the results showed that ethical leadership with the mediating role of organizational identity can lead to increase in organizational citizenship behaviors and a decrease in cynicism in Iranian Gas Transmission Company District-2. Also, ethical leadership with the mediator role of leader-member exchange can also lead to increase in organizational citizenship behaviors and a decrease in cynicism in Iranian Gas Transmission Company District-2.

The current research was conducted with the aim of identifying the dimensions of employees' cynicism and presenting a conceptual model based on a mixed approach.

The current research is a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) research in terms of practical purpose and method. In the qualitative phase, all scientific articles and documents were in the field of cynicism, which were analyzed by thematic analysis method. Based on the findings from the qualitative stage, a questionnaire and a preliminary model were designed, which were examined with construct validity methods (divergent, convergent and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis) and approved after the necessary corrections. and reliability was measured by Cronbach's alpha and combined methods. The statistical population of the research in the qualitative phase is 16 experts, and in the quantitative phase, the statistical population is 731 employees of the government organizations of Shahrekord city, who were selected by stratified random sampling method and according to Cochran's formula (251). was done, the method of data analysis in the quantitative part, at two descriptive and inferential levels, which included the structural equation model, was implemented through "SPSS22", "WarpPls5" and "Lisrel8" software.

The results of the qualitative phase identified seven themes: organizational factors of the occurrence of cynicism, extra-organizational factors, management factors related to the occurrence of cynicism, individual factors related to the occurrence of cynicism, organizational consequences, individual consequences and moderating factors. In the quantitative phase, the results It showed that the effect of moderating factors through intraorganizational factors on organizational outcomes and the effect of moderating factors through extra-organizational factors on individual outcomes was not significant and the structure of individual factors with a value of 0.71 had the greatest impact on individual outcomes.

Therefore, managers of organizations should pay special attention to their human capital; Because the performance of the organization depends on the performance of its employees. Many problems and issues related to employees that provide negative effects to the organization are the product of organizational cynicism.

The purpose of present study was investigating psychometric properties of the Organizational Cynicism Questionnaire. The statistical population of this study included all staff of Universities affiliated with the Ministry of Science at four levels of international, national, regional and local levels of performance across the country. The research data were collected from 430 staff members who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method using Organizational Cynicism Questionnaire. The results of the validation of the method showed that the internal consistency and stability reliability of the Organizational Cynicism Questionnaire by using Cronbach's alpha was 0/93 and by test-retest method was 0/95. Evaluate the content validity, discriminant, and construct of Organizational Cynicism Questionnaire confirms the validity of the questionnaire. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses as the main form revealed three correlated but separable dimensions that were "emotional cynicism","cognitive cynicism", and "behavioural cynicism". The results of this study showed that the Organizational Cynicism Questionnaire (OCQ) is a reliable and valid tool for measuring and screening the Organizational Cynicism of academic staff.

The purpose of the current research is to identify and discover the reducing factors of organizational pessimism and its will with an emphasis Social capital.The current research is qualitative in nature and follows inductive logic. It is practical and developmental in terms of purpose. The target community and participants of the research include experts from Payam Noor University in Guilan province, 20 of whom were selected by snowball sampling until theoretical adequacy was reached. Semi-analytical interview tools were used to collect research data and Maxqda qualitative software was used to analyze the data collected from the research.The findings of the research indicate three concepts arising from social capital, these concepts are structural, relational and functional.The results of the research showed that organizational pessimism can be eliminated by following factors and measures such as creating a flexible organizational structure, increasing de-bureaucratization, structural empowerment, performance evaluation based on competence, establishing a goal-based management system, establishing a trust-based culture, and increasing trust. and adhering to ethics, developing professional ethics among employees, creating equal opportunities for employee development, developing interpersonal relationships, improving relationships between managers and employees, collaborative decision-making, promoting informal groups within the organization, improving organizational identity, curbing and reducing And in this way, in addition to improving the social capital among professors, employees and students, it prevented the occurrence of unwanted consequences that may sometimes originate from pessimism and mistrust of the organization.

Reducing the areas of organizational silence of employees and their participation in work is one of the concerns of management in today's organizations. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between incivility in the workplace and organizational silence, and the mediating role of organizational cynicism. The present study has a practical purpose with field data collection method and a descriptive correlational method in terms of implementation method is used. The statistical population of this study was a staff of Payam-e-Noor University of North Khorasan Province. As the population was limited, the census method was used. The method of data collection was a questionnaire, for this purpose four standard questionnaires were used. The reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated by using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and confirmatory validity. Structural equation modeling and AMOS24 software were used for statistical analysis of the collected data. The results showed that there is a direct and significant relationship between incivility in the workplace and organizational silence. The results also showed that organizational cynicism mediates the relationship between incivility in the workplace and organizational silence. According to the research findings, it can be concluded that by reducing the incidence of organizational incivility and organizational cynicism of employees, staff silence is also reduced.

The aim of the present study is to investigate the mediating role of organizational cynicism in the relationship between incivility in the workplace and organizational silence. The statistical population of this study was all the employees of the universities of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces, whose number is 2255, according to the size of each region Using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 660 people was selected, and the sample people were selected using the stratified sampling method according to the size of each stratum. To collect the required data in this research, standard questionnaires were used and their validity and reliability were tested, and they were highly valid and reliable. In order to answer and check the hypotheses of the research, PLS-warp software was used to check the structural equations and path analysis using the partial least squares method. The results of the analysis conducted in the research showed that impoliteness in the work environment has a significant and positive effect on organizational silence, the coefficient of which is 0.77. And according to the output of Warp software, incivility in the workplace has a significant positive effect on organizational pessimism, the coefficient of which is 0.66, and also the effect of incivility in the workplace on organizational silence through organizational pessimism is positive with the coefficient of 0.88.

The purpose of this study is to explain the role of mediating the quality of work life in relation between organizational pessimism and organizational commitment among North Korean students. The research method is descriptive survey-correlation type. The statistical population of this research is the total number of 210 employees in the northern Khorasan province. The sample size was determined by Grigose and Morgan tables of 131 people. The research method is simple random sampling. The data were collected by library and field method and the tools used were standard quality of work life, organizational commitment and organizational pessimism. The reliability of the questionnaires was determined using Cronbach's alpha method to assess the quality of working life (0.949), organizational pessimism (0.781), organizational commitment (0.912), and validity of the tool was confirmed by content method. Bootstrapping method was used to investigate the mediating effect of organizational pessimism variable. According to the reported results, the indirect path of organizational cynicism → quality of work life → organizational commitment, with 95% confidence, is significant. According to the Bootstrap decision-making diagram, the final step is to test the direct path between organizational pessimism and Organizational commitment in the model is influenced by the mediating variable of the quality of working life. Structural equation modeling and AMOS 24 software were used for statistical analysis of the collected data. For a coefficient to be significant, its significance number must be out of range (1.96, -1.96). According to the critical ratio (CR) values obtained in each hypothesis, the results indicate the significance of the relationships between all hypotheses.For this purpose, the results showed that the organizational pessimism-organizational commitment is negative (-0.17) and significant. Therefore, according to the Bootstrap decision making diagram, the quality of work life mediates negatively the negative impact of organizational pessimism on organizational commitment, so the hypothesis is confirmed.

Today, with the advancement of science and technology, managers are faced with a huge amount of information that, intentionally or unintentionally, by refining and selecting a set of information encloses managers in the glass fence of information. This causes employees to be insecure and pessimistic about them. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of glass fence of management information on organizational cynicism. This study was an applied one, using the descriptive survey research and causal method. The statistical population of this study is all employees of Bank Mellat branches in Isfahan, numbering 420 people. Using simple random sampling, 208 people were selected and a questionnaire was distributed among them. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed through face validity and construct validity and its reliability using Cronbach''s alpha indices and composite reliability. In order to analyze the data and test the research hypotheses, the structural equation method and Smart PLS software were used. According to the findings of this study, the structural and managerial dimensions affect the information glass fence. In addition, the glass fence of managers'' information has an effect on organizational cynicism. The research results indicate that the glass fence of information causes the managers of the organization to be unaware of many internal events of the organization, which causes distrust and cynicism of employees in the management actions and can cause irreparable damages for their organization and managers.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of organizational pessimism as a mediating variable in the relationship between perceived organizational support and employees' anti-productivity behavior. The research is descriptive-survey in terms of practical purpose and in terms of nature and method of implementation. The statistical population of this study consisted of the staff of the General Office of Standards of Khorasan Razavi, due to the limited statistical population, the census was used. In this study, the Nayr Questionnaire (2013) was used for the organizational support variable, the Kalagan Organizational Pessimism Questionnaire (2009) was used for the organizational pessimism variable, and the Bennett and Robinson (2002) questionnaire was used for the anti-productivity behavior variable. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through face and content validity and the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data were analyzed by correlation test and structural equations using SPSS22 and PLS 3 software. Structural equation modeling findings showed that organizational pessimism mediates the relationship between perceived organizational support and anti-productivity behavior.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of organizational cynicism on deviant behaviors in the workplace through organizational silence and destructive leadership. The purpose of this study was applied and descriptive correlational in terms of data collection. The statistical population of this study consisted of 1000 employees of Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. The sample consisted of 287 individuals selected through Cochran sampling formula by proportional stratified sampling method. (And standard deviant behaviors questionnaire at workplace (Bennett & Robinson (2000)) and the Vakula & Brados Organizational Silence Questionnaire (2005) and Golparvar's malicious leadership standard questionnaire (2014). Experts, a formality based on the views of a number of statistical population and constructs were evaluated by factor analysis method and after validity of the necessary terms were confirmed. On the other hand, the reliability of the questionnaires with Cronbach's alpha method were (0.88), (0.85), (0.89), respectively were estimated. Data were analyzed at the inferential level including structural equation modeling. The results showed that organizational cynicism has a positive and significant effect on deviant behaviors in the workplace through organizational silence, which has a coefficient of 0.55, and through destructive leadership, it has a positive and significant effect on deviant behaviors in the workplace. It is 0.44 and also organizational cynicism has a positive and significant effect on deviant behaviors in the workplace which has a coefficient of 0.88.

the purpose of extracting the organizational cynicism model in the universities of Kashan was based on the data approach of the Foundation. The data of the qualitative section of the present study was obtained from an interview with 16 professors and experts of the universities of Kashan and his observations in the field of research. The number of these people is 442.The statistical sample in the quantitative section is calculated based on the Cochran formula in the limited population which accordingly, the sample number is 206 people. The random sampling method was also used in 3 categories.After collecting data, a model for measuring 6 patterns in LaserList software was investigated. The results indicate that they are suitable.Then, according to Proposition 1 and 2,the causative conditions and ground conditions are effective on the central phenomenon (organizational cynicism). Based on Proposition 3 and 4, the intervening factors are effective on the central and managerial phenomenon. Also, according to Proposition 5, organizational cynicism has a retroactive effect on strategies and strategies; and finally, based on proposition 6,strategies and strategies are effective on the implications of organizational cynicism.

The present study aimed at analyzing the impact of organizational cynicism on the quality of service delivery with the mediating role of job satisfaction and moderating the role of organizational identity in Hamadan Health Insurance Organization.

The study is purposeful, applied, and descriptive in terms of data collection. The statistical population of this study includes all managers and staff of Hamedan Health Insurance Company. Using Cochran formula, 188 people were selected as the statistical sample by systematic random sampling. To measure the validity of questionnaires by face and content method and to determine the reliability of Cronbach's alpha which was estimated 0.786. For analyzing data from structural equation modeling, Smartphone software. L. SS version 2 was used.

The results showed that organizational cynicism had a significant effect on service quality, organizational cynicism on job satisfaction; job satisfaction on quality of service; organizational identity had a significant effect on service quality.Limitations and Consequences: Due to the multitude of research variables and given the specific complexity of the research, other variables for future research should be carefully examined both in the present statistical population and in other organizations rather than other meaningful relationships. To be more transparent and comprehensive.

the aim of this research is to study and examine the relationship between Machiavellian Leadership and Employees ‘job burnout with the Mediator role of Organizational Cynicism. The research method in terms of applied purpose and the nature of the research is descriptive - survey oriented. This research is applied based on the nature and correlation based on the method. The population consists of 483 staff of social Security Organization of Busher Province with the degree of associate, from among 214 were randomly chosen based on Cochran formula. Population of the current research included personnel of social security organization of Busher province and of this population, 214 persons were selected through simple random sampling method. Researchers collected data from questionnaires used was paired comparisons. Correlation test and structural equations model available in Lisrel and SPSS software were utilized to analyze the questionnaire's data. Results showed that Machiavellian leadership has a both direct and indirect, through organizational cynicism, on Employees ‘job burnout.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of organizational pessimism in employees' deviant behaviors through social wear. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey method. The statistical population includes 320 employees of Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon Branch. Using Krejcie and Morgan table, 175 people were selected as a statistical sample by random sampling method. Research data were collected through Dean et al. (1998) Organizational Pessimism Questionnaire, Duffy et al. (2002) Social Abrasion Questionnaire and Robinson & Bennett (1995) Staff Deviation Behavior Questionnaire. To determine the validity of the questionnaires, face and content validity were used and to assess the reliability, they were confirmed by Cronbach's alpha method, which were 0.920, 0.854, and 0.933, respectively. SPSS-22 and Lisrel 8.80 statistical software were used to analyze the obtained data. Analysis of the collected data showed that organizational pessimism has a positive and significant effect on employees' deviant behaviors. The effect of mediating the role of social wear on the relationship between organizational pessimism and deviant behaviors of employees was also confirmed. In general, the results of the present study are consistent with the researches and it can be said that in the society and the sample under study, one of the factors affecting the deviant behaviors of employees is attention to organizational pessimism and social wear.

This study investigates the impact of organizational coaching on cynicism and job performance with a multilevel approach.

The research method is descriptive-survey. The statistical population of this study included all employees of petrochemical companies in Mahshahr Special Economic Zone. Through a sample size formula in limited societies, 245 people were randomly selected from 18 companies and questionnaires were distributed among these employees. Smart PLS software and HLM software were used for data analysis. At the individual level, the results showed that cynicism had a significant negative effect on job performance.

The results of multilevel analysis showed that coaching at the organizational level had a significant and negative effect on organizational cynicism at the individual level and a positive and significant effect on job performance. In this study, the moderating role of Multilevel coaching on the relationship between cynicism and job performance was confirmed.

It seems that organizational coaching and strengthening it in the organization reduces organizational pessimism and improves employee job performance.

In current age,one of the serious challenges facing managers is the organizational pessimism phenomenon and considered by many organizations. The purpose of this research is to identify the effective factors , consequences and design the native pattern of organizational pessimism in the companies studied. This research is in terms of purpose, is developmental and in terms of nature is scrolling. The method of research is done in two sections, quality and quantity .In the qualitative section, using the ethnographic method, the causative factors and the consequences of organizational pessimism, the identification and analysis of the data through the thematic analysis and the design of the conceptual model was carried out. In the quantitative part and using the abstract ladder, the research questionnaire was adjusted the effect of each of the variables identified in the qualitative section was tested. The statistical population of the research is the personnel of the electricity distribution companies in the province of Isfahan. For sampling according to the Cochran formula, 360 individuals were selected .. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by using structural equation model and reliability by Cronbach's alpha.. The results show that individual, group, organizational and environmental factors affect organizational pessimism .

The purpose of this study was tocommunicating the role of organizational Factors of injustice and cynicism in cyber loafing. Methodology of the research in terms of the main strategy, was quantitative, in terms of the strategy, was field, and in terms of analytical, was descriptive. The statistical population of this study included all staff of Universities affiliated with the Ministry of Science at تاون levels of international, national, regional and local levels of performance across the country. The research data were collected from 430 staff members who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The sample size according to the Kregci-Morgan model and with error α = 0/05, was considered 430 persons. To collect data Cyber Loafing Questionnaire of Bella et al (2006), Organization Cynicism Questionnaire of Kalagan (2009) and Organizational Injustice Questionnaire of Kim and Leung (2007) was used. Validity of the tools was confirmed by the professors of education and psychology. Data were analyzed by artificial neural network with multilayer perceptron (MPL) method in Spss.v.24 software. The results showed modeling the organizational factors affecting on cyber loafing has an input layer with eight units and a hidden layer with two unit and the artificial neural network is well able to predict the jumps and the process of cyber loafing of academic staff based on organizational factors of cynicism and injustice. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to these components and their effects in the organization human resource behavior and avoiding deviant behavior