برنامه ریزی استراتژیک

Strategic thinking is a method for solving strategic problems that integrates with rational approaches and converges with the development of creative processes and diverse ideas. Having this type of thinking enables the manager to understand what factors are effective in achieving the desired goals and how it leads to value creation. With regard to the above, the current research has been written with the aim of presenting the strategic thinking model of defense industry managers using the fuzzy Dimtel method and tries to answer the main question of what is the strategic thinking model for defense industry managers? to answer This research was conducted with a descriptive-survey method and its statistical population was selected purposefully. To collect information, a researcher-made questionnaire was used, the reliability of which was calculated by SPSS software, 0.982, and since the data were normal, confirmatory factor analysis was used to analyze them using Lisrel software. The main results of the research are as follows: "system thinking and system engineering" has the most influence, followed by "market-based thinking and needs assessment", "perspective-oriented and goal-oriented thinking", "transformationalism and changeability", "awareness towards environment and competitors", "opportunism and discovery of competitive areas", "insight and power of analysis", "foresight and foresight", "value creation and capability building", "hypothesis-oriented and flexibility", "abstract and intuitive thinking", "time management" and "Critical and innovative thinking" respectively affect strategic thinking.

The present research has identified and ranked the barriers to the institutionalization of management systems including integrated management system, evaluation of organizational excellence and strategic planning in Zanjan Regional Electric Company.

The research is a descriptive-survey research in terms of practical purpose and in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the research includes all approved and qualified managers of Zanjan Regional Electricity Company. Questionnaires created by the researcher have been distributed to all managers on two occasions. For the content validity of the questionnaire, Delphi technique was used, and after the implementation of the questionnaire, 35 valid questionnaires were collected and the software used in this research was MS Excel and Expert Choice.

The research results show that the index of implementation obstacles of the integrated management system is the most important with a relative weight of 0.465. Then the implementation obstacles of strategic planning and the organizational excellence model are in the next ranks, respectively. Also, the inconsistency rate index has been calculated as 0.0003, considering that its value is less than 0.1, so the compatibility between paired comparisons is established..

The research results show that the index of implementation obstacles of the integrated management system is the most important with a relative weight of 0.465. Then the implementation obstacles of strategic planning and the organizational excellence model are in the next ranks, respectively. Also, the inconsistency rate index has been calculated as 0.0003, considering that its value is less than 0.1, so the compatibility between paired comparisons is established.

The study purpose is to investigate the effect of the strategic planning of the holding company on the strategic innovation and strategic survival of the subsidiaries and to analyze the role of strategic flexibility in the holding company Tapico. This research is applied, descriptive and survey type. The population is 482 senior and middle managers of 42 subsidiaries from five different industrial and management groups that operate under the supervision of Tapico Holding Company. The sample size determined by using the test power method and using G-Power software to the number of 222 people, and in order to be more reliable, 280 questionnaires distributed, and with a reversibility rate of 82.5%, 225 questionnaires finally used as the basis for analysis. Data analysis did by using structural equation method and Smart PLS software. The findings show that strategic planning of holding companies has a positive effect on strategic flexibility, strategic innovation and strategic survival of subsidiaries. In addition, the strategic flexibility of subsidiaries has a positive effect on their strategic innovation and strategic survival. Also, strategic innovation of subsidiaries has a positive effect on strategic survival. The analysis of mediating variables shows that strategic flexibility and strategic innovation of subsidiaries mediate the effect of strategic planning on strategic survival. In addition, strategic flexibility of subsidiaries mediates the effect of strategic planning on strategic innovation and strategic innovation also mediates the effect of strategic flexibility on strategic survival. The research expanded the theoretical foundations of strategic management by filling the research gap and highlighted the role of variables affecting strategic survival in businesses.

Recently there are remarkable interests about business ecosystems in businesses and academic environments and increasing. Regarding special characteristics of business ecosystems, it is expected that management concepts including strategy and strategizing are different in business ecosystems and they have special specifications and require special considerations. In this research and using related articles published in this area, we review previous researches and extract related concepts and themes about strategazing in business ecosystems and realation between them and to design an integrated model for strategizing in business ecosystem’s life cycle.

To identify related themes about strategizing in business ecosystems, we use Metasynthesis and Sandelowski and Barroso method in this research that the mothod includes seven steps. Published articles in this area between 1993 to 2021 and in top scientific databases are reviewed by the research group. These databases include Science Direct, Emerald, Scopus and EBSCO. In addition and regarding the importance of some journals, the resarch group considered articles of four pioneer journals by Berry-picking and Journal Runs and Hand Searching method to be sure that all influential articles are reviewed. These four pioneer journals include Harvard Business Review, MIT Sloan Management Review, California Management Review and Strategic Management Journal. We reviewed related articles and screened articles three times and at the end, 107 articles selected and studied in this research. We extracted required information from these selected articles and then categorized and synthesized them to extract concepts and themes.

Using Metasynthesis results, 10 themes about strategizing in business ecosystems are identified including Ecosystem Creation Motivators, Ecosystem Drivers, Ecosystem Goal, Ecosystem Boundary, Strategic Positions in Ecosystem, Strategic Roles in Ecosystem, Critical Health Factors of Ecosystem, Ecosystem Challenges, Ecosystem Dynamism, and Strategizing in Ecosystem that every theme has its sub-themes and concepts. These themes are related together and can make an integrated model to describe how different factors influence strategizing in business ecosystems and how designers and managers of an ecosystem can nurture an acosystem by deliberately strategic initiatives.

In the end and using identified themes and regarding the relationships between them, an integrated model for strategizing in business ecosystems’ life cycle are designed by the researchers. In this model and based on the research question, strategizing has a dynamic charactristics and is a continuous attempt during whole life cycle of business ecosystem and plays as a core of the model. There are several motivators that encourage different ecosystem players to participate in the ecosystem. While these motivators exist, the ecosystem evolve and otherwise will collapse. On the other hand, customer value proposition is the core goal that whole ecosystem moves toward that goal and strategizing is a leading engine that pushes the ecosystem toward this goal. In addition to strategizing, there are some soft and hard drivers that provide dynamism for ecosystem. After creating ecosystem, different participants play various roles in the ecosystem that based on their responsibiliy, they are assigned to special positions and these positions determine the strategic role of every participant in the ecosysetm. Participants influence the strategizing in the ecosystem by these strategic roles. Also, strategic positions maybe change by ecosystem dynamism and then they are dynamic. By prticipation of players in the ecosystem, the boundary of ecosystem will be detremined that include players in different strategic positions. According to the model, this boundary is dynamic and based on the different factor, the boundary can change during ecosystem’s life cycle. Survival and competitiveness of an ecosystem deponds on its health. During evolution of the ecosystem, different factors emerge that based on these factors we can evaluate healthiness of ecosystem that we call them Critical Health Factors. These factors play a very important role in decision about ecosystem strategies. Ecosystem challenges are other factors that influence strategizing in ecosystem that these challenges related to charactristics of ecosystems and these challenges must be considered for any strategic initiatives. But ecosystem dynamism is the crucial issue in ecosystem strategizing that accomplish by ecosystem’s life cycle. Comprehensive understanding of this dynamism is so important for strategizing in an ecosystem. Also, dynamism variables are the most important issue about ecosystem dynamism. These variables make dynamism in the ecosystem or they will be affacted by ecosystem dynamism. These dynamism variables influence on strategizing in ecosystem and also will be affacted by new strategies and changes. In addition to strategic roles, strategic challenges and dynamism variables, there are another factors that impact on strategizing that we call them as Effective Factors on Strategizing. These factors have mutual relationship with strategizing and they have dynamism charactristics. In addition, Strategic Approach is another factor that can influence strategizing in ecosystem. Every strategic approach has its own requirements and can make different effect on strategizing in ecosystem. These strategic approaches are related to strategic positions and ecosystem dynamism. Regarding complexity of strategizing in ecosystems, it is necessary to consider all these themes together simultaneously and also their relationship. This comprehensive understanding leads to a best decision during strategy develpoment and execution and this designed model is the most comprehensive known model for strategizing in business ecosystems.

ost sales managers focus too much on the product and various marketing methods and not enough on sales strategy. The purpose of the study was the importance of strategic planning in the sale of organic products in knowledge-based companies. The adopted research method is exploratory mixed research. In the qualitative part, purposeful sampling was used. In total, 20 experts and university professors were interviewed. In the quantitative part, the statistical population included 30 knowledgebased companies, which were selected using a simple random sampling method based on Cochran's sample size formula. As such, 300 people were selected and a questionnaire was provided to managers and employees for model testing. The validity in the qualitative part was addressed taking into consideration the criteria of confirmability, dependability, transferability, and credibility, and in the quantitative part, was addressed using content validity and construct validity. Reliability was confirmed in the qualitative part by test-retest methods and intercoder reliability and in the quantitative part by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The developed qualitative model was tested in the form of a questionnaire. In the quantitative part, the model was investigated using confirmatory factor analysis and the fit of the experimental model was determined. In general, the results of the structural model showed that the proposed model has sufficient validity, which was analyzed using the Amoss software for the structural equation model. The fit of the structural measurement models and the overall model were confirmed. Finally, the general approach of strategic planning in sales shows that in order to sell products in knowledge-based companies, there is a strong need for interaction among members to formulate their strategy.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between strategic planning of human resources and financial performance of private companies. This research is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of this research includes 283 human resources experts of private companies in Tehran. Using Cochran's formula, the sample size is equal to 164 people. The method used for sampling is simple random method. The research data was collected through a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by the professors and the reliability of the instrument was confirmed by measuring Cronbach's alpha. In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics method was used first, and Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to test the hypotheses The findings of the research confirmed all the hypotheses and indicate that the dimensions of strategic planning of human resources including structural prerequisites, human prerequisites, cultural prerequisites and technological prerequisites have a positive and direct effect on the financial performance of private companies.

This study aimed to explore the role of strategic planning in improving organizational performance in private hospitals in Tehran. This qualitative research was conducted using semi-structured interviews with 23 managers and supervisors from private hospitals in Tehran. Participants were selected through purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using NVivo software, employing coding and qualitative content analysis until theoretical saturation was achieved. The findings indicated that strategic planning significantly enhances organizational performance, process improvement, and resource optimization in private hospitals. Key factors identified included managerial commitment, employee empowerment, communication transparency, and conflict management. The balanced scorecard and strategic human resource management were highlighted as crucial tools for improving hospital performance. Strategic planning is a vital managerial tool that can lead to significant improvements in organizational performance in private hospitals. Effective implementation requires strong managerial commitment, sufficient resource allocation, and continuous evaluation and adaptation of strategies. Hospitals should prioritize employee empowerment and utilize tools such as the balanced scorecard and strategic HR management to achieve competitive advantages and enhance service quality.

In recent years, the issue of governance has entered the national sphere and emphasized the importance of strategic decisions. But making these decisions is always accompanied by errors and cognitive biases. the aim of identifying the cognitive biases of policy makers in governance strategic decision-making.

The current research has a applicative purpose and in terms of the type of data, it is a qualitative research. By searching for research keywords in foreign databases such as Emerald, Web of Science, Scopus, etc. and domestic databases such as Nurmagz, Mogiran , Civilica and... (researches from 1980 to 2024 and 1390 to 1402) the desired sources were found and the validity and reliability of the findings were confirmed by the face validity method by the expert center group and Kappa reliability equal to 0.72. The obtained sources have been identified by using the seven-step metacombination method of Sandelowski and Barroso (2007) coding and the desired components of the research.

According to the findings of the 22 selected final studies, 134 codes lead to 40 cognitive biases and in 5 main groups, they include biases related to decision making and judgment, information processing biases, awareness and perception biases, self-centered biases, and social biases. and a group has been identified.

The research results showed how decision-making is influenced and activated by internal and external biases. This research emphasizes that policy makers must recognize and manage their cognitive biases in each category and select appropriate information from a wide set of data.

In the leading organizations and multinational companies, attending to the new approaches of strategic organizational planning is the main concerns regarding the development of human resources. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to identify the strategic planning model based on organizational innovation for the development of human resources. The approach adopted was qualitative and its method was research synthesis. The research corpus included all articles (124 articles) accessible from 2012 to 2023 that were published in specialized and scientific databases about strategic planning based on organizational innovation. The final sample of the research was 31 articles, which have been selected based on thematic monitoring, theoretical saturation of data, and in a purposive way. The research data was collected from the qualitative analysis of the documents under study. By analyzing the data, the components and indicators of the strategic planning model based on organizational innovation were organized in 6 dimensions, 18 axes and 60 categories. The selected axes in this field included six selected components of managerial components, functional components in the organization, strategic evaluation, ethical-cultural components, structural components and identification of organizational challenges and resources. Therefore, considering the results for strategic planning, it is important to pay attention to internal and external indicators.

At present, organizations are facing a turbulent and turbulent environment, and the rate of environmental change makes a strategic plan in itself insufficient. Companies also need to be more successful in performance than their competitors. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the impact of strategic planning on firm performance by analyzing the mediating role of competitive advantage. The purpose of this study is to identify the effect of strategic planning on firm performance by analyzing the mediating role of competitive advantage. The present research is of descriptive-survey type. The statistical population of the study includes 65 experts of the planning unit of disinfection companies in the east of the country. Cluster random sampling method was determined and 56 people were selected as a sample through Morgan table. Data were collected through a standard questionnaire and the validity and reliability of the research tool were confirmed. Data analysis was performed through descriptive and inferential statistics using Smart PLS software. The results showed that strategic planning has a positive and significant effect on company performance by analyzing the mediating role of competitive advantage in disinfection companies in the east of the country.

Companies' efforts to gain more market share and maintain survival have made the integration of companies to use each other's ability as a parent company. One of the main concerns of the parent company is how to control the subsidiary businesses. The present study has been carried out by purpose of design an intelligent model for corporate control strategies with emphasis on the interaction of the parent company with subsidiaries in Holding TAPIKO. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of method, descriptive-follow-up research. Research data includes documentation received from literature and indexed articles in Scopus and Science Direct, as well as semi -structured interviews. First, using qualitative content analysis methods of interviews and articles were coded in maxqda2020 software, 28 sub -categories in the form of 8 short -term profitability categories, long -term profitability, distinctive capability, market trends, fitness, company size, power size, power Politically identified. The following comments were used to identify the coefficients of the importance of components and write fuzzy rules, and were designed using MATLAB software and fuzzy inference system (FIS), which included 31 fuzzy rules. The model was implemented in 3 modes of cellulose, tires as well as petrochemicals. The results of the research for cellulose and tire companies indicate less financial control strategy and interference, and for petrochemical subsidiaries, it shows strategic control and greater interference by the maternal firm. The result of validation review through Surface analysis also indicates the appropriate model validity of the model.

One of the main capitals and the source of transformation and development in military organizations is human power. Achieving the goals set for these organizations requires having motivated and excellent human resources. Therefore, one of the important duties of military organizations is planning for the growth and excellence of human resources. In this research, an attempt has been made to present a strategic plan for the preservation and excellence of human beings in Iran's military organizations by using the descriptive-analytical method and using Bryson's strategic planning model. The obtained results show that the application of Bryson's model creates a framework for commanders and managers who can act on the strategic and operational level to formulate effective plans for human excellence in the organization by looking at the components of the model. For this reason, the model presented in this research is a type of directional planning model that strengthens the forward-looking vision and facilitates more detailed planning and effective actions in the field of human excellence in the organization. will be military.

A B S T R A C T
This research aims to investigate environmental issues, their destructive effects, and their roles and potentials in attracting tourists to the ecotourism axes, the Lashkark-Dizin axis. The type of applied research and the method of that research is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of this research is 3 statistical population of experts, people living in the studied axis, tourists entering the studied axis, and the sample size based on the random sampling method is 30 people for the first community, 200 people for the second community, and 150 people for the third community. In this regard, the final evaluation of the value of the waterfalls along the path and the green tourist routes and sports facilities of the Lashkark-Dizin axis, the results of this method show that the economic index is 0.859 and the standard of amenities and services is the highest with 0.842. They have played a role in attracting tourists as well as investment purposes. The results of the network analysis model also show that economic activity development indicators with a value of 0.157 have played the greatest role in the destruction of the environmental resources of the Lashkar-Dizin axis. In the next order, the change of uses, such as the change of use from agriculture and gardens to commercial; change of use from residential to commercial; Change of use from agriculture and gardens to facilities and equipment; The change of use from parks to residential and tourism centres with a rate of 0.098 has had a significant impact on the destruction of the environmental resources of this axis.
Extended Abstract
Today, tourism is one of the most important opportunities for environmental sustainability. Because environments have always been fragile and sensitive to the changes and destructions caused by tourism. The culture of tourism will definitely help the fields of environmental sustainability. The sustainability of tourism is based on the concept of sustainable development, in which the need to maintain the interaction between humans and the environment is discussed. The lack of interaction between humans and the environment causes widespread environmental problems. For years, environmental scientists and ecologists have identified the increase in economic activities as an important factor in the depletion and destruction of natural resources and have shown that with the increase in economic activities, the stability and flexibility of ecosystems has been seriously threatened.
 
This research is descriptive-analytical according to the goals and components of applied research and its research method. The statistical population is domestic and foreign tourists. The statistical sample is calculated based on random sampling. Based on this, the statistical population of this research is 3 statistical populations of experts, people living in the study area, tourists entering the study area, and the sample size is 30 people for the first community, 200 people for the second community, and 150 people for the third community. In order to use the questionnaire, its validity and reliability will be evaluated. In connection with the validity, the coefficient of the ability of the questionnaire is proposed, the range of the ability coefficient is from zero (no correlation) to +1 (complete correlation). The reliability coefficient indicates how much the measuring instrument measures the subject's stable characteristics or variable and temporary characteristics.
 
Lavasan is one of the cities of Lavasanat district, Shemiranat city, Tehran province, Iran. This city is the center of Lavasanat district. Lavasanat section includes many areas, but the body of Lavasan city from west to east is the neighborhoods of Lashgark, Bagh Sarhang Gharib, Noushani, Astlak, Tok Farzah, Astlak Bayan (Kashfia), Chenarban, Ahmedabad, Basti, Shurkab, Jaij (Jaj), Glenduk. (Golham Do Rudak), Najarkla (including Seyed Piyaz), Dastgerd, Ghaziabad, Naran, Kalak, Bagh Dere, Cebu Koch, Timur Abad, Nazim Abad and Cebu Big. The city of Lavasan is located in the northeast of Tehran city and is considered as the closest summer area of Tehran city. According to the research findings, if the relationship between nature tourism and environmental protection is two-way, it is beneficial and there is hope for its sustainability. In addition, the current and future needs of the host population should be anticipated and the future generations will also benefit from them. become Therefore, the conditions for the continuation of ecotourism in the Lashkarak-Dizin route are the support of local people, the involvement of local communities in the management of this activity, and the fair distribution of benefits among people. Indicators of development of economic activities include the construction of accommodation centers such as hotels, guesthouses; Construction of business-service units; Construction of roadside service centers; Establishing tourist camps; The construction of urban facilities and equipment has played the biggest role in destroying the environmental resources of Lashkarak-Dizin axis.
 
In this research, in order to determine the value of each of the attractions and capabilities of Lashkarak-Dizin tourist center using the Prolong method, the network analysis model has been used to analyze the effect of various indicators in the development of Lashkarak-Dizin center tourism. In this regard, the final evaluation of the value of the waterfalls along the
 
route and the green tourist routes and sports places of Lashkarak-Dizin axis, the results of this method show that the economic index with a value of 0.859 and the standard of comfort and service facilities as well With 0.842, they have played the biggest role in attracting tourists and also investment goals in such a way that this can indicate the extent of expansion of economic activities related to ecotourism development in the studied axis, which in the absence of environmental protection planning. Environment, the change of extensive uses from agriculture and gardens to economic activities can change the face of the virgin and natural environment and lead to climate changes in the region. The results of the network analysis model also show that the indicators of the development of economic activities include the construction of accommodation centers such as hotels, guesthouses; Construction of business-service units; Construction of roadside service centers; Establishing tourist camps; The construction of urban facilities and equipment, etc., with a value of 0.157, has played the greatest role in destroying the environmental resources of Lashkarak-Dizin axis. In the next order, the change of uses, such as the change of use from agriculture and gardens to commercial; change of use from residential to commercial; Change of use from agriculture and gardens to facilities and
 
equipment; The change of use from gardens to residential and tourism centers, etc., with a rate of 0.098, has had a great impact on the destruction of the environmental resources of this axis. The impact of these changes in uses is so impressive that sometimes it can lead to extensive climate changes in a region. The attraction of tourism, which is the result of the existence of tourist facilities and amenities and services in an area along with the existence of natural attractions, has a direct relationship with the destruction of environmental resources, so that with the increase of amenities and services in a touristic area, ecological capacities and capabilities The area will be threatened with high population density.
 
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
Authors’ Contribution
All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

The importance of strategic planning in any organization is undeniable, And the discussion of its evaluation is doubly important. Since in the dynamic environment of the present age, traditional approaches to strategic planning have lost their effectiveness, attention to new approaches has increased and one of these approaches is the Blue Ocean approach. The present study is supported by the National Iranian Petrochemical Company and has been compiled with the aim of assessing the degree of compliance and alignment of the strategic planning of this company with the blue ocean approach. In this research, which is a type of qualitative research, after selecting the appropriate model and indicators to evaluate it and then confirming the experts, using case study method and in-depth interviews with 9 experts of the National Iranian Petrochemical Company in Strategies were involved, the company's strategies were evaluated. The findings show that 55% of the strategic planning of the National Iranian Petrochemical Company reflects the Blue Ocean approach. Also, among the dimensions of the model to be evaluated, which include blue ocean perspective, humanness and the use of appropriate tools, the blue ocean perspective in the formulation of the company's strategies is in a better position than the other two dimensions.

Policymakers and strategic planners around the world, especially in Europe and the United States, have noted that enhancing entrepreneurial capacity is essential to achieving higher levels of economic growth and innovation. It is believed that an entrepreneurial culture based on knowledge, practice and innovation may deal with the problems caused by the current global economic crisis. In fact, it can be said that a developing country like ours constantly needs to upgrade its entrepreneurial capacity to help its economic growth and development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the entrepreneurial capacities of the strategic plan of Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj Branch with Delphi fuzzy approach.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and analytical-survey-Delphi in terms of data collection. To evaluate the entrepreneurial capacities of the strategic plan of the Islamic Azad University of Sanandaj, the Delphi technique consisting of 18 experts in the field of entrepreneurship management and strategic management of the Islamic Azad University of Sanandaj was used.

The results of fuzzy Delphi research showed that the degree of acceptance of all hypotheses is between 0.5-0. Therefore, it can be said that they do not have the necessary utility. In other words, the degree of reliability of all dimensions is less than 0.5, so the nullity-based hypotheses of utility are rejected because the dimensionality hypothesis is in a state of weak possibility for acceptance.

The aim of this study is designing the integrated framework of strategic planning and policy making in upstream oil and gas drilling sector. In this regard variety of‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌ robust strategies were designed using SWOT matrix and in order to weighting and prioritizeing decision options, all effective factors and parameters were extracted and explained using Delphi technique and pairwise comparison questionnaires. PROMETHEE and ANP decision-making techniques have been used to prioritize strategies. In order to screen and perform pairwise comparisons of indicators, 51 questionnaires obtained by snowball sampling method were used and the validity and reliability of the questionnaires were assessed.The results show that the strategy of maximizing the efficiency of drilling operations and human resources in the North Drilling Company is the most important among other strategies.

There is no integrated conceptual tool to measure the success and effectiveness of strategies. This research intends to provide a new and integrated conceptual framework for measuring strategy by conceptualizing the capacity of strategy and also explaining the levels and dimensions of it. Deceleration of economic growth and actual economic stagnation necessitates an analysis and explanation of this situation and search of its external and inner organizational reasons. One of the causes for economic slowdown lies in the fact that most of the superior positions are occupied by unqualified people only because of racial similarities. The present research was done with the purpose of identification of public managers’ mindset in regard to racial similar- to- me effect in the context of organizational appointments using Q methodology. This is a methodologically descriptive research in regard to data gathering and analysis and also an exploratory and qualitative-quantitative mixed one. The statistical population was the whole public managers in Ilam city public organizations.  The sampling method was judgmental purposeful methodology. Data gathering tools were semi-structured interview and Q tables. The qualitative part was prepared through semi-structured interviews with 10 public managers and thematic analysis. To gather discourse space 106 subjects were selected. 41 of these were selected as samples. In the qualitative part, with completion of 10 Q tables and data analysis, the individuals’ mindset in every identified group was analyzed. Finally, based on factor analysis results for Q methodology, four mental patterns (demophobia, anthrophobia, metathesiophobia and epistemophobia) were determined in regard to similar- to- me effect in organizational appointment among senior managers of Ilam public organizations. Demophobia was found to be the dominant pattern due to higher number of participants and their dominant position.

There must be strategic thinking for strategic planning. The purpose of the present study is to understand the experiences of planners, executives and strategic control of customs and to understand the place of strategic thinking. Therefore, considering the strategic planning in the Customs of Iran, this research seeks to find out what position of critical and important strategic thinking variable among strategic planners, users and controllers? Do participants and users of strategic planning have a depth of strategic thinking? The community under study is involved in strategic planning at customs, describing and describing their experiences. Purposeful sampling was used to select the subjects (18 programmers and presenters) then required data with semi-structured individual interview (20-30 minutes) in the time frame of 30/1/98 until 12/3/1398. Research findings were categorized into five basic concepts using the Dikelman analysis method and Lidka's strategic thinking model. These concepts are: "Systematic attitude", "Strategic determination", "Advancement based on scientific approach", "Intelligent opportunism", and "Thinking in time" The research results show that strategic thinking is a key element in formulating and implementing The control is strategic planning and this variable has not been as well considered in the strategic planning of customs.