ترافیک

This paper aims to efficiently find the number and optimal placement of BTSs in the coverage area such that the implementation cost is minimized, while the user's traffic in the corresponding area and the channel interference constraints are satisfied.

Design/methodology/approach: 

An integer linear mathematical model has been proposed to assign all customer points to transceiver-based stations. The objective function has been assumed to minimize fixed costs while considering a penalty for reducing interference. An optimization solver has been applied to solve the model.

The proposed mathematical model was compared to another existing model in the literature from three points of view: coverage cost, construction costs, and running time. The results indicated that the proposed model has the appropriate efficiency to find solutions to real practical problems. In more detail, the proposed model succeeded to find solutions with less coverage or construction cost in a shorter time, compared with the model in literature, which has been referred to as the SSH model in the paper. However, there have been some samples in which the SSH model overtakes the proposed model in one or two mentioned aspects for comparison.

Research limitations/implications: 

The limitation of this study is that the channel model was considered based on the simple free space path loss model, while the real channel model based on the environmental effects can be suggested for future work.  Another important issue is that for BTS localization design, knowing the status of the real environment leads to the proper design in such networks.

Social/practical implications: 

BTS localization is the most important issue in mobile networks' design. In a practical situation, there is not any software available to design a mobile network in the corresponding coverage area. Therefore, this paper can help communication engineers to implement the proposed approach in a real environment.

Originality/value: 

In this paper, the problem of the optimal location of transceiver-based stations (BTS) in different models in the coverage area has been addressed such that the implementation cost is minimized, while the user's traffic in the corresponding area and the channel interference constraints are satisfied. This has not been considered in the literature. Any of the existing models focus on one aspect to optimize, such as maximizing the coverage, minimizing the interference, and minimizing coverage or construction costs. The novelties of the proposed model are twofold: i) two goals were considered in the objective function, i.e., minimizing construction costs and minimizing interference. Since interference with full coverage is unavoidable, the model added a penalty to the objective function to reduce the interference as much as possible; and ii) it was assumed that there is more than one single type BTS, any of which has different power, radius, and capacity. This makes the model more real and indeed more complicated to solve.

In recent decades, the industrialization of the world has gained an increasing speed and has been accompanied by a greater amount of industrial production, and this has caused an increase in the transportation of goods and subsequently dangerous substances. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to compare the cost of lost time due to the delay caused by the accident of transportation of hazardous materials in 2 routes with a common origin and destination in the Qazvin-Tehran routes as a case stusy.

In the present research, the cost of delay caused by accidents and incidents of dangerous substances is calculated and compared to 2 different routes with the same origin and destination using a descriptive-analytical method. The case study in this research was 2 Qazvin-Tehran routes, which calculated the cost of delay caused by hazardous materials accidents at points with different AADT along the 2 study routes and compared with each other.

The findings of this research showed that the amount of wasted time on route 1 was 1441496 and on route 2 was 663268 person-hours, and the cost of delay in these two routes was calculated as 16.96 billion rials and 7.8 billion rials, respectively. By comparing the obtained calculations, the difference is more than 2 times the wasted time and its Rial cost is evident.

Therefore, the obtained criteria can be considered as one of the effective criteria in choosing the route in the transportation of dangerous materials and by making the necessary arrangements, a bed can be provided so that dangerous materials can be transported safely.

Preventing the recurrence of accidents requires a management mechanism to improve the safety of users by purposefully using human and material resources. Designing a traffic safety management model is one of the most important issues in preventing accidents; Therefore, conducting the mentioned research seems necessary. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to design this model.

The approach of the study was qualitative research and was done with the grounded theory method. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and continued until data saturation. Data analysis was done continuously and simultaneously with data collection using the constant comparison method, and to ensure the accuracy of data analysis, a focused group interview session was held.

The role of the police in traffic safety management, the role of executive agencies, the effectiveness of safety management in reducing traffic accidents, the existence of a governing body, the definition of the functions of the agencies in traffic safety management, coordination between effective agencies in traffic safety, the development of guidelines, the structure of safety management and Budget allocation was identified as an influencing factor on the traffic safety management model.

By applying and implementing traffic safety management solutions and removing obstacles, it is possible to improve the status and performance of traffic safety management in the country, which will play a significant role in reducing material human casualties and traffic accident injuries.

urban transportation managers have been looking for solutions to solve the traffic problem for years. The problem of transportation and traffic is changing at different times, and the use of static analysis is not a good way to solve complex and changing problems such as transportation and traffic. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of simulating the problem of transportation and urban traffic using a systematic approach.

This study investigates the type of system dynamics studies. in general, we use the hybrid method (quantitative and qualitative) in the system dynamics studies, in this study effective variables in urban traffic and their optimal values using the system dynamics method, and then policies have been proposed to improve the traffic situation.

The findings indicate the identification of variables affecting the issue of urban transportation and finally, policies for having a dynamic urban transportation system and traffic were suggested. Important variables included: new car rate, parking capacity, inhibitory rate, accident rate, road capacity, and death and birth rates.

With different policies, different conditions were created in the system in order to understand better the conditions required to achieve the goals of this model. The result of the model shows that it is necessary to increase the capacity of roads and parking, traffic culture education, and the development of intra-city travel infrastructure.

The purpose of this study is to identify, rank and develop strategies and indicators of smart urban growth (especially in the field of urban transportation) in the geographical area of District 8 of Tehran Municipality. The statistical population of this study was all experts and professors in the field of urban planning. Using purposive non-random sampling method, 60 experts in the field of urban studies and urban management were selected as the sample. In order to analyze the obtained data, the research questionnaire, hierarchical analysis and Super Decision software were used. (Vehicles (traffic infrastructure) ranked first, software indexes ranked second and street infrastructure ranked third in terms of importance in intelligent transportation growth. Providing the opportunity to buy tickets and other related services online has been the most important factor emphasized by experts. This option shows the importance of e-services in economic-environmental dimensions (reduction of fuel and energy consumption) in the smart urban growth in the field of traffic. Providing access to the subway and urban art for all age, gender, sensory-motor groups is another important priority that emphasizes the dimension of spatial and social justice. Finally, the use of clean, electric-hybrid cars is another issue that has been considered. The importance of this option is also in the environmental and economic benefits.

 Startups in recent years have been able to offer new services and values to customers with higher productivity and lower prices. Therefore، the present study was conducted to identify the role and position of startups in improving traffic management and security in the country.

 The present study is a development-applied research based on a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) approach. The participants of the quality section include 16 specialists and experts in the field of technology and traffic who were purposefully selected and the data were obtained using semi-structured interview techniques. The statistical population of the quantitative section also included 32 PhD students and graduates in the field of traffic safety، the president and professors of the University of Traffic Police، senior managers of the traffic police who were selected in full. Smart-PLS software was also used to analyze quantitative data.

 The findings of the qualitative part of the research showed that start-ups with 4 roles are effective in improving traffic management، which are: "traffic monitoring"، "traffic safety"، "supply and demand management" and "travel optimization". The results of the quantitative section also confirmed the findings of the qualitative section.

 According to the findings، it is suggested that the traffic police in order to optimally distribute traffic by supporting the capacity of knowledge-based institutions and academic elites in order to launch strong and reliable internal router startups compatible with the environment the country should try.

One of the most important opportunities and potentials of law enforcement in establishing law and order is a rational and intimate relationship with the public. People are the biggest social asset and the target audience for this force. So without the participation of the people, there will be no discipline and, in particular, discipline. In this regard, the Islamic Republic of Iran's Law Enforcement has endeavored to provide the public with a more organized presence (in the form of honorary policing) for the greater participation of citizens in the control of traffic and urban mobility. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of honor police in traffic control and urban traffic in west Tehran. The present study is applied in terms of purpose, and in terms of implementation, it is a survey method. The statistical population of this study includes all the employees of the Special Police Command West of Tehran Province who were active during the recruitment and deployment of honorary police agents throughout the province and 264 individuals were calculated as the sample size. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by the viewpoints of professors and elites and its reliability was calculated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.83. The results showed that the average of all indicators related to participatory performance of honorary police was lower than the average in traffic control and urban traffic. In addition, a review of the mean score of honor roll police performance in traffic order and urban traffic in West Tehran Special Police Command showed that the upper limit of this range was less than 3, and the honor police performance in traffic control and urban traffic was moderate. Approved down. A survey of the average participatory performance of honorary police in subordinate cities also shows the difference in the overall performance of honorary police agents in different cities.

Our cities today face many problems such as traffic, environmental pollution, disruption, and spatial and visual disturbances. Imam Khomeini Street, due to its location in the central context of the city of Urmia and its cultural, economic, social, tourism, administrative and other centers, is witnessing the problem of traffic and air pollution in this urban area. The purpose of this paper is to identify effective land use indicators on urban traffic and to rank the impact of these indicators on urban traffic in line with sustainable urban development. Due to the nature of the subject, this paper uses a descriptive-analytical method and also a qualitative and quantitative study of the two components of land use and traffic. The sample size of this study is the number of users of Imam Street and since there is no exact statistical population Cochran formula has been used and the sample size for this area is 170. In this paper, land use factors affecting urban traffic were identified and compared and ranked using Friedman test, Spearman correlation and ANP. To find the relationship between these two variables, the relationship between these two variables was investigated. According to Spearman test, there is a significant correlation between the diversity of traffic and traffic, and since the Spearman coefficient is between 0.3 and 0.5, Indicates the direct average relationship between these two variables. One of the most important issues in urban planning is the optimal use of land and land use planning and its relation to urban transport. Accordingly, planning a fabric, allocating land to different uses across the city should be such that it is accessible to all people living in the city in the best possible way and in the shortest possible time. The results of this study indicate that the variety of land uses has a direct impact on traffic generation in urban areas and policies should be adopted in order to optimally locate and decentralize activities and land uses located in Imam Street.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between citizen's morality and traffic behavior of citizens of Tehran 17th district. The research method was descriptive and information-gathering method. The statistical population of the study consisted of citizens aged 18 years old (18 to 59 years old) residing in district 17 of Tehran municipality (having one driving record). The sample size was estimated at 384 people according to the Morgan table and a simple random sampling method was used to select the sample. The data collection tool was Salehi (2012), a social status questionnaire (31 items) and a researcher-made traffic behavior inventory questionnaire with 18 items in Likert's 5 degree range. The validity of both questionnaires was verified as formal and substantive. The reliability of the questionnaires was calculated to be 0.81 and 0.84 through Cronbach's alpha, respectively. K-S and Pearson correlation coefficient and regression were used to analyze the data. The results showed that there is a relationship between citizenship ethics (sense of altruism, responsibility, respect for the rights of others, order, and peaceful life) and the traffic behavior of citizens in the 17 district of Tehran.

Road traffic accidents are a serious public health problem in the world, with mortality due to road traffic accidents occurring in low and middle income countries. In low and middle income countries with high incomes, pedestrians, motorcyclists and cyclists account for a high share of vehicle users, and half of the casualties are traffic accidents in motorcyclists. The purpose of this study was to determine the predictive value of a structural equation model based on least squares for injuries leading to motorcyclist hospitalization in a casecontrol study. The present study was a case-control study with 300 cases and 156 controls, and 50 clusters from among 150 clusters were selected randomly by cluster sampling. The findings of this study showed that considering the superiority of the SEM model on PLS, the results showed that motor behavior behaviors of motorcyclists, adults, adults, motorcyclist behavior and demographic characteristics were considered as predictive variables for the response variable. Also, there was a direct, positive and significant relationship between driving time in dark hours (P = 0.001, OR = 01.01), high child (P = 0.077, OR = 0.61, talking with cell phone number 010 (OR = 0.22), OR = 2.2 and MRBQ (motor behavior of motorcyclists) (P = 0.92, 1/28). Also, there is a reverse and meaningful relationship between marital status variables (P = 0.002, OR=0.43) and education level (OR = 0/29) (P = 0.001) .The results showed that in the present data, the model of structural equations based on the least squares, which is better model, is suggested, which results Can be considered for traffic data.

The topic of traffic and road accidents is one of the social problems in today's societies and in large cities, which is due to various factors. Perhaps the root of the current problems is the historical context of creating a network of roads and driving in Iran. To solve this problem, there has been a need for law, policy making and development of roads. One of these factors in controlling and managing road accidents is paying attention to safety approaches. According to transportation agencies, about 80 percent of road accidents are caused by road user personal errors, which require more attention to discuss unsafe and institutionalized behaviors It requires the observance of the rules and regulations of work and finding the right ways to control or reduce these behaviors. The main objective of this study was to investigate the implications of road accidents, unsafe behaviors and the role of these behaviors in occupational accidents, based on existing internal and external literature, and ultimately creating a comprehensive understanding of the safety approach based on safe behavior and safety culture as a fundamental approach. In order to institutionalize the laws and regulations in place to control or reduce such accidents. Studies in this area showed that the decision-makers of the organization, by adopting safety-based approaches based on safe behavior and safety culture in road environments would be able to best manage to reduce the incidence rate of such accidents.

The expansion of urbanization and, consequently, the increasing use of personal cars and the limitation of the development of communication networks and the lack of infrastructure and the ability to equip urban spaces have led to traffic congestion in major cities of Iran. The purpose of this study was to explain the causes of traffic congestion in Sanandaj City, focusing on managerial and infrastructural causes, from the perspective of residents and key informants. This study was conducted qualitatively and by using conventional content analysis. The participants in the study were 22 residents of the city and 8 key informants who were interviewed in central interviewing sessions (4 sessions) and via in-depth interviews. A purpose-based sampling method was used. To manage the data, Max Kiddy 10 was used. The causes of urban traffic congestion from the participants' point of view in Sanandaj include infrastructure causes (city physical infrastructure, socioeconomic status and demographic situation), and management causes (macro level decision makers, planning and policies, actions at micro and executive levels, and systems and Public transportation). Considering the structural and management factors associated with urban traffic and urban transportation in Sanandaj is very important in macro and management planning. Actions at trans-provincial and inter-city levels are needed to solve the problems of urban traffic congestion in Sanandaj. Functional measures are proposed to reduce traffic such as the efficiency of the public transportation system.

Transportation, as one of the factors affecting economic prosperity, increases the opportunities for access to welfare and national facilities by shifting freight and passengers. The study of the transportation sector as a prerequisite and developmental infrastructure plays a fundamental and effective role in the reproduction of the potential talents of societies and promotes the rapid and wider strengthening of the various economic, social and cultural sectors of the countries. On the other hand, the expansion of transportation facilities and transportation infrastructure, despite the creation of many benefits for citizens, is also considered as one of the factors driving up an increase in accidents. In recent years, transport managers have been trying to improve traffic and safety by using traffic management techniques. Meanwhile, traffic disorder has become a major constraint on traffic behavior in road networks, especially highways and freeways, which can be improved to a large extent by identifying its factors and using new solutions. Hence, in the current research, attempts are made to identify and prioritize the factors affecting the traffic disruption. Therefore, firstly, the factors influencing the traffic disruption are identified and evaluated. Then, using the hierarchical analysis process and Expert selection software, the priority level of each of the factors is determined. For this process, expert opinions are used through the questionnaire and with the target community of experts. The results show that human factors are at first level with 39.2%, management factors in the second order with 24.6%, traffic factors in the third level with 20.5%, and infrastructural factors are in the fourth order with 15.7%.

The purpose of this paper is to explain the most appropriate approaches for traffic modeling in vehicle routing problem based on green transportation paradigm. There are four approaches in literature for modeling of traffic including: simple, discrete, continuous, and random. Based on the qualitative meta-analysis method, 67 sources of green transportation were examined descriptively (in terms of using the above-mentioned approaches based on descriptive statistics) and evaluating (assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the approaches), which resulted in It was better to use a continuous approach. Regarding the existence of different patterns of modeling in the continuous approach, in order to achieve the appropriate model, Zamzam's distribution network was used based on Tehran Pars sales data on 21 August 2016. The results showed that existing patterns were inappropriate and that a proper pattern for the Zamzam distribution network should be developed. The developed pattern consists of two indicators: 1) the definition of the virtual node; and 2) the calculation of the average speed, taking into account multiple traffic conditions. This pattern corrects the weaknesses of previous patterns based on continuous approach.

A rise in vehicles and growing use of autos in the last half a century has brought about adverse effects, from which, one can refer to the level of accidents and degree of life and financial damages in each year. According to available reports, thousands of people lose their lives each year because of road accidents. Many of whom get wounded and thus face with hefty costs. In this research, by using a regression economy-measuring model, attempts are mead to predict the number of intercity causalities in the city of Isfahan. The statistics used in this research shows the time series of the number of causalities in the said province from March 2009 to October 2015. Research fi dings showed that the number of intercity casualties due to road accidents enjoyed time series respectively (ARIMA 3.1.2. and ARIMA 3.1.4). Also, values predicted indicate the number of fatalities has been decreasing and the number of injured was rising, suggesting reduced severity of accidents in Isfahan.

By the beginning of modern urban development, traffic planning and management has been considered as one of the major factors in urban design and planning. As a matter of fact, in new urban planning and management, with respect to the significant share of passengers in the body of the city and its direct reaction with population increase, the need for attention and implementing specific policies in order to achieve promotion and development in traffic system. This research was carried out by the purpose of surveying regarding effective factors in promoting and improving traffic planning of Ardebil city. The nature of this study is practical- theoretical and the research method was descriptive analytical. Data was collected by librarian and field methods and the required information was gathered through questionnaire tools. The analysis of the information was assessed by one-sample T-test and regression analysis. Results from one-sample showed that totally the average amount of effective factors on promotion and development of traffic planning had a mean of 3.56 being higher than the average level. Education and culture (4.12) had more and desirable effects. On the other hand, the two infrastructure indicators, designs and development projects (2.49) and parking management of vehicles (2.48) were lower than the average amount, and were placed in an unfavorable status. The results from regression analysis also showed that, the variable of city tissue with 0.556 Beta, environmental management with 0.503 Beta, had the most impact on promotion, and development of urban traffic in Ardabil and the consistent management variable of public transportation with an Alpha coefficient of 0.160 had the lowest impact.

The term of traffic is a well-known term and the passage of laws to collection vehicles and people and animals in defined ways. Traffic composes of three factors; including the man, the way the vehicle. In some cases, even the exclusion of these jobs from the production and distribution of goods and services would result in the increase of the marginal productivity of labor. The present study is based on a correlational analysis, and it aim is to investigate the effects of disturbing jobs on traffic situations in three regions 13, 14, 15 in Tehran. The population of the areas is traffic of 140 employees. Some 21 questions based on Likert questionnaire were designed. To check the data, the software SPSS 20. Pearson correlation test was used with a confidence level of 1%. The results indicate that jobs such as selling fruit vendors and pickup loads play a key role in the creation of slowing traffic. To reduce traffic nuisance caused by the dissemination of good jobs, reducing supply and demand, cooperation with municipalities, traffic police, planning and public institutions have an important role in improving traffic situation.

Carpooling is the shared use of a car by people who shared much of the route and travel time and also fit together. Carpooling can also be done on inter-city trips and trips within the city. So that people who wish to travel at the same time, from a certain destination to have a common origin, an agreement may be written or oral, of a passenger car joint use. Inter-city travel is generally made by those who drive a car, instead of people who travel with him/her, automobile expenses such as fuel and vehicle maintenance costs, take responsibility. But in urban routes, three or four persons who live and work in a neighborhood are also close to a consensus that one of their own car to work every day to go and come back, or if one of them is lacking pay for the car. Carpooling, reduce the number of vehicles on roads and thus increase passenger capacity. Driving alone is one of the main causes of congestion as well as air pollution in Tehran last autumn and early winter months each year reaches its climax, the movement of vehicles in Tehran. In this study, a questionnaire was developed with private cars and hundreds fifty experts crashes in Tehran were selected randomly. The collected data was then analyzed by SPSS software to gain a better insight into the data. The study results showed that most of respondents agree with carpooling program.

Increasing traffic in megacities and unique features including low cost, feasibility of high maneuver of motorcycle can provide sufficient context to use this vehicle by traffic users. In some regions, because of trade texture, other underlying places the existence of business centers and market, motorcycles are used differently and maybe used to transport goods and passengers to workplaces. Thus, traffic interference of motorcyclists to other vehicles cause to disturb the discipline of traffic and increase accidental violations, motorcycle accident to other vehicles, as well as high compression of vehicles. So, this research aims to investigate the impact of creating a special line of motorcycles on traffic rate of these regions. This is an applied research which is based on and survey-descriptive methodology. During questionnaire review, the responses of 160 of traffic department employees were studied. Data analyses shown this special line has been effective to reduce traffic and its discipline, decline accidents and also the effective violations. Thus, special line of motorcycles can control the irregular moving of motorcycles and also to prevent the normalization of violations for motorcycles riders.