توسعه کارآفرینی

The aim of the current research is to identify the factors affecting the commercialization of the products of knowledge-based companies located in science and technology parks and growth centers. The research method is applicable according to its purpose, and qualitative in terms of its implementation. The statistical population of the research includes 12 experts and specialists in the field of knowledge-based centers in West Azarbaijan province, and the samples were selected using a purposeful sampling method. Data collection was done through semi-structured interviews. To analyze the data through data-based and coding, MAXQDA software was used. The results of the research showed that the model designed was identified by 14 indicators that includes causal conditions (management factors, information factors, financial factors), background conditions (laws and regulations, technological capabilities), core category (market factors, product factors), strategies (strengthening interactions, marketing and sales capabilities), consequences (economic development, knowledge-based economy, entrepreneurship development), intervening conditions (individual factors, cultural-social factors); explaining the components of commercialization of products of knowledge-based companies.

In the modern era, the development of information and communication technologies has influenced many aspects of human life, complicating and obscuring environmental conditions, rules of engagement, and competitive landscapes. Consequently, organizational survival and sustainability depend on innovation, creativity, and the development of new products and processes. Entrepreneurship stimulates economic growth and creates a favorable economic environment for a nation. This is why governments have prioritized the promotion of entrepreneurship. According to the 2020 Global Entrepreneurship Index report, Iran's entrepreneurship ecosystem is underdeveloped, with an overall entrepreneurship score of only 268. Among the 47 countries in the Middle East region evaluated in this report, Iran ranks 32nd. Given these circumstances, this study aims to formulate a model of factors influencing the development of public-sector entrepreneurship within the Agricultural Jihad Organization of Ilam City, with a focus on enhancing entrepreneurship policy development and achieving entrepreneurial outcomes. It is worth noting that previous research has rarely addressed the formulation of a model for entrepreneurship development within public organizations. This study seeks to identify the variables influencing public-sector entrepreneurship development, presenting them in a model that emphasizes the role of government and is tailored to the specific conditions of the province, while addressing the challenges associated with designing an entrepreneurship development model.

This study employs a mixed-method approach, using a survey for data collection and is applied in its objective. In the qualitative phase, the research population included 11 professors and experts actively involved in entrepreneurship in Ilam province. They were selected through purposive sampling, and data were gathered using semi-structured interviews with thematic analysis, continuing until theoretical saturation was achieved. The quantitative phase's population consisted of 215 managers and postgraduate-level experts from the Agricultural Jihad Organization and affiliated institutions in Ilam province. Using Cochran's formula, a sample of 138 participants was selected through simple random sampling, and questionnaires were distributed among them. Data were collected through a researcher-developed questionnaire. For data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistics (structural equation modeling) were utilized, using SPSS23 and Amos23 software.

The reliability results (Cronbach's alpha) for the research variables were above 0.78, and the composite reliability (CR) coefficient was also above 0.78. The normality (K-S test) of each variable showed a significance level greater than 0.05. Based on thematic analysis, the indicators were categorized into nine components, and confirmatory factor analysis results indicated that factor loadings for the items were greater than 0.50 and were significant at a 95% confidence level. Convergent validity among the research variables was confirmed based on the average variance extracted (AVE), which was satisfactory. Structural equation modeling was used to validate the relationships between the constructs. According to the model output in the standard estimation mode in Amos, the explanatory relationships of the variables for public-sector entrepreneurship development were confirmed, and the proposed model demonstrated good fit.

The findings from the semi-structured interviews, analyzed using thematic analysis and structural equation modeling, confirmed a model consisting of nine components: religious factors, strategic planning, entrepreneurship development policy vision, mission of entrepreneurship policy development, support and sponsorship for entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial values, short-term entrepreneurship goal-setting and planning, entrepreneurship development policy, and entrepreneurship policy-making and development. This model is valuable for policymakers, managers, and stakeholders in entrepreneurship development, especially planners in public organizations like the Agricultural Jihad Organization of Ilam.The proposed model serves as a foundational framework for other institutions, enabling organizational managers to design, implement, and evaluate entrepreneurship development models that align with the micro- and macro-level realities of their organizations and the country as a whole. Public-sector entrepreneurship and related policies represent a complex, multidimensional phenomenon influenced by numerous factors, requiring a systematic, realistic, and long-term approach for implementation at both the organizational and national levels. By addressing the components of this model, organizational capabilities and limitations can be better managed, which may pave the way toward entrepreneurship development within the Agricultural Jihad Organization.

The development of rural women’s entrepreneurship is recognized as an effective tool for reducing unemployment and poverty, strengthening rural identity, and minimizing urban migration. In this context, social capital, particularly in the area of handicrafts, plays a key role in enhancing rural women’s entrepreneurship. Supporting these industries can create job opportunities and accelerate economic development in rural areas. This study aims to investigate social capital and its impact on rural women’s entrepreneurship, with an emphasis on handicrafts, in the Lashar District using a descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of this research consisted of active entrepreneurial women in the Lashar District of Nikshahr County. Data were collected using a researcher-designed questionnaire, which was validated with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.85 and expert opinions. The results indicated that psychological characteristics (factor loading of 10.56) and social participation had the most significant impact. Social capital accounted for 42.6% of the variation in entrepreneurship. Strengthening participation, trust, and financial support contributes to the development of entrepreneurship. Handicrafts, particularly "Perivardoozi," were identified as the most significant activity for women. The study concluded that the most important factors in the development of entrepreneurship in the Lashar District were psychological traits such as willpower, perseverance, and experience. Educational, infrastructural, and financial support can enhance women’s empowerment and accelerate sustainable rural development. This research provides practical recommendations for policymakers and planners in the field of rural entrepreneurship.

In today's advanced world, it may seem easy and simple for many entrepreneurs to launch a start-up business, but having a great business idea is not enough for entrepreneurs to survive and succeed. During the development life cycle of a start-up business, there are various challenges which emerge from different sectors such as finance, marketing, human resources and information technology and the main root of the most of these obstacles and challenges is financial and accounting issues. Financial and accounting issues such as financing, Investments, working capital, taxes, cash flow management, recording financial events, reporting procedures and capital budgeting are specialized and complex decisions that are beyond the control of entrepreneurs in the most cases, Therefore, the aim of the current research is to know the views and lived experiences of entrepreneurs about the financial dimensions of startups with the aim of providing a model for entrepreneurship development. This research is practical in terms of purpose, and in terms of data collection, it is a qualitative research of the phenomenological type. In this research, the central phenomenon is the view of entrepreneurs in relation to various financial and accounting dimensions governing the activities of start-up businesses. On the other hand, considering that the present research is in a way that requires exploring and examining the ideas and views of the research participants, the phenomenology method, which is one of the types of qualitative research methods, has been used. In this regard, the experiences, feelings, opinions and views of the participants were carefully evaluated and analyzed. The statistical population of this research includes two groups of entrepreneurs and managers of successful and unsuccessful start-up businesses. The first group consists of successful entrepreneurs and managers. The start-up businesses created by these entrepreneurs are currently active and have reached the stage of supply from the idea stage. The second group consists of unsuccessful entrepreneurs and managers. Businesses created by this groups have mostly failed due to various reasons including financial issues after establishment. The participants of this study were 26 entrepreneurs (including 12 unsuccessful entrepreneur and 14 successful entrepreneur) and were selected using the purposeful sampling method. In collecting the required data, a semi-structured interview method was used until reaching theoretical saturation. Thematic analysis method was used to analyze the data and the four concepts of credibility, transferability, confirmability and transferability were used to check the validity and reliability of the interviews. The findings of the research show that from the point of view of entrepreneurs and managers of failed and successful businesses, financial and accounting issues are considered to be the main challenges and obstacles to entrepreneurship development. The results indicate the identification of 3 main themes of obstacles and challenges of the start-up stage, obstacles and challenges of the growth stage and solutions to improve the financial dimensions of start-up businesses. In general, according to the experiences of entrepreneurs, 7 unique sub-theme were extracted with 173 different narratives. The classified themes of financing, investment, working capital, budgeting, pricing, operational, accounting and reporting are among the financial dimensions of start-up businesses. Also, according to the opinions and suggestions of entrepreneurs, several codes such as income management through pre-receipt, business plan financial indicators, credit sales management, understanding the structure of fixed and variable costs, ignoring unrelated costs in decision making, internal controls and audit issues are the key findings of present study, because the research literature has not directly mentioned these codes. The results also show that unsuccessful entrepreneurs emphasize financial issues more than successful entrepreneurs in continuing their businesses. In addition, the growth stage in the life cycle of start-up businesses has the most financial and accounting challenges and obstacles. The findings of the research indicate the important role of financial and accounting issues in the success of start-up businesses, therefore, financial management training and its techniques are suggested in the development of entrepreneurship in the country. The need for financial and tax advice is one of the most important issues raised by entrepreneurs. In this context, it is necessary for financial advisors to adjust their approaches and services according to the unique challenges faced by entrepreneurs. These services may include adopting guidelines for budgeting, cash flow management, debt management and financing. The results of the research show that entrepreneurs consider the lack of accounting software suitable for start-up businesses as one of the challenges of recording and reporting their financial events, therefore accelerating the launch and development of software specific to start-up businesses at a reasonable price can solve this challenges.

Decision-making is considered the core and essence of entrepreneurial activities, as the growth and progress of businesses depend on the decisions made by entrepreneurs. This research initially identifies the factors influencing entrepreneurial decision-making, then evaluates the impact of each factor on their choices, and finally examines the bidirectional relationships among the variables. The study population consists of entrepreneurs active in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Zahedan City, with a sample randomly selected from these entrepreneurs. Library resources and existing research in this area were utilized to identify the influential factors on entrepreneurial decision-making, ultimately categorizing these factors into four groups: individual characteristics, organizational characteristics, environmental characteristics, and specific decision characteristics. Data collection in the field was conducted using a questionnaire to assess the impact of these factors. Data analysis was performed using SPSS26 and Amos18 software. The findings indicate that individual and organizational factors significantly influence the specific characteristics of a decision, playing a crucial role in entrepreneurial decision-making. Additionally, there is a bidirectional relationship between individual and organizational characteristics, directly influencing each other's decision-making processes. Based on the results, it is recommended that training sessions be organized for entrepreneurs to enhance their skills and reduce errors in selecting the right options, improve interpretation and analytical abilities, enhance instantaneous decision-making capacity, and optimize environmental analysis and information processing.

Information, knowledge, and the emergence of cloud computing undoubtedly serve as the keystone for the growth and success of businesses, catalyzing entrepreneurial development. This research is focused on modelling the application of cloud computing in small entrepreneurial businesses, particularly within the craft industries. The study adopts a qualitative approach, employing the Grounded Theory methodology. The participants consisted of experts in the craft sector from Kerman, among whom 14 were selected using purposive sampling and the principle of theoretical saturation. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using coding techniques with the support of MAXQDA software. The analysis identified 17 categories grouped into six primary classes of the foundational theory, which include Causal Conditions:  quality and cost of services, business size, technological infrastructure and employee trust. Contextual Conditions included long-term and short-term goals, business focus, and Platforms for creating business innovation. Intervening Conditions included the culture of technology development within the organization, the nature of the product/service, and the connection with cloud computing models. Strategies included management of organizational resources, development of organizational infrastructures, and business strategy. Consequences included international market, economic and social development, and Innovative products/services. The results demonstrate that applying cloud computing in developing craft businesses requires careful consideration of effective mechanisms within this process. Craft businesses adopting modern technologies and cloud computing will increase profitability and higher efficiency. Therefore, it is recommended that support and facilities be enhanced with an emphasis on developing modern technologies in the craft industries of Kermanshah.

A key requirement for fostering entrepreneurship is addressing the role of institutional factors in local policymaking and governance, which can enhance efficient property rights and support the development of economic enterprises in rural areas. Accordingly, this study aims to identify the institutional variables influencing entrepreneurship in the rural area of Nesa, located in Karaj County. This research is both fundamental and applied in nature, employing a descriptive survey design for data collection. The statistical population consists of residents from the rural area of Nesa in Karaj County, with a sample of 216 individuals selected using Cochran's formula and random sampling. A researcher-designed questionnaire was used as the primary data collection tool. The data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis, one-sample t-tests, and Friedman's ranking test. The findings indicate that self-employment, primarily through small family businesses and lacking innovation, is the dominant form of entrepreneurial activity. The overall average of seven institutional factors influencing rural entrepreneurship—namely property rights, reward systems, economic stability, transaction costs, litigation costs, transparency and accountability, and the education and skills training system—was 2.16, below the expected average. Litigation costs recorded the highest average (2.37), followed by transaction costs (2.25), while economic stability had the lowest average (1.94). These findings suggest that the entrepreneurship landscape is suboptimal, necessitating the reorganization of institutional structures to align with national production and employment policies.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of artificial intelligence technology on the development of entrepreneurship with the mediating role of entrepreneurship education. The research is applicable in terms of purpose, descriptive- survey in terms of nature, and of casual type. The statistical population of the research was managers and employees of start-up business companies in Kermanshah province. The sample size is 193 people and sampling method is random cluster. The data collection method was field collection, and the tools used were entrepreneurial development questionnaires (Antonik and Hiserich, 2003), artificial intelligence technology (adapted from Rahimi and Akbari research, 1402), and entrepreneurship training (researcher-made). The method of data analysis was descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (structural equation modeling), using Spss26 and Amos24 software. Sobel's test (t-statistic) was used to investigate the mediator variable. The findings showed that artificial intelligence technology has a significant effect on entrepreneurship development by 86%; and on entrepreneurship education by 83%. Also, entrepreneurship education predicts 11% of the changes resulting from entrepreneurship development. The results indicate that artificial intelligence technology has an impact on the development of entrepreneurship with the mediating role of entrepreneurship education in the start-up businesses of Kermanshah province.

The phenomenon of street children is a problem that metropolises and relatively large cities of contemporary societies, both advanced and developing, are struggling with. As one of the social harms, it has not only exposed a significant part of children and teenagers, who are the capital of society, to all kinds of harm but has also made families and society face many losses. In general, the phenomenon of street children is a social harm that threatens social well-being. In the meantime, a way to organize them is to develop their entrepreneurial skills, so the present study was conducted to conceptualize the model of organizing street work children in Kermanshah province, along with providing recommendations based on the development of entrepreneurial skills.

The current research was conducted using the grounded theory method. Using purposeful and theoretical sampling methods, 20 key informants were selected as the sample. The criterion for determining the sample size was to reach theoretical saturation. The research used in-depth individual interviews, group discussions, and note-taking. Data was analyzed using the three-step coding method. The research validity was confirmed using triangulation and peer-review techniques.

According to the results, 65 concepts were identified in the open coding stage, which emerged in 16 sub-categories in the axial coding, which were subsequently placed in 5 axial classes related to the grounded theory model. The final model was compiled and presented in the selective coding stage. According to the results, the main causes of the phenomenon of street children are economic and family factors, incorrect culture of the children's families, incorrect culture ruling the society, the formation of a subculture in the relevant society, the lack of cooperation of the relevant organizations in the field of child labor with its main guardian, disproportionality of support with the economic needs of the family, competition among children, and children's satisfaction with the current situation.

Conclusion/ Implications:

 In general, the phenomenon of street children cannot be completely eliminated, at least in the short term, but it can be controlled, moderated, or reduced with proper planning and policies, emphasizing the development of entrepreneurial skills. Developing the entrepreneurial skills of working children, working towards the development of job creation and poverty alleviation, developing education especially for parents to improve the attitude and appropriate culture, revising and formulating protective laws with an emphasis on the organization of work groups and the development of their skills, and finally monitoring their strict implementation are some practical recommendations.

Entrepreneurship, as the economy's driving force, plays a vital role in job creation, livelihood improvement, and economic growth. In developing countries, which face numerous economic challenges, strengthening the entrepreneurial environment can effectively reduce unemployment and increase social welfare. Therefore, this study examines the government governance model for improving the entrepreneurial environment in Iran, emphasizing enhancing the entrepreneurial culture. This research is applied in nature and employs a descriptive-correlational method of structural equation modeling for data collection. The statistical population of this study included all managers and experts active in universities and government in the field of entrepreneurship, from which 196 individuals were selected as samples. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. This study's results emphasize the government's crucial role and its six key roles in improving entrepreneurship. The government should act as a policymaker, leader, and supporter of entrepreneurial culture, alongside media and educational institutions, by implementing targeted and extensive actions to develop an entrepreneurial culture. The current government programs, mostly focused on economic factors, may not yield the desired results due to their one-dimensional nature and require attention to cultural variables. This study provides practical recommendations for planners and policymakers in the business environment sector.

In the present era, education is crucial for a knowledge-based economy. Education creates human capital. It increases individuals' capabilities, leads to economic productivity, and facilitates the development and adoption of frontier technologies. Many experts believe that the decline in economic growth and failure in international competitions are somehow affected by the educational system's performance. Therefore, reforms in the educational system should move towards greater alignment with the knowledge-based economy. Hence, this research was conducted to investigate the pathology of the skills training system in agricultural high schools in Sanandaj.This research is qualitative research in nature and is a type of case study.The study population includes all students and teachers of agricultural high schools in Sanandaj County, who were selected purposefully using the snowball method. With 24 semi-structured interviews with an average time of 70 minutes, theoretical saturation of the data was achieved. A focus group discussion (7-person group) was used to draw the SWOT matrix and extract strategies. Based on the results of the interviews with the students, the most important indicators of the weaknesses (dissatisfaction with the officials), strengths (quality of teaching by teachers), opportunities (suitable location of the province in the agricultural sector), and threats (cultural problems) were mentioned. According to the teachers, the most important indicators in weaknesses (the process of attracting students), strengths (quality of the management system), opportunities (improving education policies), and threats (cultural problems) were identified as the most important indicators of the SWOT matrix. Finally, strategies were presented to reduce the harms of the educational system in agricultural high schools in Sanandaj.

A country's economic success is often linked to its capacity to produce entrepreneurs capable of changing and advancing the economic fabric. The phenomenon of hybrid entrepreneurship is considered a strategic lever for economic development that is becoming increasingly prevalent in organizations. The existence of hybrid entrepreneurs reflects changes in market conditions that show that individuals choose to use their experience to develop businesses outside the organization. Based on this, this research was conducted to identify and analyze the factors affecting the acceptance of hybrid entrepreneurship among members of government organizations in Fars Province. This research is qualitative and is a multiple case study. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews with experts and key informants in the field of hybrid entrepreneurship in the university and various organizations in the province who are recognized as experts and were selected using a purposeful snowball sampling method. The data collection process continued until theoretical saturation was reached, achieved with the fifteenth interview. MAXQDA2020 software was used for qualitative content analysis and coding of the interview data. According to the research results, personal characteristics, economic characteristics, family roles, organizational characteristics, networking, and the link between new scientific and industrial technologies were among the factors affecting the acceptance of hybrid entrepreneurship from the perspective of experts.The components of the link between new scientific and industrial technologies, time management, economic development, work experience, and job performance improvement were, in order, the most important from the respondents' point of view. According to the research results, having two roles or becoming a hybrid entrepreneur has a better financial situation for employees. This research provides practical suggestions for policymakers and planners.

The decline of traditional economic activities in rural areas, particularly natural resources-based economies such as agriculture, has posed significant economic recession challenges in these regions. In this context, promoting entrepreneurship with a tourism-oriented approach can play a pivotal role in improving the income and economic conditions of rural residents. As an influential group in rural communities, women play a vital role in these developments. This research aimed to identify factors influencing the development of women’s entrepreneurship in the sustainable economy of rural tourism in Kendovan village. The research was conducted as a descriptive study. The research design was based on the mixed-methods research approach, and the sample included 16 female entrepreneurs in Kendovan village selected non-randomly. Data and scenarios were analyzed using the fuzzy cognitive mapping technique, and the research model was designed by social network analysis. Factors underpinning the development of women’s entrepreneurship in a sustainable tourism economy included intention and motivation for tourism entrepreneurship, financial support for rural tourism entrepreneurship, and an increase in opportunities for tourism entrepreneurship, which had higher centrality. Based on the results, recommendations have been proposed for developing rural women’s entrepreneurship in the sustainable tourism economy of Kendovan village. These recommendations involve initiatives to encourage intention and motivation for entrepreneurship, financial support for rural tourism activities, and the creation of more opportunities in the field of tourism entrepreneurship for women.

Entrepreneurial skills are considered as an important mechanism of entrepreneurship development. One of the preconditions for national development is scientific and research development, in which higher education has a major role in this development, and without it, we can not talk about scientific development. Therefore, universities have a fundamental and irreplaceable role and function as the scientific and intellectual command tower of the society. This research is practical in terms of purpose and quantitative in terms of data collection method. The statistical population is 75 professors, specialists and experts in the field of entrepreneurship in Islamic Azad universities, of which 63 were selected as a sample by simple random sampling. PLS and SPSS software were used for analysis. Therefore, in order to evaluate the reliability of the research measurement model, factor load coefficients, Cronbach's alpha coefficients and combined reliability, convergent validity and divergent validity were used. The results show that the linear relationships between the variables have been confirmed and due to the increasing rate of change and emergence of the knowledge age, the wave of future research in political, economic, social and technological institutions has expanded and is in line with societal developments to create the future. Desirable and long-term policy-making and planning of the university system, the future of research in higher education, has become necessary.

The purpose of the current research is to evaluate the situation and prioritize the dimensions and components of the entrepreneurship development policy model in the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation (RA) in Sistan and Baluchestan province. In terms of the type of applied research and the research method, this research is a mixed qualitative and quantitative method, and in the qualitative part, all documents, researches, library studies, previous researches of other researchers, interviews with experts were used to identify the dimensions and components of the research. The experts' approval of a questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale in the quantitative section was distributed among the statistical population, which are all experts and managers of the employment and entrepreneurship department, the financial field, and other related fields in the Imam Khomeini (RA) Relief Foundation in all branches of Sistan and Baluchestan province.The data collection tool is a questionnaire, and one-sample t-test was used to check the hypotheses, and Friedman's test was used to prioritize dimensions and components using spss software.

The purpose of this research is to use the qualitative paradigm and Strauss Grounded Theory (SGT) method to examine and analyze the barriers facing rural women entrepreneurs in Kermanshah province. To this end, 18 rural women entrepreneurs in Kermanshah province were selected using purposeful and theoretical sampling methods; the sampling continued to reach the data saturation. The techniques used for data collection were in-depth individual interviews and note-taking. According to the findings, causal conditions (lack of sufficient financial capital and savings, inability of risk-taking due to lack of financial resources, lack of access to primary resources, etc.), context conditions (inappropriate educational, managerial, social and communication-information structures), intervening conditions (political-legal barriers and supportive barriers), strategies used by the studied population (self-esteem decrease, abandoning the business, etc.), and consequences (lack of entrepreneurial atmosphere in the village, dependence on the household head) were the results of the following study. Moreover, the results showed that the rural women are facing different barriers in entrepreneurial undertakings and this has decreased their amount of entrepreneurial behaviors and undertakings and ultimately increased their dependency level on the household head in Kermanshah Province. Based on the results, offering proper facilities, holding educational classes, informing rural women’s individual and social rights, and introducing supportive organizations to them are recommended.

This research aims to evaluate the impact of entrepreneurship development strategies on poverty reduction; It has been done by considering the mediating role of social capital. This research is based on the objective criterion in the applied research group, based on the data collection time criterion in the survey research group and is a quantitative research. The main tool for collecting information in this research is 3 questionnaires (entrepreneurship development, poverty reduction, social capital), the range used in the questionnaire of this research is the Likert scale. The statistical population of this research includes households covered by the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation in Shiraz. The sample size in this research is equal to 315 people using Spss Sample power sampling software and the sampling method in this research is convenient sampling. The statistical software SPSS and AMOS are used to analyze the questionnaire data of this research. In order to determine the presence or absence of influence between the variables and to estimate and generalize the results obtained from the sample size to the statistical population, a regression model with a hidden variable and a mediation model have been used to evaluate the research hypotheses. According to the findings of this research, 39% of the variance of poverty reduction is explained by entrepreneurship development strategies, so poverty reduction can be predicted based on entrepreneurship development strategies. Social capital has had a significant impact on poverty reduction, 30% of the variance of poverty reduction is explained by social capital and 66% of the variance of social capital is explained by entrepreneurship development strategies, so social capital can be predicted based on entrepreneurship development strategies in the statistical population. In the effect of entrepreneurship development strategies on poverty reduction; social capital has played a partial mediating role.

Identifying the economic potential of informal urban areas is an issue that has attracted the attention of policymakers and practitioners in less developed countries. Yet, little is known about how informal settlements affect the type and number of business opportunities. Therefore, the present study aimed to measure and evaluate the factors affecting the development of home-based businesses (HBBs) in the informal settlements of Khalil Abad neighborhood in Tabriz city. The main tools for data collection were interviews and a questionnaire. The findings were analyzed by the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) approach. The population and statistical sample included managers and experts of organizations and companies active in the field of employment and entrepreneurship, local entrepreneurs and HBB owners in informal settlements, and expert and prominent university professors in East Azerbaijan province in the qualitative phase and entrepreneurs and HBB owners in informal settlements in the quantitative phase who were selected using simple randomization. The dimensions of the proposed model were, in order of importance, financial-economic factors (0.78), infrastructural factors (0.76), marketing factors (0.69), socio-cultural factors (0.64), personality-individual factors (0.58). ), technical-technological factors (0.52), legal factors (0.51), and environmental factors (0.50). Also, the findings showed the positive and significant relationship of these constructs with HBB development. The output of this research provided a model for the development of HBBs in informal settlements.

The purpose of this research is the effect of organizational paradox on sustainability mechanisms at the company level, emphasizing the mediating role of learning ambidexterity which can be an approach towards the development of entrepreneurship. The current research is applied in terms of purpose, and descriptive-survey in terms of nature and method. The statistical population includes 400 managers of Iran Gas Transmission Company, 196 of whom were selected non-randomly as a sample using Cochran's formula. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. Validity (convergent and divergent) and reliability (factor loading, composite reliability coefficient, Cronbach's alpha coefficient) were estimated as good. The results of hypothesis tested by SMART-PLS software show that the organizational paradox has a strong, direct, and significant effect on the Learning ambidexterity; and the Learning ambidexterity has, respectively, a strong, direct, and significant effect on organizational creativity; a medium, direct, and significant effect on organizational resilience; and a medium, direct, and significant effect on organizational energy. Finally, the Learning ambidexterity can play its mediating role. In spite of the designed model, it can be expected that the aforementioned department will definitely resort to learning ambidexterity role in order to develop entrepreneurship at the company level to better show the effects of the paradox of organization on sustainability mechanisms (creativity, resilience and energy).

This study has tried to show the studied company in an efficient way in the direction of development to more operational entrepreneurship in Iran as a country whose economy is developing, by providing a detailed view of the said mechanisms. In other words; since the Iranian Gas Transmission Company, as the largest subsidiary of the National Iranian Gas Company, has been able to allocate more than 20% of the working manpower (about 11 thousand people) in the gas industry with a background more than half a century, and despite the serious task of managing, preserving, maintaining and exploiting 70% of the physical assets of this huge industry, which is his responsibility; this company is operating with the aim of becoming a leading company in the world in the horizon of 2025. However, this company is not immune from continuous changes and turbulent environment, and the intensification of economic-political sanctions and the unclear prospects of negotiations in recent years have not only faced this company with challenges in the field of achieving its big goals, but have also impeded its development of entrepreneurship. Also, due to the operational nature of the company, the employees of this company must have a high level of creativity, resilience and organizational energy in order to overcome the problems faced by the company's entrepreneurial development. However, as it was said, focusing on one of the poles of organizational duality, either exploitation activities or exploratory activities, has reduced the organization's ability to deal with sudden changes and events, while the recent crisis of the Covid-19 pandemic, and the importance of organizational ability in dealing with these changes, has highlighted the three mechanisms of "creativity, resilience and organizational energy". Since achieving a balance between exploratory and exploitative activities also requires different organizational characteristics, the paradox of organizing has been identified as a solution to the above conditions. But the failure of common types of organizational plans to simultaneously management of paradoxical activities has led to the need for more research in this field. Therefore, due to the lack of research evidence, this research seeks to answer this question: What effect will the paradox of organization have on sustainability mechanisms (organizational creativity, organizational energy, and organizational resilience) with emphasis on the mediating role of ambidextrous learning in the direction of entrepreneurship development?

Theoretical foundations:

Paradoxes are paradoxical, but there are still "simultaneously related elements that persist over time". Paradox can be seen as a stable conflict between interdependent elements or structures. Paradox theory represents tensions that exist simultaneously and persist over time, and that they present competing demands simultaneously that require ongoing responses rather than one-off decisions" (Schad & Bansal, 2018). Paradox at the organizational level includes cooperation and competition between alliances and network forms resulting from cooperation with competitors, in which exploration and exploitation cause continuous and contradictory demands in companies. In this context, it is suggested that companies should "participate; in exploitation to ensure the company's current viability, and in exploration to ensure its future viability". Past studies have shown that to ensure long-term survival, companies need continuous efforts to address multiple competitive demands (O'Reilly & Tushman, 2013). Organizational structure can play an important role in dealing with conflicting demands. According to Rivkin & Siggelkow (2006), organizational structure is simply "a set of methods in which work is divided into distinct tasks and then coordinated". Organizational structure is the way of mobilizing and using organizational resources in a wide range of activities and competitive demands (Siggelkow & Levinthal, 2003). Contingency theory is used to explain the conditions that lead to the adoption of centralized and decentralized approaches.

This research is "applicative" in terms of its purpose and "descriptive-correlation with a survey" in terms of the way of data collection. The statistical population (400 people) was managers of Iran Gas Transmission Company, 196 people of whom were selected by simple non-random method for the year 1401. The 10-question organizational paradox questionnaire of Lee & Choi (2003), the 6-question organizational creativity questionnaire of Lee & Choi, (2003) the 6-question resilience questionnaire of Somers (2009), the 14-question organizational energy questionnaire of Cole et al. (2005), and the 10-question ambidextrous learning questionnaire of Atuahene-Gima, K., Murray, (2007) were used as a data collection tool.

In order to investigate the hypotheses of the research, partial least squares structural equation modeling was used with SMART-PLS software.  The results related to the first hypothesis showed that the paradox of organizing has an effect on the ambidexterity of learning. The results related to the second hypothesis showed that the ambidexterity of learning has an effect on organizational creativity. The results related to the third hypothesis showed that the ambidexterity of learning has an effect on organizational resilience. The results related to the fourth hypothesis showed that the ambidexterity of learning has an effect on organizational energy. The results of the fifth, sixth and seventh hypothesis also stated that the ambidexterity of learning has a mediating role in the influence of the organizational paradox on the sustainability mechanisms at the company level (organizational creativity, organizational resilience, and organizational energy).

As it was said, the purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of the paradox of organization on sustainability mechanisms with regard to the mediating role of duality of learning in the direction of entrepreneurship development. This research is in agreement with Pertusa-Ortega & Molina-Azorín (2018), Felin et al, (2012), Jansen (2005), Al-Atwi et al, (2021), Babazadeh et al, (2020), Kamali and Mirzaei (2019), Ebrahimi (2020), Do et al, (2022), Gayed & Ebrashi (2022), Schudy & Bruch (2010). In the end, considering the results of the structural equation model, it can be said that few studies have been conducted in the field of investigating the relationship between variables; for this reason, investigation and research on such relationships between these variables are important. Because reaching a clear understanding of what elements will help to increase the sustainability mechanisms at the company level (creativity, resilience and energy) in the direction of entrepreneurship development is very important. Therefore, this research created a basic prerequisite for effective and efficient corporate systems at the organizational level so that companies can fulfill their sustainability mechanisms towards the demands and needs of their employees. Finally, the results of this research have been a good starting point for further research both theoretically and practically. Theoretically, creating more knowledge and better predicting the relationship between the measured variables leads to a better understanding of the paradox of organization. In practical applications, additional information about the formation of these variables and their relationship with each other has helped the organization paradox to be able to step to the level of stability mechanisms through the duality of learning in the direction of employee satisfaction.