روش شناسی

This study aims to develop scenario planning as a method for policy laboratories. The institutional structure of science and technology policy in Iran was selected as the case study, with in-depth, semi-structured interviews conducted with 20 experts and informants in Iranian science and technology policy. Schwartz’s eight-step scenario planning method was applied. Based on this, two key uncertainties—1) Structure (open/closed) and 2) Rules of Conduct (collaborative participation vs. contentious dispute)—were identified, leading to four scenarios: 1) Collaborative Policy Network, 2) Government System, 3) Obligation-Relief Approach, and 4) Island Structure. The outcomes of each scenario were evaluated, and the most desirable scenario, the Collaborative Policy Network, was selected. This study demonstrates that scenario planning, a widely used method in foresight studies, can also function as a policy laboratory by assessing the potential consequences of a policy. It is recommended that science and technology policymakers evaluate policy outcomes in a policy laboratory through methods like scenario planning before implementing them broadly and subjecting them to public trial and error.

The growing interest in governance in society requires understanding and improving the methods of acquiring knowledge in the governance discipline. This research was organized to examine the methodology of Ph.D. dissertations on the subject of governance. In terms of purpose, this research is applied, and in terms of the nature of data and method of analysis, it is among qualitative research. In this research, research data has been collected and analyzed using meta-synthesis (Sandolski and Barroso's seven-step method). In this research, the registration unit is dissertations  and the unit of analysis is the clause. 425 dissertations  were selected as the statistical population from valid databases and were selected by targeted sampling method, screening and 40 documents (as research samples) for analysis. MAXQDA 2020 software was used to analyze the content of the documents. Based on the results, the methodology used in many research is the qualitative method. Most of these researches have been applied, they have used the library method and interviews to collect data and to select the statistical population, experts have been used, and they have used a targeted non-random method to select the statistical sample. The examined treatises mainly used the thematic analysis method as a research strategy and re-interview method for validation. According to this research, it is recommended to conduct research in non-economic areas focused on the real issues of governance in the country, to pay attention to the country's native context in governance studies and methodology, and to include governance research in research budgets.

Critical realism offers a robust philosophical framework for understanding complex organizational phenomena. However, its abstract nature and lack of a practical methodology have limited its application in empirical research. This article introduces an innovative four-Phase, 15-step methodology grounded in critical realist principles, such as stratified ontology, abductive and retroductive reasoning, and causal mechanisms. The methodology begins with problem identification and question formulation, followed by conceptual framework development and research design selection. Data collection and analysis are guided by abductive and retroductive reasoning, enabling researchers to hypothesize about underlying mechanisms. Findings are contextualized within historical, cultural, and institutional settings, and theoretical and empirical pluralism ensures robust validation. Methodological reflexivity ensures awareness of biases. This methodology provides a clear, practical pathway for applying critical realism in organization and management studies, enabling researchers to uncover mechanisms shaping organizational behavior and design effective interventions.

Books are a medium to pursue knowledge and truth and occupy a significant intellectual space in the humanistic and natural sciences as well as other fields. Every year numerous books are being published in Iran and throughout the globe. While nobody could possibly access and read all of these books, a scientific genre called “book review” exists that not only provides appropriate information on scientific and non-scientific books but also has been called that principal engine of change in the history of human thought. Using narrative review method, this paper looks into the methodology of writing scientific book reviews. In doing so, history, usage, types, methods, frequency of being read, recommended guidelines, and steps in writing “book reviews” have been investigated and discussed. This paper illustrates a relatively complete picture of how to write the scientific genre of “book review” and call upon paying attention to such papers in promoting knowledge

The purpose of this article is to understand the basics of strategic decision-making methodology based on the methodological implications of the Holy Quran and with the example of Surah Anfal.

This article is based on the combined mechanism of two methods of denotation research as well as the logic of denotation in the literature of fundamental science. In this regard,, theme analysis and content analysis were used in Atlas for data analysis. ti software, and some implications based on the fundamentals of strategic decision-making methodology were understood and explained.

The result of this methodical process was the extraction of 120 primary codes,16 basic themes 120 primary codes,16 basic themes, and four organizing themes, which were formed under the Qur'an-based strategic decision-making methodology.

Finally, the methodological implications of strategic decision-making are organized under the four general headings of strategic decision-making methodology system, effective components in the processing of strategic decision-making methods, location of evidence for strategic decision-making processing, quality and goodness of explanation.

Metaphorization is one of the common strategies in understanding and theorizing phenomena, and despite the widespread use of this method, little research has been done on its methodology. This issue, along with the creative and complex nature of metaphor, has led some to believe that it is not possible to provide a methodical framework for Metaphorization. By analyzing the research done in the field of metaphor and metaphor research, this article tries to provide a methodical and step-by-step framework for conducting metaphor research in the field of organization and management. Based on this, in this article, first by reviewing metaphorical researches, the depth, scope and types of metaphorical research methods are explained, and then, while analyzing the place of metaphoricalization in the process of scientific theorizing, the methodology of metaphoricalization in the field of organization and management in the form of the conventional process of stating the problem and the rationale of the research , the method of setting the research question or questions, data collection, the method of data interpretation and the conclusion will be presented.

Vignette method is one of the data collection tools in quantitative and qualitative research that is used especially in extracting values, beliefs, attitudes and also obtaining sensitive and ethical information of research participants .Common data collection tools such as questionnaires, interviews and observations are subject to challenges that the reflective method tries to reduce as much as possible: Researcher's bias in power asymmetry, The challenge of interpreting the message, Lack of trust in the researcher, groupthink, The challenge of the abstractness of the participant's answer and ...In this article, an attempt has been made to examine the different aspects of the reflective method and its strengths and weaknesses in the field of social research through the literature review. While referring to the definition, purpose, scope of application and the roots of the desire for this method, the design steps of a reflection are also fully described. Also, an example of the application of this method in the matter of measuring the perception of organizational justice is also provided.

According to the new theory of metaphor, metaphors contribute a crucial role in understanding phenomena by structuring and classifying concepts and the semantic system of the human mind. Based on this, by diagnosing the metaphors governing people’s minds, it is possible to understand their way of looking at the world to some extent and predict their actions towards their surrounding environment. On the other hand, the purpose of social sciences, including management, is to understand, predict and control human actions. A simple comparison between the stated function of identifying people’s mind metaphors and the purpose of social sciences can well explain the status of metaphor research (with the aim of describing people’s mind metaphors) in social sciences. However, despite the stated importance, no coherent and systematic method for metaphor research has been presented so far, and often the results of these researches, i.e., metaphors, have been given attention. The authors intend to present a revised method for metaphor research in organization and management studies in the form of five main steps: statement of the problem and research rationale, research question, data collection method, data interpretation method, and how to write the conclusion in metaphorical research.

This article investigated the research methodologies of the articles published in the “Social Capital Management” journal. In terms of purpose, the study was an applied research project, and it used library research for data collection purposes. The statistical population of the study regarded all articles of the “Social Capital Management” journal published between 2014 and 2020. No sampling was used in the study, and all population members were taken into account in the study. All in all, 177 articles were inspected in terms of 9 parameters, namely distribution of the number of articles in each volume, data collection instrument, data analysis method, research approach, research method, research domain, the number of authors of each article, the academic field of each corresponding author, and the academic affiliation of each corresponding author. The obtained results showed that university professors and students with public management degrees have had the highest rate of publication. In terms of corresponding authors’ academic affiliation, researchers from the University of Tehran and Islamic Azad University have been the most publications in this journal. The most common topics have been social capital, religion, and Islamic teachings. Moreover, it was found that the majority of articles have been descriptive-analytical with a quantitative approach. The research method of most examined articles has been structural equation modeling. Finally, the top data collection instrument has been questionnaire.

Throughout the history of science, various methodologies have been designed and recommended that sometimes years, but also centuries, have dominated the scientific traditions of universities. With the development of knowledge and increasing the diversity of specialties and approaches and the formation of interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary sciences, a kind of confusion was created in the methods and ways of testing scientific achievements that the consequences of this were in some cases negation of the validity of the method and in some cases reducing scientific efforts to repeat mechanical methods for mass production of knowledge. In management knowledge, in terms of dealing with emerging human beings and actors, the meaning avoidance in the face of public managers with necessary realities, false semantics in public administration, the instantaneous emergence of some public administration problems, methodological challenges are exacerbated. Also, dealing with religious values adds to the difficulty of analyzing management issues. Therefore, the challenge of creating a method based on problem solving conditions and research about it is discussed. Thus, scholars of this field should be familiar with the proper processes of the construction of the method and its test so that they can develop the desired method to research about it according to each specific status of "problem-‌situation". This becomes especially complicated in the face of values, to the extent that it can be said that one of the most important reasons for the complexity of the humanities is the necessity of deliberately confronting values. Therefore, the challenge of science and religion in the structuring knowledge and value in illustration of the path of knowledge development is very important.

In this article, the researches of four publications in the field of Iran Police human resource management were examined in terms of methodology. This research is applied in terms of purpose and the data collection tool is a documentary study.

The statistical population of this research is all the articles in Iran Police Management and Support Development Quarterly, Supervision and Inspection, Iran Police Resource Management and Human Resources Management, which were conducted between 2014 and 2016. In this study, all elements of society have been studied by census. 739 articles were examined from the perspective of 9 intellectual frameworks.

The results showed that most of the articles were published by professors and students with public administration degrees and in terms of affiliation of the responsible author, Amin University of Law Enforcement Sciences and Islamic Azad University had the most articles, respectively. The central theme of most of the articles was performance appraisal, staff empowerment and Islamic management.

Based on the research results, most of the researches have been descriptive-applied and have a quantitative approach. The method of further analysis of the studied articles was structural equations and then correlation and the method of data collection was more through questionnaires.

One of the most important research topics in HRM field of study in recent decades, is the study of HRM-performance relationship. The importance of these studies is so much, as they imply both micro and macro implications of HR practices, encompass HRM influences on performance outcomes, and also the existence reason of HR practices and the nature of its practices. However, a body of researches have scientifically criticized/questioned the findings of aforementioned previous studies. These criticisms often comprise the methodological aspects of previous studies. Current study, in two phases, has been done by considering the importance of prementioned issue and the lack of a study in order to introduce and summarize those criticisms. First, we applied “mixed research synthesis” approach as one of the subsidiaries of meta-synthesis method. By studying and summarizing 40 valid critical papers in this field of study, we have presented and explained a five-dimensioned guiding map for introducing the criticisms on the HRM-performance researches. In order to assess research validity, CASP standard checklist was applied, and to determine the reliability, Cohenchr('39')s Kappa was used in SPSS software which was confirmed by resulting in 0/762.  In the second phase, the five dimensions, found in the former phase, were prioritized with AHP method.

It's quite common that various academic disciplines such as humanities, natural sciences, social sciences and arts borrow theories ideas, models and guidelines from other disciplines and schools to make their knowledge repository more precious The more intrinsic richness and philosophical features a discipline has, the more the interest of other disciplines increases. In this regard, Critical Realism has become a pervasive philosophical source that others can borrow and take from to add to their knowledge richness. The purpose of this study is to identify and extract methodological implications of CR, mostly based on Bhaskar's version. There is focus on Knowledge Management which is explored through the knowledge cycle, based on Nonaka's view. The research is conducted using the Implication Research Method; a novel method that has been used in some academic theses. This article shows CR in the field of methodology has serious contributions to knowledge management, which results in significant implications for the field. Additionally, this article can be considered as a model of an Implication Research investigation, as well as other philosophical schools.

Research methodology in Islamic management is one of the important and controversial issues in formulation of Islamic management. This study seeks to show that one of the factors influencing the research methodology in Islamic management is the meaning and definition that is considered for it. In this research, the library method has been used in collecting the data, and in analysing the data, the method of rational and inferential analysis has been used. The findings of the research show that in accordance with the meaning and definition that is considered for Islamic management, the method of study and research in it will be sometimes ijtihad, sometimes historical-analytical, sometimes experimental, and sometimes a combination of different methods. Accordingly before beginning the study and research for formulating the Islamic management knowledge it must make known what is the meaning and definition of Islamic management; because it is not possible to use any method of studying and researching it for any meaning and concept of Islamic management.

According to many experts, methodological weakness is one of theweaknesses of master and doctoral dissertations in Iran. A meta-methodological study isa kind of comprehensive study that examines and compares the methodological aspects ofprevious researches. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to identify and evaluate thestatus of the methodological components of master and doctoral dissertations in the fieldof industrial management at Shiraz University from 1991 to 2019.

This research is a descriptive and analytical type that used Meta-method toreview the dissertations in the field of industrial management. VOS viewer software isused to analyze data from Excel software and keyword co-event.

The results of the data analysis showed that 89% of the dissertations wereapplied research t and the most used tool of the researchers was questionnaire (31%). Inaddition, the results indicated the dominance of quantitative methods (79%), positivismparadigm (80%) and survey strategy (57%) and Statistical test methods (30%) in theanalysis of findings in industrial management researches. Finally, by extracting 713unique keywords, 56 words were repeated at least 5 times, including applied research,descriptive, quantitative, positivism, library and field research, survey, documentationand questionnaire.

The results of this study can lead to understanding the past situation and bypresenting a picture of trends in the selection of methods used in dissertations, identifythe existing gaps and be used for future educational and research planning.

This study is conducted to review the recent developments in the methods applied to the researches and projects of futures study. This study began with a library research among the selected articles published in relation to the new methods credential scientific journals. Having explained a detailed description and examples of new methods, the researchers assessed the methods for futures study and the proposed paradigms. Afterwards, we focused on the concept of post-normal and presented a concept called post-method. It can be useful for solving futures study in the complex space ahead. The basis of the idea of post-method underlies the fact that due to the increasing complexity of local and global conditions and the progress of the factors affecting these problems, it is necessary to go beyond the traditional methods and provide a new concept for solving problems and a new definition for methods. To be able to respond to these growing complexities. The results revealed that the recent advances in the methods used in futures study are influenced by the four sources of information technology including the World Wide Web, combination of methods and movement towards post-normal conditions and naturally to post-method. It is noteworthy that the concept of post-normal and post-method can cover the other three sources.

The methodology of Futures studies is weak because of its novelty, innovation and interdisciplinary character (influenced by other disciplines), and its multidisciplinary biology has led to a lack of proper coherence in its methodology. Futures studies researcher has many problems in selecting and evaluating methods appropriate to his research. Because of this serious weakness, research has been carried out to identify and introduce criteria for selecting and evaluating methods whose results are of great use to future studies researchers. However, because of the scope of these studies and the lack of a comprehensive look at them, the studies themselves have become plagued by confusion and confusion. In this study, it has been attempted to summarize the methodological indicators available in other researches and finally, with the help of experts, suggest indicators for future studies methods. The main method used in this study was library study, cross-sectional and expert interviews (in the form of questionnaires and open interviews). At the end, the methodology indicators of futures studies were extracted from different perspectives (methodological indicators, method selection indicators, indicators related to the issues facing the methods, and requirements for futures methodology requirements) and after thirteen questions, Indicators based on ratings have been introduced as the main indicators of evaluation and selection of future studies researchers in their research.

One of the needs of any field of study is to identify existing trends and to examine the theoretical gap between previous studies in order to identify future studies of each field. Study on tourism is also no exception. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the research done in the field of tourism from thematic and methodological aspects, to identify the existing fissures and identify the direction of future research in the field of tourism. The main approach of the present study is qualitative and based on documentary studies and its statistical community, all articles of scientific and research published from 2012-2017 were tourism research journals (373 articles). The results showed that from among all types of tourism based on destination, urban tourism; from all kinds of tourism based on the type (nature) of activity; natural tourism; and from all types of tourism based on the subject, cultural and artistic tourism (heritage tourism) Most studies have been devoted to it. Also, methodologically, quantitative, applied studies, data from the questionnaire, a study between the domestic tourists most studies have been devoted to itself. Based on the results of the research, It is suggested that tourism journals, with the allocation of numbers for specific topics, aim to bridge the gap in the domestic tourism studies.