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The present study aimed to categorize the mental patterns of managers regarding the antecedents of organizational friction within the Kermanshah Gas Company. A mixed-methods approach, grounded in an interpretive-positivist philosophical framework, was employed for this applied-developmental study. Qualitative data was collected through interviews to explore the participants' perspectives, while a quantitative approach using Q factor analysis was used to extract these perspectives. The study population consisted of managers from the gas company, with a purposive sample of 19 participants. To ensure validity, content validity (coherence between adjacent statements) and face validity (statements covering various aspects of the topic to define the mental model) were assessed. Test-retest reliability was determined using 5 participants. To develop the Q-set, relevant literature was extensively reviewed, identifying 38 factors influencing organizational friction. After eliminating redundancies and addressing conceptual overlaps, the final Q-set included 25 factors, which were then prioritized by the participants. The results of Q factor analysis revealed five distinct cognitive patterns regarding the antecedents of organizational friction among the managers. The dominant pattern, according to the findings, was the first pattern, which identified interactions between systems and processes at the organizational level as the primary source of friction within the target population. Other cognitive patterns ranked lower in priority.

Modern technologies are integral to today’s life, and the Metaverse is no exception. It might contain ethical risks, necessitating a survey of Metaverse users to identify market risks. This research explores the opportunities and threats of the Metaverse market. The Metaverse, since its inception, has been defined through various concepts like continuity of life, collective space in parallel worlds, 3D internet, spatial internet, mirror world, simulation, and cooperation.

The research adopts an interpretive approach using Q methodology, blending quantitative and qualitative methods to reveal different themes in people's thoughts rather than counting individuals with different opinions. Data collection involved interviews, questionnaires, documents, internet findings, websites, and written messages such as reports and notes. The study’s expert community comprised twenty computer science students from Alborz province, selected based on their Metaverse experience.

SPSS software was employed for analyzing and grouping participants. The Q factor analysis results from 20 participants, obtained through tables, factor score comparisons, factor arrays tables, and correlation examinations between participants, were used. Participants were categorized into five groups based on their Q sample sorting.

The research identified five distinct roles for thought centers through root analysis of perspectives, highlighting benefits and weaknesses. The roles are "comfort-seeking traders," "supporters," "justice-seeking artists," "critic traders," and "culture lovers." The findings indicate notable differences and similarities in participants' views on the central role of thought perspectives in public domains. Similarly evaluated roles by participants became the basis for emerging roles, whereas completely different evaluations also contributed. The findings demonstrate that the propositions raised in the discourse space effectively express various aspects of the topic.

Research on FinTech startups has become increasingly significant due to the rapid evolution of competitive markets and intensity of developments in this sector. However, a lack of understanding of marketing performance—an essential guide for these startups—limits their ability to capitalize on existing opportunities. This underscores the need for research that accurately assesses the marketing performance of FinTech startups using the Q-method. This study was framed within an interpretive-positivist paradigm. Being characterized as developmental and exploratory, it employed a qualitative research approach and utilized a mixed-methods (qualitative-quantitative) design. The statistical population comprised 13 experts and practitioners in the FinTech startup arena selected through purposive and non-probability sampling. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS-26 software and factor analysis. Following a thorough review and organization of the data, 119 statements were identified through a systematic review, from which 41 propositions were selected as cue samples and prioritized by participants. The results of the Q-factor analysis revealed 4 distinct perspectives among experts regarding the marketing performance factors of FinTech startups: "Customer Performance in FinTech", "Customer Relationship Development and Efficiency", "Sales Success and Customer Loyalty", and "Strategic Growth and Satisfaction in FinTech". Given the necessity for improved performance among companies in the highly competitive FinTech landscape and integration of performance evaluation systems, the findings of this research provided valuable insights into the intellectual paradigms of industry experts, thereby facilitating growth and development in this sector.

It is necessary to benefit from the technological capabilities of the defense sector, to achieve the set plans and finally to strengthen the technology of the national sector, and the successful transfer of technology to the national sector can save foreign currency and develop the national sector, which is the best model to get out of dependence and problems in the conditions of sanctions. Research and development, of course, this requires knowing the factors affecting the transfer of defense technology and removing the obstacles ahead. The aim of the current research is to identify the mentality of national and defense level experts in relation to the factors influencing the transfer of technology from the defense level to the national level. This research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive method and mixed (qualitative and quantitative) in terms of data collection and analysis. The tools of data collection are structured interview and Q table. In the qualitative part, by conducting a structured interview with 16 defense experts and national elites and analyzing them using thematic analysis method, different opinions were extracted regarding technology transfer. Then, in the quantitative section, by completing 31 Q-tables and analyzing the obtained data using the factor analysis method, the mentality of the people of each group was identified, analyzed and investigated. The results of this research show that there are four different mental patterns regarding the transfer of technology from the defense level to the national level, and each of the mentalities has different concepts and characteristics compared to each other. The consequences of which will be the formulation of policies, economic consequences, technological consequences and political consequences.

The purpose of this research is to identify and categorize the mentality of faculty members towards job attachment in the university. The philosophical framework of this research is an interpretive-positivist paradigm, and in terms of orientation, it is placed in the category of applied research. Q phrase was formed by reviewing literature, background, documents and documents, interview and questionnaire from 12 experts. Then, they are asked to categorize the cue expressions on the set axes of agreeing, disagreeing, and abstaining in the form of a six-option spectrum from +6 to -6. After that, data was analyzed based on inferential statistics (factor analysis) based on SPSS software. The reliability of the test has been confirmed through re-testing and the validity of the test according to the interview and application of experts' opinions. In line with the general goal of the research to identify the classification of academic members' mentalities to occupational attachment, three mental model approaches were identified, which in order of importance are the skill and suitability of work and person, the current facilities and conditions of the organization (university), and interest and relaxation in work.

Today, companies are under pressure to accept social and environmental responsibilities within the framework of their strategies and management systems, and sustainability can differentiate competing brands in B2B markets. On the other hand, achieving sustainability and competitive advantage requires companies to support and combine their branding, reputation, and legitimacy in a mutual way. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify the discourse framework of sustainable brand legitimacy in an industrial context. The philosophical framework of this research is the interpretive-positivist paradigm and is a category of applied and exploratory research. The participants of the research, who were selected purposefully, are 12 B2B activists familiar with sustainable branding, whose views were analyzed using Q factor analysis using spss25 software. The results show that the model of sustainable brand legitimacy in an industrial context is in five categories: external legitimacy, pragmatic legitimacy, normative legitimacy, instrumental legitimacy, and legitimacy catalyst. The process of legitimization is a process that involves not only the marketing function but the entire organization. Therefore, B2B businesses should pay attention to the use of employees in customer relations, because they are basically the faces of the brand. Also, sustainable B2B brands should be associated with positive associations; Create value for both suppliers and customers.

Today, non-profit organizations have also paid attention to the issue of brand image, because the improvement of the organization's performance depends on the improvement of its organizational image. Despite the importance and necessity of branding in the Awqaf organization-responsible for endowment and charity affairs in Iran, the branding and improving the image of the organization have been neglected due to the lack of mental convergence and differences in the views of the organization's managers. In fact, there is no complete consensus on this issue in the Organization, and this has led to the lack of an effective plan and program. This research was conducted with the aim of exploring the types of mentality of Awqaf organization managers in relation to brand management and improving the image of Awqaf organization. This research is applied in terms of purpose and mixed in nature using Q method. The theoretical community includes managers, deputies and experts of the endowment organization and charity affairs at the headquarters level. The sample selection method is based on a combination of snowball and targeted sampling, which includes 37 experts. Interview tools and Q questionnaire were used to collect data. Q factor analysis and SPSS software were used for data analysis. The results of the research show seven mentalities, which were named as holisticists, taskists, promotionists, strategists, organizational transformationists, internal brand builders, and conservatives. The extracted mentalities were interpreted and their priorities were highlighted in the matter of branding. According to the results of this research, the starting point of planning in the field of promoting the brand of the endowment organization is to pay attention to the commonalities of mentalities and not to pay attention to divergent issues, which were presented in this field.

Blockchain technology is one of the most promising technologies of this ‎century that has the potential to bring about fundamental changes in business ‎models in a wide range of industries. The current research seeks to identify ‎the antecedents of the development of digital marketing based on blockchain ‎technology from the point of view of marketing experts in the aviation ‎industry.This research is practical in terms of orientation and positivist from a ‎philosophical point of view, which was carried out using a mixed method.,In ‎this study, the antecedents of the development of digital marketing based on ‎blockchain technology were first extracted by literature review and semi-‎structured interviews, and with the help of experts, the final factors were ‎identified;Then, these factors in the form of Q cards were provided to ‎‏22‏‎ ‎marketing experts in the aviation industry who were selected purposefully ‎and finally their views were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis.The ‎participants in this research have ‎‏6‏‎ different views and their mental patterns ‎are categorized based on market variables, internal, content, technological, ‎human and environmental factors.The results of this research have given ‎useful insight to managers and decision makers in the aviation industry, so ‎that by knowing these factors, they can strengthen and develop digital ‎marketing in airline companies.‎

The aim of the current research is to provide a strategic model of media management in order to improve the social health of active media audiences in Qazvin province, which was carried out qualitatively and quantitatively. In the qualitative phase, content and Q analysis methods were used, and in the quantitative phase, factor analysis was used to analyze the Q data. The statistical population of media in the province is 85 media, of which 12 media were selected purposefully. The content analysis of those media showed that the most content produced by the media is in the field of social deviations with 576 and the least content produced by the media is the field of violence with 237 items. Based on the mentality of the first group, in order to improve the social health of people in the society, paying attention to "media literacy" is the first priority. According to the mentality of the second group, if the activity of virtual networks is not monitored, it can be considered as the main cause of violence and social deviations. According to the mentality of the third group, the publication of news about accidents has a great impact on reducing social security in the society, and the mentality of the fourth group is in favor of publishing news about road accidents. According to the obtained results, a quantitative questionnaire was created and the desired model was created using the software. PLS was designed. This model showed that according to the results of the quantitative questionnaire, all four functions of the media, namely information, education, monitoring the environment, and provision of leisure time, are effective in improving the social health of people in the society. Based on this, the strategic model of media management can have the greatest impact on improving the quality of life, reducing violence, reducing social deviations and social issues.

The drivers of human capital engagement development are the factors influencing the processes, events, actions, and images that produce distinct results and consequences for the concept of engagement. The purpose of this study was to identify and categorize the drivers of development of human capital commitment and the views of human resource experts about the drivers of human capital commitment. To this end, the Q methodology was employed. First, the related literature and research background were reviewed and then, based on the documents, interviews and questionnaires from 12 experts, the phrase Q (49 phrases) was formed. In the next step, human resources and academic experts were asked to categorize the Q statements on the agreed-upon, opposite, and abstracted axes in the form of a six-choice spectrum of 6+ to -6. Then, based on the inferential statistics (factor analysis) using SPSS software, the data were analyzed and categorized into different mental patterns, and finally, three mental patterns were identified. Based on the results, it can be stated that the Q statements obtained are capable and comprehensive. Therefore, it has an accepted and approved narrative. In this study, re-test was used to confirm the reliability. In this way, at least 20% of the sample subjects, that is, three people (12 experts in total) were tested twice, and the correlation coefficient obtained was 82% (0.82), which indicates a high level of reliability. The mentalities obtained based on the order of importance are: first pattern: leadership and personal and identity development; third pattern: structural, process and procedural; and second pattern: management and organizational resources.

In the past, digital marketing and content creation in the B2B were less studied compared to the B2C field. According to the conducted small number of pieces of research, it is clear that the two concepts are completely different and that B2B digital marketing as a whole should be investigated in more depth. All B2B companies have the potential for social media marketing and digital content creation. Yet these B2B companies are not putting their efforts into that. Over the past few years, LinkedIn has been an important professional social media platform for B2B scholars to use in several ways and B2B researchers can be members of LinkedIn groups. B2B businesses need to market to the right audience, they need to make sure that they are placing their money and efforts into the right platforms. To increase their engagement and sales, it is important for these companies not to waste their time and money and to start making the right marketing decisions. It is essential for these B2B businesses to build their credibility online and create trust with their customers. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify the mental patterns of business-to-business interaction on LinkedIn by the Q method.

This paper is aimed to explore key philosophical underpinnings of fundamental research paradigms with reference to Positivism and Interpretivism (Q method). The statistical population of this study includes B2B business managers, active on LinkedIn. The discourse of the present research was collected from various sources (theoretical literature and semi-structured interviews with experts). 30 samples of Q phrases were selected after a survey of experts. The theme analysis technique was used to extract the factors in the interview section. In this section, the identified indicators were written on a card called Q, using the coding process. Then these cards were given to the participants. The data obtained from sorting the participants were analyzed by the Q factor analysis in SPSS software to identify the business interaction pattern. To measure validity of Q-method, the researcher needed to ask himself whether the collected statements had the required comprehensiveness to reflect different mentalities. Therefore, the validity of the content could be checked based on participants’ ratings of the phrase and its adjacent phrase. The test-retest method was used to calculate the reliability coefficient of Q sorting. The test-retest was re-run for 20% of the sample. The correlation coefficient was 73%, which indicated a high level of reliability.

The researchers determined the Q expressions, after conducting semi-structured interviews and library studies. These expressions were approved by experts. A total of 30 Q expressions were extracted. Accordingly, three mental models were identified from the perspective of the participants. The first mentality was called the professional content mentality. The second one was the lead mentality, and the third was called the tracking mentality.

The results showed three mental models of B2B business interaction on LinkedIn: "Professional content", "Tracking" and "Lead". The mentality of professional content refers to the production of suitable content for a company on LinkedIn. Lead mentality refers to activities that lead to creating leads to create interactions and communication between companies. The third mentality, called tracking, refers to a set of activities that place the company in a position to have better and more access to the relevant audience. The constant participation of consumers in the social media space requires companies to develop and maintain a strong media presence. This research could accurately identify the influential components in each mentality to provide a clearer view of better interaction on LinkedIn and to help managers adopt practical strategies based on customer needs. According to the obtained results, B2B companies can use social media and platforms to facilitate their relationships with customers, identify their company and brand just like a living entity and introduce the products, services and value they provide to the customer.

The emergence of the concept of sustainable development as an urgent issue affecting the current global system, it has been argued that entrepreneurship should not be based solely on wealth creation. Tourism is one of the economic sectors in which high participation in the field of sustainable entrepreneurs is required. In this regard, the emergence of the concept of sustainable entrepreneurship and the obligation of entrepreneurs in the tourism industry to sustainable entrepreneurship has led this study to identify and categorize the mentality of entrepreneurs towards sustainable tourism entrepreneurship. The methodology of the research was applied in terms of objectives, exploratory in nature, and mixed-method research. 13 sustainable tourism entrepreneurs in Hamedan province were selected as the target population by snowball sampling and were interviewed semi-structured based on the Q method, and 36 propositions were extracted. Then, by completing the Q table by research experts and analyzing the data obtained by exploratory factor analysis, the mentality of individuals in each group was identified, analyzed, and examined. The results of this study include two mental models of entrepreneurs towards sustainable tourism entrepreneurship, including quality of life model and sustainable employment; and a pattern of innovation, sustainable knowledge, and attitude; identified. Therefore, according to two mental patterns of research, sustainable tourism entrepreneurship through the empowerment of stakeholders and environmental capacity to create sustainable employment, both the development of innovative innovations in the economic, social, and environmental arena leads to an increase in wealth and welfare in society.

Climate change is one of the most important challenges that has had an increasing impact on B2B businesses around the world. From this, B2B businesses are required to identify solutions to deal with climate change. One of the tools that can help these businesses in this direction is artificial intelligence. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of identifying the discourse framework of solutions to deal with climate change based on artificial intelligence in B2B firms using the Q method. The philosophical framework of this research is the the interpretive-positivist paradigm (Q method), which is practical from the point of view of the goal. The research participants were 9 B2B business managers whose business is affected by climate change. Participants were selected purposefully. The views of the participants were analyzed by Q factor analysis and using SPSS 25 software. The results showed that the discourse framework of solutions to deal with climate change based on artificial intelligence is in three categories: education capacity-building, mitigation, and perception capacity-building.

This study aims to determine the mental patterns of group managers' performance and provide solutions for it. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of exploratory nature (qualitative and quantitative approach). The Q method was implemented from the perspective of the heads of departments, faculties and professors of the University of Tehran in relation to the efficiency of graduates. For this purpose, 11 heads of departments, faculties and faculty members of the three selected faculties of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Management and Economics of the University of Tehran were selected from among those who had more complete knowledge of the efficiency of graduates due to their cultural and extracurricular activities. These individuals were selected by purposive sampling and text interviewed. Based on the cards distributed among the participants, 42 final propositions were identified among 47 propositions, and finally, based on the findings and results of Q factor analysis, five different mental patterns of graduate performance were identified among the faculty members of the University of Tehran. Items such as the application of education, the student's suitability to the needs of society, labor market attraction, university research, student participation and professional growth were identified as key factors. Based on the final conclusion, it can be interpreted that a large percentage of the propositions and patterns identified are evidence of the inefficiency of university graduates, among the propositions, the participants' mentality of applying education had the greatest impact on their efficiency.

 Digital entrepreneurship is a new approach to starting a business today. Identifying and understanding entrepreneurial opportunities to start a business is the responsibility of entrepreneurs or startup managers.The purpose of this study is to identify and categorize the mentality of startup managers to digital entrepreneurship. The philosophical framework of this research is a kind of interpretive-positivist paradigm and in terms of orientation is in the category of applied research. Q methodology has been used to identify the mentality. According to the interviews with experts and the use of retest and obtaining a coefficient of 0.86, the validity and reliability of the test can be considered acceptable and high. There are three different mindsets about the factors affecting digital entrepreneurship that represent the categorization of the mindsets of entrepreneurs and startup managers. These mindsets in order of importance are: Digital Entrepreneurship Platforms - Digital Entrepreneurship Innovation - Digital Entrepreneurship Marketing.

Policy capacity is one of the most basic concepts in the study of public policy that addresses gaps and factors related to why policies are not implemented. In this article, the problems and shortcomings for the non-implementation of these policies in the field of women's political participation at the elite level (1997-2020) explained. Then, based on the model, at three levels of conceptual-analytical, operational and political that each of these three competencies include resources or capabilities at three different levels of individual, organizational and systemic, were examined.

To introduce the policy capacity as a new concept in the literature of political participation in Iran, upon which the boundaries and gaps between laws and practice can be examined.

This research has been done using “Q method” for classifying and scoring propositions and "critical discourse analysis".

The results show that "individual" and "organizational" attitudes in the "analytical" dimension are the most important factors influencing women's political participation.

discussion of the policy capacity based on its specific discourse space, which in the present study is women's political participation, should highlight other definitions and factors, such as cultural and ideological conditions that have a direct impact on the implementation of policies.

The concept of organizational politics and the political behaviors of individuals have grabbed the attention of researchers for long, but due to various reasons, we have observed a special attention to the individuals’ political behaviors in organizations in recent years. Aside from the factors effective on the political perception and behavior, the managers’ mental model has a substantial role in the formation of their political behavior style in organizations. The ultimate goal of this study was the identification and provision of the mental model related to the political behavior model of managers using Q-methodology. The discourse atmosphere was formed based on the library research and semi-structured interviews with interviewees who had been chosen through snowball sampling method. Using Delphi method, 50 Q-statements were collected. Then, based on non-random purposive sampling, the Q-cards were distributed among the intended statistical population, who undertook Q-statement sorting in Q-categories through forced distribution method. After interpreting the Q-factors and statements, the model of the managers’ political behavior style was provided with two dimensions, namely belief in the political behavior and reaction to political behavior. Based on this model, five types of political behavior style of mangers were identified and interpreted.