زیست بوم نوآوری

Organizational transformation has been a specialized subject of study by management researchers for more than three decades, various general, specific and thematic models have been developed for it. The aim of this research is design a model to increase the probability of organizational transformation success by considering the role of the innovation ecosystem as factor of organizational transformation success or failure and, in other words, the organization's locking into its innovation ecosystem, considering the analysis of actors, conflicts of interest, and power relations in the ecosystem. For this purpose, a comprehensive organizational transformation model was selected by meta-synthesis of eighty common models and based on the opinions of experts in the complex innovation ecosystem. After evaluating the causes of failure of industrial organization transformation programs in the past and modifying the model to eliminate failure points, the effects of the ecosystem on the model were extracted and finally the requirements related to the ecosystem were applied to the base model. This research is descriptive-evaluative and developmental and was conducted with the strategy of surveying the opinions of experts in the target ecosystem. Qualitative data analysis of the research was conducted with content analysis. Finally, an eight-step organizational transformation model with 55 sub-activities and 5 basic activities has been designed. According to the experts' point of view, to reduce the possibility of organizational transformation failure, the importance of the steps has been determined, and in some cases, parallelization of activities has been used to overcome the disadvantages of common transformation models.

During the last decade, innovation ecosystems have become essential not only for businesses correspondingly for governments aimed at national economic and social development. For this purpose, the current research has analyzed the country's innovation ecosystem based on the views of a policy maker during the eight-year period of activity in this field. According to this goal, qualitative research design and thematic analysis method were used. A number of 235 videos containing their talks in meetings and interviews about the country's innovation ecosystem were analyzed. The findings of the research include eight main themes (influence on society, the role of the government, the foundation of knowledge-based economy, investment, government obstacles, communication and interactions, the mechanism of change and the spread of innovation) and 23 sub-themes and 103 open codes. Also, due to the importance of High-level state documents in drawing the desired future and determining goals, strategies and innovative measures, the collected themes were adapted to 12 High-level state documents and the result indicated their compatibility with these documents. Based on the analysis of findings, three main issues can be concluded. First of all, the government, by expanding the scope of its activity in the ecosystem of innovation, simultaneously fuels the increase of extensive bureaucracy in it, which shows the paradox between the role of facilitating and removing the bureaucratic obstacles of the government. Second, despite the view of connecting knowledge to the country's economy, its macro effects in indicators such as productivity growth rate and solving society's problems are still weak. Thirdly, due to the small amount of domestic investment (public and private sector), the entry of foreign investment can accelerate the development of the innovation ecosystem.

Examining the developments of recent decades in science and technology parks indicates the emergence of a new type of innovation ecosystem, which is characterized by new features such as establishment in urban environments, innovative community and international interactions, and it is called innovation area. Science and technology parks in our country, which have a history of several decades, have not been exempted from these changes. including Pardis Technology Park, which is considered one of the country's mature ecosystems in the field of technology. Examining the experience of the creation, development and policy of this park indicates the formation of the local environment with the characteristics of the innovation district in Pardis city, which can be associated with policy learning in the field of the creation and development of technology parks. Therefore, in this article, an attempt has been made to provide a model for the formation of the innovation area centered on the technology park using the content analysis method. For this purpose, while studying the documents, 11 experts and managers related to the subject were interviewed. Then, integrative themes including urban development approach, development characteristics of the founding institution, management stability, geographical proximity infrastructure, support for the growth of technological businesses, national and international role-playing, and shaping the components of the innovation area have been extracted. Finally, a model has been designed to explain the development of the innovation district based on the technology park, which includes two main parts; Fixed factors that have existed throughout the evolution of the campus park, and variable factors that have changed depending on the priority of each stage of the evolution of the technology park. These stages include the stage of formation, growth, maturity and promotion. The policy recommendations obtained from this research are also presented.

The characteristics of today's businesses have led managers to pay attention to their business from ecosystem point of view and this attention is increasing. Considering businesses from the business ecosystem point of view will lead to significant differences in comparison to considering a specific business and will transform analyses and actions from the individual level to the collective level. However, the prerequisite for any analysis or action in the field of ecosystems is to identify the characteristics of ecosystems. In order to specify the characteristics of business ecosystems and using Metasynthesis, published articles in four databases and specifically four reputable journals are reviewed and after evaluating and screening the articles, 54 articles are selected and carefully studied and the information obtained are combined and interpreted. According to the Metasynthesis results, the characteristics of ecosystems can be classified into five main characteristics including Structural Characteristics, Interactive Characteristics, Evolutionary Characteristics, Social Characteristics and Governance Characteristics that every characteristic includes sub-characteristics and concepts and all together make the framework of business ecosystems’ characteristics. These characteristics affect all dimensions of an ecosystem and comprehensive knowledge about them is a valuable guide for any research or action in ecosystems.

Science and technology parks are established to develop a knowledge-based economy since they play a significant role in developing the ecosystem of innovation. In the last two decades, we are witnessing a quantitative surge of science and technology parks in Iran, Now, we need to improve and develop the quality of this important player in the ecosystem of innovation. From the perspective of 1404, a significant contribution is considered for the knowledge-based economy in the national GDP. Currently, this share is very insignificant; less than one percent. The main goal of this research is to design an excellent model of science and technology parks in Iran with the aim of developing the role of companies based in the knowledge-based economy. The present study, using a qualitative approach and relying on symbolic interpretative philosophy, seeks to extract the essence of the excellence model of science and technology parks in Iran. In this regard, the grounded theory strategy has been used to explain the theory's induction. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 21 academic and executive experts in the innovation ecosystem and through theoretical sampling until the theoretical saturation point was acheived. The results of the research show that science and technology parks in Iran have the most characteristics of the first and second generation parks, and to excel,they should move towards developing the features of the third and fourth generation (features such as improving the welfare of local communities, having professional management teams, shaping the knowledge city, special innovation zones and digital parks).

The present study aimed to find the reasons for consumers behavior change in ride-hailing innovation ecosystem in Iran.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and used a qualitative approach. The present study has used causal layered analysis. This research has tried to study the phenomenon by using a library research and Delphi technique consisting of 18 academic and business experts.

There are several reasons for consumers behavior change in ride-hailing innovation ecosystem at four levels of litany, system, worldview and metaphor and myth. The most important findings were at the systemic level and metaphors and myths. System-level findings include the use of information technology tools, new mega trends, sharing economy and increasing productivity. Findings at the level of metaphors and myths also include the innate human tendency for maximum ease, the innate human tendency for the least uncertainty, the need for transparency, the tendency to save the most resources and time.

Consumers' expectation of continuous improvement is likely to lead to more innovations in this ecosystem., the emergence of new actors to achieve greater ease, greater transparency, reduce uncertainty and save more resources and time is expected.

Implementing an optimal monetary strategy is empirically as well as policy-making. Monetary strategy as a key component in many macroeconomic theories has always been the subject of widespread debate among economists. Studies in developed countries show that the correct implementation of monetary strategy depends on macroeconomic variables, especially shocks to these variables. Considering the role and position of oil prices and exchange rates and uncertainty in the changes of these macroeconomic variables in the Iranian economy, this study aims to investigate the impact of oil price and exchange rate uncertainty on optimal monetary strategy in Iran to estimate the optimal monetary strategy model in Iran. Has used and used ARDL method with vector intervals with wide intervals to estimate the pattern. The data of regression pattern variables are annual and the period between 1981 and 1397 in the Iranian economy. The result of model estimation showed that the coefficient of variable oil price uncertainty in the short and long term is negative and statistically significant. Also, the effect of exchange rate uncertainty on the optimal monetary strategy in the economy is negative and significant. Finally, according to the model, the impact of GDP on the implementation of the optimal monetary strategy in Iran is positive and significant, which in a way confirms the trading demand for money.

Today, with the rapid changes and the short life cycles of technologies, the role of Educational - Research Centers (ERCs) in enhancing the power of scientific, industrial and social has become stronger than ever. ERCs provide a suitable platform for the production, development and dissemination of science and technology and in the country creation of an atmosphere of innovation; They are building ecosystem of inovation through the discovery, creation and production of science and technology and the establishment of the flow of knowledge and information and its exchange among research and industrial actors. Therefore, ERCs need to use a measure model's to innovation and maturity in yourself ecosystem. In this research, based on the literature review and expert's opinion poll, six main indicators were identified for measuring the ecological indicators of Innovation in the ERCs include: innovation culture, development and infrastructures of innovation, networking, innovation processes, human resources and policies and strategies. After confirming the indices, an innovation ecosystem  measurement model proposed; and based on this model, the level of innovation ecosystem maturity measured. The final results of the innovation ecosystem maturity measure show that the average of all innovation indicators is less than the theoretical average. The only human resource factor of the organization be close to average and Desirable index. Therefore, in this respect, the studied organization has weaknesses and shortcomings in the selected indicators of innovation ecosystem.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a model for analyzing the structural relationship between the components of the national innovation ecosystem. For this purpose, cross-sectional data from 137 countries, structural equation modeling technique with partial least squares method and PLS software have been used. Hence, it is a quantitative applied research conducted with a descriptive (correlation) approach. Experimental analysis shows that the diverse components of the innovation ecosystem play an essential role in fostering innovation. Information technology, university education, academic research, and innovative interactions are key components of the national innovation ecosystem. The quantity, quality and capacity of these components determine the degree of creativity, productivity, dynamics and agility level of the innovation ecosystem. The quantity and quality of entrepreneurship, the amount of access to finance, the quantity and quality of physical infrastructure, and the amount of financial and physical investment provided by entrepreneurs, government and firms help foster, grow and expand innovation. This component, in addition to generating knowledge within the ecosystem and absorbing knowledge from the outside, helps to commercialize new knowledge. The diffusion and dissemination of knowledge in ecosystems and ecological sustainability are key outputs of the national innovation ecosystem. Based on these results, the paper proposes six strategies for building a national innovation ecosystem in Iran.

An innovative entrepreneurship ecosystem has a key role in economic development and the emergence of innovation-based economies in the advanced world. However, unfortunately, this ecosystem has not been formed in Iran. Its formation and development in Iran requires its recognition. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to analyze the relationships between the components of this ecosystem and suggest solutions for its development in Iran. For this purpose, cross-sectional data of 140 countries in 2017, Structural Equation Modeling Technique and SmartPls software have been used. The research results show that open and free economy is a key component of the national innovation ecosystems, and other conditions and factors (such as competitive markets, dynamic and transparent legal environment, dynamic business environment, innovation links, information technology, higher education, knowledge capital, financial capital, production and absorption of knowledge) are developed on the basis of it. Therefore, it is suggested to the Iranian government to open and liberate the economy.