سرمایه اجتماعی

Today, one of the issues and dilemmas that governmental organizations are caught in is nepotism, ethnocentrism and cronyism. In organizations affected by such problems, the reduction of organizational trust, the weakening of cooperation between employees and managers, and the reduction of the motivation of human resources cause irreparable injuries and damages to the organization. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of organizational cronyism and nepotism on social capital, with the mediating role of perceived organizational justice in government organizations of Lorestan province. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive survey in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the research was formed by the employees of the governmental organizations in Lorestan province. Considering the size of the limited and specific statistical population, the Cochran sample calculation formula was used, and based on that, the sample size at the confidence level of 0.95 was determined to be 384 people. The members of the sample were selected using the available sampling method. The data collection tool in this research is a standard questionnaire, the validity of which was confirmed using the content validity method and the reliability was assessed using  Cronbach's alpha method. To investigate and test the research hypotheses, structural equation modeling approach and Smart PLS2 and SPSS software were used. The research results show that organizational cronyism and nepotism have a significant and negative effect on social capital. Additionally, the results indicate that perceived organizational justice plays a mediating role in the effect of organizational cronyism and nepotism on social capital. Therefore, as a general conclusion, it can be stated that in governmental organizations, when cronyism along with nepotism prevails, social capital in the organization will weaken and decline through perceived organizational justice.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of organizational anomie on employees' deviant workplace behaviors, with the mediating role of social capital in government organizations in Lorestan province. In terms of purpose, the present study is applied and falls into the category of descriptive causal research. The statistical population of the study consisted of 1,350 general staff employees of Lorestan province based in Khorramabad city. According to the Morgan table, a sample size of 300 was selected using stratified random sampling. To measure the research variables, Zoghbi and Espino’s organizational anomie questionnaire (2007), Nahapiet and Ghoshal’s Social Capital questionnaire (1998), and the Deviant Workplace Behaviors of Bennett and Robinson 's questionnaire (2000) have been used. The reliability of the questionnaires was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. In this research, structural equation modeling was used to analyze the research data. The research results indicated that organizational anomie has a positive and significant effect on employees' deviant workplace behaviors and a negative and significant effect on social capital. Social capital also has a negative and significant effect on employees' deviant workplace behaviors. Furthermore, organizational anomie through social capital has a positive and significant effect on employees' deviant behaviors in governmental organizations in Lorestan province.

The domain of opportunity is the heart of the field of entrepreneurship, and recognizing opportunities is one of the primary vital steps to enter the business space. Understanding the role of different levels of social media, as a technological empowerment tool, based on the honeycomb model, is of particular importance in recognizing entrepreneurial opportunities. Social capital further enhances this importance by improving people's ability to recognize opportunities. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to fill the gap related to the role of social media in the recognition of entrepreneurial opportunities through the mediation of social capital. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of method. The data of this research was collected from a sample of 295 female students of management and business majors of the state universities in Qom province, who were selected using the stratified random sampling method. The data was analyzed using structural equation modeling with PLS software. The findings of the research indicated that the levels of Instagram social media based on the honeycomb model (identity, conversation, sharing, presence, reputation, relationships, and groups) have a positive and significant effect on the recognition of entrepreneurial opportunities. In addition, the mentioned levels through the mediating variable of social capital indirectly have a positive and significant effect on the recognition of entrepreneurial opportunities. In addition, the findings revealed that the blocks of reputation and groups have the greatest impact on recognizing entrepreneurial opportunities, while the blocks of dialogue and reputation have the greatest impact on social capital.

Trust is one of the components of social capital and one of the main elements of human relations in society. It is the foundation of social interactions between members of society and the link between tribes, people and the government. The purpose of the research is to study the factors affecting social trust by looking at published scientific studies (retrospective) and conducting a systematic review of research. The research method to address the purpose of the article is meta-analysis (CMA2), focusing on published (authentic and survey scientific documents) in the period of 2004 to 2023. The statistical population comprises 84 published documents; 48 research cases (based on the entry and exit criteria) were intentionally selected after screening. The analysis tool employed is Cohen's d and Fisher's f in the form of effect size and the Q test was applied to measure research heterogeneity. Furthermore, mediating variables have also been used. Thus, the results show that cultural factors (cultural capital, religious affiliation, national identity, moral-value commitment, media consumption, individualism); political (political trust, political cohesion, political anomie, political participation); social (social cohesion, social empathy, social indifference, feeling of social discrimination, social anomie, social participation, feeling of social security, social satisfaction); economic (relative deprivation, class gap, sense of socio-economic justice, economic anomie) and context (age, education, socio-economic base) have had a significant impact on the level of social trust of Iranians.

The present study aims to determine the role of social capital in the development of organizational citizenship behavior, emphasizing the mediating variables of ethical competence and organizational governance in the hospitals affiliated with the University of Medical Sciences in Sanandaj. The statistical population consists of 330 employees of Tohid Hospital in Sanandaj during the year 2022-2023, of which 177 individuals were selected as the statistical sample based on Cochran's formula. The research was conducted using a descriptive-correlational method. Standard questionnaires were used to collect data, which were distributed among respondents after assessing their validity and reliability. The data were calculated and analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software. The results indicated that the research data fit well with the factor structure of this scale, and the conceptual model predicting organizational citizenship behavior based on social capital, mediated by ethical competence and organizational governance, fits the empirical model. The hypothesis testing results showed that social capital, ethical competence, and organizational governance have a direct and positive effect on the development of organizational citizenship behavior. Additionally, social capital has an indirect and positive effect on the development of organizational citizenship behavior through the mediating variables of ethical competence and organizational governance.

In today's changing and dynamic world, organizations need to use their internal and external resources and capacities for survival and sustainable growth. One of the most important internal resources that has a significant impact on the performance and effectiveness of organizations is social capital. On the other hand, organizational learning as a continuous and dynamic process in which organizations take advantage of their past experiences and others to improve their performance, helps organizations to adapt to challenges and environmental changes. Therefore, the aim is to present a synergistic model of social capital and organizational learning in National Iranian Oil Company. The current research was conducted with a qualitative approach and in terms of purpose, it is among applied researches and using thematic analysis method. The experts included professors and senior managers, as well as the interviewees included 15 people who were selected by purposeful sampling until reaching the theoretical saturation level. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews. To ensure validity and reliability, the findings were approved by the interviewees. In order to analyze the data, Brown and Clark's method was used with Max Quda qualitative data analysis software. The findings of the interview analysis included 1 overarching theme, 5 organized themes, 10 basic themes and 73 primary codes were identified. The results of this the research can help managers and policy makers of National Iranian Oil Company to improve the performance of the organization and create a learning environment.

The main objective of this research is to identify the strategies and consequences of parliamentary transparency in promoting governance. This qualitative study employs an exploratory approach based on grounded theory. The sample population includes two groups: academic experts and executive experts, including current and former members of the Islamic Consultative Assembly. The sample size was determined through theoretical sampling methods. Data collection methods involved interviews and the use of resources and texts.The findings of the research include: 1) the core category, which is parliamentary transparency; 2) causal factors such as structure and laws; 3) contextual conditions encompassing behavioral and operational areas; 4) intervening conditions, including infrastructure and communication systems; 5) strategies involving cultural development and supervision; 6) consequences including expert decision-making, courage and freedom, strengthening rationality, reasoning and logic, reducing corruption, increasing social capital, and enhancing governance.Analysis of the findings indicates that parliamentary transparency, through the adoption of strategies such as comprehensive oversight—systemic, public, party-based, and media-driven—as well as cultural development, can aid in the prevention of corruption and conflict of interest. Ultimately, this leads to increased public trust, strengthened social capital, and improved governance.

One of the new problems of organizations in the current era is the dark (negative) aspects of social capital, which causes the formation of organizational cronyism. The current research was conducted with the aim of adjusting the relationship between the dark aspects of social capital with an emphasis on the variable of organizational transparency.

This research is based on the objective of applied type and in terms of method, descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of the research is made up of a number of employees of government organizations in Mazandaran province, and 391 people were selected as a sample using the available sampling method. The data of the research was obtained through the questionnaires of Arasli and Tamer (2008), organizational transparency (Rawlins, 2008) and social capital of Nahapit and Ghoshal (1998).

The analysis of statistical data indicates that the impact of social capital on organizational cronyism is 0.535 and organizational transparency on organizational cronyism is -760.

The results of structural equation modeling showed that all paths of social capital and its dimensions are significant on organizational chronicity, and the variable of organizational transparency also moderates this relationship.

Organizational Social Capital The history of social capital goes back to classical economists like Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill and sociologists like Max Weber who used cultural factors to analyze economic phenomena. Social capital has been defined as the total of real and potential resources hidden inside, available and emerging from the network of relationships belonging to an individual or social unit (Joeng & et al, 2021). According to Putnam, social capital refers to the connections between people - social networks and mutual and reliable norms that arise from them. According to these definitions, social capital is defined as an asset that exists in social relationships between individuals, networks and communities to achieve mutual benefits (Tuominen, & Haanpää, 2022).

Examining various dimensions of teachers’ social capital is considered a new topic; as is the idea of the school as a small unit of  society. This paper follows an approach to measuring social capital from the perspective of surveying the components of social capital among foreign language teachers. To this end, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach was adopted. It was assumed that teachers, to expand and consolidate their social capital, need to learn from the structure of professional-participatory development, and intellectual, research, and emotional support of each other in the context of schools. To collect data, a total of 143 foreign language teachers working in the Education department were selected. The tools were tested and confirmed in terms of validity (convergent and divergent) and reliability (Delwin-Goldstein & Cronbach's alpha). We used SmartPLS (V.4) and SPSS software to test the goodness of fit of the proposed structural model and the research hypotheses. Looking at the pattern output and path coefficients, it is estimated that participatory professional development and professional reflection have a direct role in building the social capital of language teachers, while expandable agency has a mediating role. Based on the results and in line with parallel studies, it is suggested that teachers' participation in developmental and collaborative activities (such as team training, joint research action, and visiting other classes and schools), along with an atmosphere of (knowledge, research and emotional) support should be included in the teacher training curriculum.

In the era of technological explosion and complexity of social relations in organizations, educational systems have the highest number of social interactions and require the development of social capital, especially in their management department. Developed and competent managers with social capital index standards are more successful in fulfilling their role. Therefore, the current research aims to investigate the structural role of social capital in the professional development model of managers using thematic analysis, interviews and document studies as data collection tools, with a statistical population of elementary school managers in Alborz province and a targeted sample of twelve people. The results of the research indicate the existence of the following components: individual competencies, interpersonal competencies, personality and motivational competencies, creative competencies, social competencies, and managerial competencies, which, in the field of social and managerial competencies, witness the greatest role of social capital, especially in the communication dimension.

This article was conducted with the aim of implementing sociological analysis of the social capital of football players and its impact on professional ethics. This study is applied-developmental in terms of purpose and survey-based cross-sectional in terms of data collection method. The community of participants of the qualitative part includes 35 prominent players of the country's premier league, who were selected using theoretical sampling. The sample size of the quantitative part was estimated by the effect size and power test method to be 155 people, and the sampling was done by the cluster-random method. A semi-structured interview and a researcher-made questionnaire were used to collect data. Data analysis was done, in the qualitative part, with the grounded theory method in Maxqda software, and in the quantitative part, with the importance-performance analysis method in SPSS software. The research findings indicated that empowering players, creating a culture in the club, monitoring the holding of official matches, and the Premier League are the causal factors that affect the social capital of football players. Social capital, by influencing professional ethics, ultimately leads to the growth and success of football in the country. Based on the analysis of the importance of performance, the constructs of "monitoring the holding of matches," "players' mental concerns," and "material problems and issues" are in the "weakness" area, and the distance between these constructs is significant.

Part of people's daily life is online use of social networks. However, the use of these networks may go beyond a habit, leading to a habitual pattern of use that endangers one's well-being. This research has evaluated a theoretical model that four criteria of social capital, by mediating the variables, bonding (strong relationship) and bridging (weak relationship) social capital, in the role of habitual use of filtered online social networks in the context of street riots. look into it. This model was carried out using structural equations of partial least squares, which is modeled with targeted data collected in Iranian cities. The results of the research showed that interaction and confrontation is the most important driver for bonding and bridging social capital with online users. trust was statistically significant only for social capital connection. Unlike the bonding variable, bridging social capital does not have a significant relationship with the habitual behavior of using social networks. Shared values were not statistically significant for bridging and bonding social capital.

Social capital, as a valuable type of intangible capital, has many individual and organizational benefits, while  its development requires various prerequisites. Therefore, in recent years, many studies have been conducted on this topic. In order to gain a more comprehensive knowledge in this regard, the present research has reviewed and classified the requirements and results of developing social capital. This applied research was conducted using a qualitative approach and meta-synthesis method. The data sources include related articles published in Iranian scientific databases in the selected period of time. These articles were selected based on the criteria of entering the meta-synthesis process, and the obtained data were analyzed by thematic analysis method. The identified requirements of developing social capital were classified as constructive beliefs and attitudes, effective interpersonal interactions, facilitative leadership, culture and ethics, and human capital management. In addition, its main results are: productivity and performance, excellence of human capital, attitudinal and behavioral outcomes, development of professional and organizational ethics, development of intangible capital, organizational capabilities, facilitation of knowledge management, innovation and entrepreneurship. Aggregating and integrating the findings of numerous research studies about social capital in the present research can achieve a relatively comprehensive understanding of its requirements and outcomes, and it can serve as a guide for the management of this valuable capital.

This research has been done with the aim of prioritizing and investigating the relationship between the social capital factors of the intellectual capital model of the Ministry of Defense. The method used in this research was quantitative in terms of the nature of data, applied in terms of objective and descriptive research in terms of data collection. In this research, the DEMATEL questionnaire tool was used to collect data and the DANP technique was used to prioritize the criteria. All steps are done using EXCEL software. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts. Inconsistency rate was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire. Since the inconsistency rate of the F matrix is less than 0.1, as a result, the desired matrix, which originates from the opinions of experts, is reliable and can be continued. The statistical population of the research were experts and researchers who were familiar with the intellectual capital and the ruling strategies in the Ministry of Defense and the support of the armed forces, and finally 12 people were selected as members of the expert group. The number of 3 criteria and 18 subcriteria were weighted using DANP technique. The results of the research indicate the high importance of the relational element in social capital, and the elemental element and the structural element are respectively in the next priorities. The sub-criteria of trust and empathy, commitment and resilience are respectively the most important among the sub-criteria of the social capital model of the Ministry of Defense.

This research examines the social-cultural factors affecting the level of authority of celebrities and intellectuals among the youth of Shiraz city - as a center of culture and literature. In this research, a sample of 387 people was selected using the survey method and using proportional multi-stage cluster sampling. Factor analysis was used to check validity and construct validity method was used for reliability. The results showed that: Celebrities have more luck in the lower bases of society. The amount of fame will be the authority of celebrities due to bad publicity. Traditional people have very little inclination towards celebrities (which leads to conflict between young people and traditional family members and causes a generation gap); High social capital causes more tendency towards celebrities; Religious people are less inclined towards celebrities and intellectuals; Cultural capital causes less tendency towards celebrities and intellectuals. The modern world by creating needs for people - young people - pushes them towards the authority of celebrities; Failure in hopes and dreams causes more tendency towards celebrities. The virtual space plays a fundamental role in the trend towards celebrity authority. High public awareness causes a decrease in the desire to go towards celebrities and an increase in the tendency towards intellectuals; and finally, men are more inclined towards celebrities than women. The results of this study can be used in future studies in connection with part 4 of the sixth paragraph of the general policies of the system in the field of pattern modification in the family.

Contrary to the importance of citizens' perception and attitude towards the government and its performance, and extensive studies in this field, few studies have dealt with the perception and negative attitude towards the public sector that are not related to the inefficiency of the government. The aim of the current research is to investigate the relationship between bureauphobia and social capital. The research has been conducted in terms of purpose, application and descriptive-correlation method. To conduct the research, the presence of bureauphobia phenomenon and the level of social capital were studied and investigated by surveying citizens through a questionnaire. Then, the relationship between these two variables was analyzed. The research population was all citizens aged 18 to 70 who had visited one of the public sector organizations at least once in the past year. A sample of these individuals was selected using the accessible method and the questionnaire was administered to them. Among these individuals, 412 people completed the research questionnaire, which is sufficient given the unlimited size of the population and based on Morgan's table. The data were analyzed by drawing a consensus table and using the Chi-square test. The results showed that mistrust of the government and public sector employees is not only related to the performance of public services, but also that 29.12 percent of the respondents are afraid of bureaucracy. Also, the results showed that 66.5% had weak social capital. Finally, the results indicated that there is a significant relationship between social capital and bureauphobia. Finally, it can be said that as national cohesion and trust decrease, the negative image that is not the result of the government's performance increases, which has implications for officials and those involved.

Nearly three decades have passed since the activity of non-governmental organizations in Sardasht; associations formed based on economic, social, cultural and environmental needs.The present research analyzes the strategies of non-governmental organizations in the production of social capital and identifies their capital-generating and capital-depriving experiences with a qualitative approach and urban ethnography methodology, through the mediation and analysis of the activities of civil activists in non-governmental organizations. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data and thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. The research samples consisted of 34 civil activists in 31 non-governmental organizations in Sardasht. The number of samples were selected through theoretical saturation and the maximum diversity sampling method was also used. Based on the narrative of civil activists, despite the discontinuity in the institutional and social support, non-governmental organizations through strategies such as "sharing norms and values," "collective action," "social networking" and "social trust" have contributed to the production of social capital. In addition, the experiences of civil activists have been the carriers of capital-generating and capital-depriving experiences. Decapitalization experiences along with the production of limited and intra-group social capital have hindered the expansion of societal community and the expansion of social development and have perpetuated social fragmentation in Sardasht.

The aim of the current research is to present a model of social capital pathology within the education system. A mixed- method approach, based on content analysis and structural equation modeling was utilized. In the qualitative research section, the statistical population comprised experts and professors in the field of education from Tabriz city, selected through purposive sampling. In the quantitative section, teachers and administrators were chosen based on the Cochran formula. Twelve semi-structured interviews were coded using ATLAS.ti software and analyzed through content analysis. A total of 384 researcher-designed questionnaires were distributed and completed.  Structural equation modeling analysis was conducted using the SmartPLSsoftware. The research results indicate that social capital components contribute to relational damages (dimensions, certainty in social awareness, social erosion, conformity in social relationships, certainty in social commitment, and social knowledge forecast), planning damages (organizational conflicts with collective capital, erosion of organizational principles, and decline of cognitive assets), institutional damages (underdevelopment of thoughts in environmental relationships, structural conflicts within the organization, erosion of social structure, susceptibility to behavioral abnormalities), and individual interactional components (cognitive-behavioral rigidity, lack of interest in collective participation, decline in trust and resilience, and mastery of behavioral abnormalities). The use of structural equation modeling demonstrated that the proposed relationships in the qualitative analysis were statistically confirmed, with factor loadings above 0.3 and t-statistics exceeding 1.96. Fit indices were also within acceptable ranges, affirming that the social capital pathology model in education is adequately fitted.

With the ever-increasing demand for blood resources worldwide, there is a great need to ensure a safe and adequate supply of blood products, and recruiting and retaining blood donors remains one of the primary challenges for blood transfusion agencies. The main objective of this research is to investigate the future development of blood donation culture in Iranian society, emphasizing the the role of social capital. This research is classified as applied in purpose and employs a mixed-methods approach. The statistical population comprises 10 experts of the blood transfusion organization. Purposive sampling method was used to select participants. Fuzzy Delphi and Micmac analysis were used for data analysis. The findings indicate that social capital is the most influential factor in blood donation. Moreover, among the various factors, philanthropy and public education were identified as the top priorities for effectiveness. The results obtained from the effects analysis showed that social capital had the largest direct and indirect effects. Philanthropy and public education also received the highest scores for direct and indirect dependence among other criteria. To address the impending shortage of blood donors in the coming decades, the blood transfusion organization must maintain the number of donors at a level commensurate with social needs by creating a culture and training that promotes voluntary donation.