فراترکیب

Today, the importance of knowledge management has been established for most organizations worldwide. Organizations strive to consider and implement the best factors to execute this crucial process in a better and more efficient manner. Given that a large volume of domestic and international articles has focused on identifying and examining these factors, the aim of this research is to identify and examine the factors affecting knowledge management in organizations. To this end, the study employed the qualitative method of integrative systematic review with meta-synthesis, and the seven-stage process of Sandelowski and Barroso was used for analyzing the study resources. In order to find the relevant articles, searches were conducted in domestic and international databases such as SID, Noormags, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Eric. Ultimately, 30 articles were selected for review, and the received data were analyzed. The result of this analysis was the extraction of 6 core categories, 18 main categories, and 148 sub-categories, including Human Resources (self-development and distinctive features of human resources); Organizational Processes (financial functions and knowledge management processes); Organizational Factors (organizational culture, information technology, organizational structure, and management); Human Capital Development (human resource development by the organization, motivation and encouragement, efficient recruitment, training, monitoring and control, and research and studies); Regulations and Organizational Vision (organizational bylaws and organizational strategies); and External Factors (political pressure and economic pressure). The findings of this research can serve as a suitable guide for .organizational stakeholders who place special importance on achieving knowledge management within organizations.

As a new approach in psychology, positivist psychology pays attention to the flourishing of employees and their productive attitudes and mental states, and in recent years, increasing studies have been conducted on its various dimension. In order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the actions that organizations can take in this field, the present research has reviewed and classified the results of studies related to the factors related to and affected by Positive Psychology.

This is a qualitative applied research and it has been used in meta-composite method. The information sources of this research included articles published in the Iranian scientific databases, which were selected based on the criteria for entering the meta-synthesis process.

By reviewing and analyzing the results of selected articles, the various effects of positive psychology in promoting constructive psychological factors and reducing destructive psychological factors were identified and extracted. Then, these results were classified into seven main categories based on semantic similarity and content affinity: spiritual well-being, Value-based outcomes, psychological outcomes, emotional well-being, behavioral outcomes, occupational outcomes, and family well-being.

Using the findings of this research can play an effective role in improving the well-being and productivity of human resources, including police forces. The implementation of this approach through targeted training programs and organizational interventions has the capacity to create lasting effects in improving the quality of police services and strengthening positive interactions between the police and society.

The present research was conducted through the combination of previous research with the aim of presenting a comprehensive picture of the components and concepts of the drivers of the circular business model. The research methodology is qualitative with a meta-synthesis approach. Accordingly, after searching in reliable domestic and foreign databases, in the time range of 2014 to 2023 for domestic research sand 2010 to 2023 for foreign researches, a number of 97 related studies were evaluated and finally, after multiple screenings, 42 articles were selected. The findings of 42 previous studies related to the research objectives were reviewed, aggregated, combined, and interpreted by means of the seven-step model of Sandelowski and Barroso. Using the coding method, the number of 27 codes, 8 concepts, and 3 components were identified and validated through Cohen's kappa test, and the model of the drivers of circular business model was presented and drawn. The results of this research showed that a wide range of drivers can be used for transition from linear and traditional business models to circular business models and by carefully considering and understanding these drivers, it is possible to strengthen them and finally facilitate the implementation of successful circular business models. Finally, in line with the results of the research, practical suggestions are presented that can provide valuable insight to individuals and business managers and policy makers who seek to improve circular entrepreneurship and increase the entrepreneurial behavior of the society and at operational levels by actors who accompany circular entrepreneurship.

One of the fundamental problems in the era of Industry 4.0 is the lack of attention to open innovation in organizations. One of the most important reasons is the lack of an efficient model in this field. This research has firstly identified the indicators and components affecting the foundation of Industry 4.0 along with open innovation with the help of meta-composite method, and then, with the system dynamics method, it designs a dynamic model for the foundation of Industry 4.0 along with open innovation in the organization. The research results demonstrate 38 indicators and 9 main components (input innovation, two-way innovation, organization's creativity and innovation, recognition and increasing the preparation of technologies, the technological structure of Industry 4.0 organization, organization's absorption capacity, organization's performance, resource mobilization, human resources in industry 4.0 along with open innovation). As well as, the findings obtained from the dynamic model of the system explain that with the implementation of the industry 4.0 process with the role of open innovation in organizations, the productivity and financial profit of the organization will increase but when the open innovation process in the organization's industry 4.0 is low, the productivity, financial profit and market share of the organization will be accompanied by difficulties in the future.

The emergence of open innovation has led to the creation of complex networks where companies collaborate with various partners and users to generate new products, services, and technologies. These actors, along with the innovation processes they carry out, are known as open innovation networks. On the other hand, using an open innovation strategy in businesses requires identifying the factors of their success. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to provide a framework for the explanatory factors of open innovation success from the perspective of open innovation networks. For this purpose, the meta-synthesis approach, which is one of the meta-study methods, was used. In this study, 1346 related studies published in reputable international scientific databases between 2009 and 2023 were reviewed. Finally, after screening, 29 articles were identified for in-depth analysis. The research findings led to the extraction of 74 open codes and eight axial codes, including network knowledge, network innovation, network structure, network actors, network communication, network intelligence, network governance, and network capability. This categorization can be an appropriate tool for implementing open innovation policy from the perspective of open innovation networks in various industries.

The main purpose of this research is to identify the functions of human resource management in the gig economy with the Meta-Synthesis approach. This research is developmental in terms of purpose. In terms of the nature of the data and the style of data analysis, it is part of qualitative research. And based on data collection, it is documented. From the point of view of the research method, it is analytical-descriptive, and the data of the research were collected and analyzed using the seven-stage meta- Synthesis qualitative method of Sandelowski and Barroso. In order to identify the functions of human resource management in the gig economy, the researchers systematically searched for researches related to these factors in 5 scientific databases: Science Direct, Emerald, Wiley, Sage and Taylor & Francis, as well as Scopus reference database between 2010 and 2023. In the initial investigations, 117 sources were found, and after screening and validation and using the CASP tool, finally 21 articles were analyzed. In total, there are 7 main functions of human resources management in the gig economy, including human resources planning, recruitment of human resources, training and development of human resources, compensation for human resources services, job design, performance management, and communication; And 18 sub-functions of human resource management have been identified in the gig economy.

Modern supply chains face increasing challenges such as climate disruptions, crises of outbreak diseases, unexpected events, political and economic instability, and rapid technological developments. These challenges can lead to significant disruptions and risks to supply chain performance. To encounter these challenges, more resistant and resilient supply chains are needed. Disruptive technologies such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, and the Internet of Things have significant potential to improve supply chain resilience. These technologies can provide supply chains with greater visibility and transparency. Systematically reviewing previous studies and echoing the call, this research, which is developmental-applied, qualitative, and documentary regarding the purpose, nature of the data, and the methods of data and information collection tries to investigate the impact of the aforementioned disruptive technologies on the resilience of the defense supply chain with the method of meta-synthesizing the results. This method starts with the question and while searching the literature and evaluating the input, synthesizes the findings and reaches the reflection stage by presenting the results. In the first stage, the questions were asked based on the analysis of the synonyms. Then by searching the literature, evaluating the input, and synthesizing the findings, the results were obtained which indicate fact that the most important ways to improve the resilience of the supply chain through disruptive technologies include: "Prediction and risk management utilizing artificial intelligence algorithms", "increasing the transparency of blockchain as a distributed database", "improving performance and optimizing processes using artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things", and, "increasing the security of the supply chain network by blockchain". When integrated and applied to the supply chain, these technologies can significantly promote the resilience of supply chains.

Leadership as one of the important and influencing factors on organizations has been widely studied and researched. The degree of success of the organization in achieving the desired benefits, the amount of motivation and effort of the employees for the success of the organization, the extent of the influence of the organization in its interactive environment, and of course the effectiveness of the leadership, depends on the type and behavior of the leader. Due to the fact that schools usually have a weak external efficiency, their graduates are not able to attract the labor market and therefore they only look for the hope of getting employment by continuing their studies in universities. If business schools with effective leadership are established and developed in the country, the educational efficiency for the graduates will be improved at a significant level in order to enter the labor market and economic activities and job creation. In order to make educational activities entrepreneurial, school management should be reviewed from the perspective of leadership to make business education possible with the approach of entrepreneurship development. Identifying school management from two aspects of organization and learning management is necessary to implement school management with an entrepreneurial approach.The leadership of business schools with the approach of entrepreneurship development requires attention to both aspects in terms of management and leadership of education and improvement and management and promotion of the teaching-learning system, which has not been studied in this field based on the researcher's search. Considering that steps have been taken to create entrepreneurial schools in Iran, but we need more development in this field; So, we seek to combine this approach with business components in order to complete the creation of ideas and values and innovation with financial literacy and enter the business market based on the guidance and direction of the leader. Therefore, the main problem of the current research is what are the dimensions and components of leadership of business schools with the approach of entrepreneurship development in Iranian schools and what is the appropriate model for it?

Researches have been carried out either from the perspective of teaching-learning methods for the development of entrepreneurship education, or from the perspective of management and leadership style and their change, improvement and promotion in order to develop entrepreneurial schools and review the paradigm of educational leadership.

The study was carried out in a qualitative-synthesis method. The research environment included all domestic and foreign published articles in 2010-2023. Sampling was done in a targeted way until data saturation and in the first stage of 62 articles and finally 53 articles were continued. The tool for collecting information was printed and electronic documents available on reliable domestic and foreign sites. Four methods of credibility, transferability, verifiability, and reliability were used for validity and validation of data. The method of data analysis was based on the classification system of open, organizing and comprehensive concepts. Based on the similarities and differences of the data, categories were made.4- RESULTS & DISCUSSIONIn general, the results showed that the leadership model of the business school with an approach to entrepreneurship development is based on ten dimensions in order of priority (entrepreneurial leadership, excellence-building leadership, collaborative leadership, activist leadership, curriculum leadership, strategic leadership, transformational leadership, brand-building leadership, futuristic leadership, knowledge management leadership) was established.

The skill training of students is dependent on the development of business schools with an entrepreneurial approach, and these schools need appropriate leadership to manage education. The purpose of this research was to design a business school leadership model with an entrepreneurial development approach. Based on the findings, identifying school management from two organizational aspects and learning management is necessary to implement school management with an entrepreneurial approach. This is despite the fact that some steps have been taken towards the establishment of business schools nationwide, but the evolution of the educational system requires more serious attention in this regard, to the extent that the number of business schools with an entrepreneurial approach for students in the regions spread in different countries. It should also be kept in mind that one of the most important characteristics of business schools is the presence of effective leadership in order to achieve the goals and vision of these schools.

Circular economy as a new non-linear view in the fields of production and consumption. The macro- level includes policies and decisions related to it.it is the gathering place of all procedures and processes at the micro and meso levels. research, using the method of Meta-Synthesis, fuzzy Delphi & fuzzy Cognitive Maps, identify the effective components and measures at the macro- level and how the causal relationships between them are. the articles related to the circular economy from 2015 to 2020 have been used as criteria. 104 articles were studied from Web of Science and Scopus. In order to evaluate the agreement between codings, Kappa test were used. The effective components and measures were drawn in four categories of macro policies, measures, infrastructures and culture and awareness, categorization and integrative fuzzy cognitive maps of experts. The credit weight of the effect in the integrated fuzzy cognitive maps shows the efficient management of natural and environmental resources, providing training to customers and companies, formulating policies and supporting incentives and activating the markets of second-hand and recycled products. They are the most important.

Researches in the theoretical field show that tourism social entrepreneurship is known as an innovative approach, a solution to provide entrepreneurship in the tourism industry for the disabled (people with disabilities), but in the field of practice, different models are used to achieve this goal and less success is accomplished.The main purpose of this research is to explain social entrepreneurship based on the analysis and interpretation of previous research to achieve a model for entrepreneurship and creating resourceful businesses. This research is of an exploratory and applied type.In order to collect and integrate previous research using the meta-synthesis method, a total of 352 articles were extracted and 58 articles were selected as the statistical population of the research, which were systematically analyzed and coded with "MaxQDA" software. The results of the research showed that the existing concepts in the field of social entrepreneurship can be defined in the form of a model with three categories: individual, interpersonal and environmental, and subcategories of attitude, personality, social, entrepreneurial spirit, economic, social, legal, education and research, autonomy, competence, and personal and structural development. These components can provide the background for the social entrepreneurship of disabled people in the tourism industry and business creation by interacting with each other.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License.The value of the innovation process in organizations and societies, as well as economic growth with minimal environmental disruption, is a critical and essential policy. Addressing this issue has led various organizations worldwide to adopt the circular economy approach to utilize natural resources in an innovative manner within the industry and minimize waste. Therefore, the aim of this research is to propose a framework for designing the industrial innovation process with a circular economy approach. This study was conducted using the meta-synthesis method and the seven-step model of Sandelowski and Barroso, systematically reviewing 62 relevant articles from a total of 305 articles published between 2010 and 2023. The articles were selected based on inclusion criteria, and the validity of the research was confirmed through meetings held by the research team and an audit of the entire process to achieve consensus. The reliability was also verified using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) and Cohen's kappa coefficient, which yielded a reliability score of 0.781. The main dimensions of the study were designed and presented in a comprehensive conceptual model based on five categories and paradigmatic themes aligned with the innovation process derived from the extracted sources. The results of this study can serve as a basis for operationalizing the industrial innovation process in alignment with circular economy strategies and categories related to sustainable development at the level of industrial organizations.

Considering the importance of developing food tourism as one of the most important and growing types in recent years, the present study was designed and implemented to model the factors affecting food tourism development. This research is developmental in terms of its purpose, and it is included in the category of qualitative research in terms of data collection and analysis, which is done by the meta-synthesis method. According to the nature of the meta-synthesis method, the statistical population of the research is made up of previous studies related to the research topic. In the meantime, according to access the full text and review of the title, abstract, and content of the searched articles, 45 sources were selected for the research. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the collected data, and the intra-subject agreement method was used to control the quality of the analysis. As the research findings, the factors affecting the food tourism development were categorized in the form of six main themes, i.e., contextual factors, factors related to marketing and sales, factors related to human resources, infrastructural factors, intervening factors, and executive interventions. The results can increase managers' knowledge and awareness of factors affecting food tourism development and provide practical guidelines for managers, planners, and policymakers at different national and regional levels.

The growing interest in governance in society requires understanding and improving the methods of acquiring knowledge in the governance discipline. This research was organized to examine the methodology of Ph.D. dissertations on the subject of governance. In terms of purpose, this research is applied, and in terms of the nature of data and method of analysis, it is among qualitative research. In this research, research data has been collected and analyzed using meta-synthesis (Sandolski and Barroso's seven-step method). In this research, the registration unit is dissertations  and the unit of analysis is the clause. 425 dissertations  were selected as the statistical population from valid databases and were selected by targeted sampling method, screening and 40 documents (as research samples) for analysis. MAXQDA 2020 software was used to analyze the content of the documents. Based on the results, the methodology used in many research is the qualitative method. Most of these researches have been applied, they have used the library method and interviews to collect data and to select the statistical population, experts have been used, and they have used a targeted non-random method to select the statistical sample. The examined treatises mainly used the thematic analysis method as a research strategy and re-interview method for validation. According to this research, it is recommended to conduct research in non-economic areas focused on the real issues of governance in the country, to pay attention to the country's native context in governance studies and methodology, and to include governance research in research budgets.

Considering the multitude of actors in the public sector and the wide scope of government interventions, the coordination of actors is an important challenge to achieve the goals. However, this concept still has theoretical and conceptual ambiguities, which in turn have challenged its realization. To address the coordination challenge, three important questions should be clarified: What is the coordination of public sector activists? Why there is a need for coordination between public sector activists? And how can it be achieved? In previous studies, different answers have been given to these questions. However, there is a lack of a comprehensive approach to coordination, which combines the findings of various studies. In this research, an attempt has been made to provide a comprehensive framework for thinking about coordination in the public sector using the meta-synthesis method. For this purpose, after several stages of screening, 51 final documents were selected from more than 1000 documents, and by analyzing them in MAXQDA software, what, why, and how the phenomenon of coordination of activists in the public sector was identified in the form of a total of 7 main categories. The answer to "what this phenomenon is" was put in the form of three main categories: «Ratio of Actions Together To Achieve Common Goal», «Coordination Is A Continuum, Not A Dichtonomy» and «Dimensions Of Coordination». The answer to why this phenomenon is needed was put in the form of three main categories: «Prior Necessities», «Posterior Necessities» and «Coordination Costs». Finally, the answer to how to achieve it was put in the main category of «Creating A Clear, Common, And Valid Basis For Action».

Multilevel governance is essential for achieving the vision and goals of today’s complex organizations. Therefore, the aim of this research is to present a multilevel governance model for complex organizations using a meta-synthesis of existing research based on the grounded theory proposed by Strauss and Corbin.

This research is developmental in nature and employs meta-synthesis and grounded theory methodologies. Initially, the seven-step meta-synthesis approach suggested by Sandelowski and Barroso was utilized. In total, 67 sources were selected for the final meta-synthesis, from which 194 initial concepts, 43 sub-categories, and 20 main categories were extracted. In the second step, a final model based on grounded theory was presented.

The findings indicated that components of subject complexity, policy, and structure act as causal factors, while route lock and poor inter-departmental coordination serve as contextual factors. Stakeholder agreement and infrastructure availability were identified as intervening factors. Strategies included stakeholder participation, evidence-based actions, and re-engineering structures and processes. Components leading to all stakeholders accessing benefits, the capability to recognize environmental changes, and legitimacy are among the results and outcomes derived from multilevel governance in complex organizations.

According to the derived model, utilizing the components introduced in this research can effectively promote desirable multilevel governance in complex organizations. Implementing these components is expected to enhance stakeholder benefit realization, the ability to recognize environmental changes, resolution of inter-departmental conflicts, transparency, participation, and legitimacy, thereby improving the process of achieving the organization’s vision and goals.

Intermediary organizations are amongst key players in the national innovation system which facilitate the process of innovation in various fields by carrying out various functions and coordinate interactions between different actors of this system. Existing theoretical background stated different functions and roles for innovation intermediaries, resulting in relatively extensive literature in this area. This study aims to show the qualitative synthesis of the findings of previous studies and to propose a comprehensive classification for the functions of intermediary organizations. This paper, with an in-depth review of more than 50 papers and adapting a qualitative approach, identifies and presents a framework for intermediary’s functions which includes 5 main functions and 31 activities. The framework encompasses five general categories: Mediating and Linking, Knowledge and Information Provider, Bridging and Networking, Technological and Innovative Service Provider, Identification and Provide Resource and market. The framework is validated by S&T policy making experts and conducting six case studies on different types of intermediary organization in the national innovation system. Finally, the Shannon entropy method was used to determine the coefficients of effect the identified functions, which “technological and innovative service provider” and “Mediating and Linking” functions, “technological intermediation and demand articulation” and “facilitating the creation, management, and integration of networks” activities have the most impact, respectively.

As digital advancements continue to evolve and grow, customers anticipate a smooth purchasing experience when they engage with businesses. To meet these expectations, businesses adopt an omnichannel marketing strategy, which offers customers a complete and uninterrupted purchasing experience, from initial contact to the end of the transaction. Recognizing the significance of this topic, a qualitative framework for implementing omnichannel marketing was developed through this study.Omnichannel marketing is becoming increasingly vital for businesses, as it enables them to create a consistent and personalized experience for customers across various channels and devices, thereby enhancing customer satisfaction, loyalty, and overall business performance.

The research employed Sandelowski and Barroso's seven-step model and the meta-synthesis approach. A total of 590 articles on omnichannel marketing were identified by searching reliable national and international scientific databases. After screening the title, abstract, and results, and carrying out an in-depth examination of the chosen articles using the CASP method, 89 key articles were selected for further analysis. The analysis was conducted using MAXQDA software by coding the articles.

The study's results revealed a comprehensive framework, including 1,087 open codes, 90 first-level subcategories, 13 second-level subcategories, and a three-tier model comprising four primary categories for implementing omnichannel marketing.

According to the study's findings, the implementation of omnichannel marketing relies on four key concepts, which are processes and functions, environment, customer interaction, as well as resources and capital. Additionally, out of the 13 subcategories at the second level, nine were given priority due to their high repetition in the data analyzed. These subcategories include organizational strategy and structure, market, business environmental background, customer behavioral characteristics, technology resources, customer characteristics, financial resource management, human capital, and human resource management. Finally, the study revealed 22 high-priority subcategories at the second level that businesses and marketers can leverage to effectively implement omnichannel marketing strategies. By focusing on the four main categories of processes and operations, environment, customer engagement, and resources and capital, businesses can build a strong foundation for their omnichannel marketing efforts. Two types of research are recommended for future investigation. First, to quantify the qualitative findings, one could prioritize the main categories, first-level subcategories, and second-level subcategories using various techniques and the insights of both Iranian and international experts. This research could be further categorized by industry, such as retail or banking, where omnichannel marketing is particularly relevant. Second, the proposed framework could be employed to assess and rank the antecedents of omnichannel marketing within Iranian organizations. This would enable them to identify their strengths and weaknesses, thereby better positioning themselves to achieve global standards in omnichannel marketing.

The knowledge about human capital as a driving force of economic development has increased in recent years (Rashki , 2019). "Industry 0. 4" or "Fourth Industrial Revolution" is changing our lifestyles and customer-bank relations. It inevitably interprets that both existing commercial techniques and monetary management are not excluded from this change (Singh , 2022). Rapid changes in today's world have created great challenges for banks. Pioneer banks took advantage of opportunities with managerial tools and advanced technologies to achieve banking objectives (Najafbeigi et al , 2011). Such measures lead to bank changes, discussion of the bank's problems, solving problems, and preparing the bank for a successful future.

Defined as the ability to comprehend and interpret non-material aspects of the human soul, spiritual perception plays a crucial role in both the well-being of tourists and the effectiveness of tourism marketing. Therefore, tourism can provide proper grounds for experiencing such a perception. Accordingly, this study sought to identify the factors involved in tourists' spiritual perception. To this end, the study applied a meta-synthesis approach, systematically reviewing previous studies. Moreover, to ensure the comprehensiveness of the factors and their compatibility with the Iranian cultural context, expert opinions were collected through the Delphi method using snowball sampling. The data collection at this phase continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. According to the findings of the study, six main categories were found to have been involved in tourists' spiritual perception, including "Quality of Interactions", "Environment", "Historical and Cultural Heritage of the Destination", "Tourist's Presuppositions", "Low-ritual Travel", and "Development of the Tourist's Spiritual Intelligence", encompassing 46 sub-categories. Accordingly, spiritual marketers can set their strategies by focusing on and enhancing the abovementioned factors. Given the lack of established theories on spiritual marketing in tourism and its practical application, this study provides a comprehensive framework for identifying, classifying, and interpreting the factors affecting spiritual perception in tourism, thereby offering valuable insights for both marketers and future research.

As organizations and individuals face increasing pressures and coercion, courageous actions become essential for effectively addressing these challenges. This research aims to investigate the antecedents and outcomes of courage within workplace settings through a comprehensive review of existing literature.
This study utilized a meta-synthesis approach for its research design. Sample selection was carried out using purposeful sampling techniques. Additionally, qualitative data were converted into quantitative data through Shannon's entropy method for indicator weighting and ranking.
The antecedents of workplace courage were identified and categorized into four primary groups: individual, organizational, situational, and environmental factors, ranked in order of significance. Moreover, the manifestations of workplace courage were divided into positive and negative outcomes.
The findings of this study offer valuable insights for businesses and organizational leaders regarding the vital role of courage in the workplace. By understanding the antecedents of courage, organizations can create environments that encourage courageous actions and maximize their beneficial effects.