فساد اداری

Tendering in economic activities is aimed at creating equal opportunities for economic actors and discovering the lowest price for public or executive organizations. A significant portion of commercial and industrial activities in public or public entities involves large-scale transactions, necessitating either public or restricted tenders. Annually, numerous commercial transactions are conducted through tenders, and even minor deviations from the law in this domain can result in major economic corruption and considerable financial losses. The purpose of this paper is to design a system based on fuzzy expert system methodology to evaluate the integrity of tender processes. The research adopts an exploratory approach and is conducted using expert systems methodology. The proposed system includes a knowledge base containing rules that infer the level of compliance or deviation from the law using if-then logic. These rules are derived from higher-level legal regulations and expert opinions, particularly those in supervisory organizations, and are then transformed into if-then statements. MATLAB software is employed for the design of the fuzzy expert system, enabling the collection of rules, rule coding, and fuzzy inference. The results include 30 fuzzy rules for assessing the integrity of tenders. The designed system can be utilized by regulatory bodies, supervisory entities, and any organization involved in tenders to ensure compliance with regulations and the integrity of tender processes.

Administrative integrity is essential for organizational development and improved performance. This study examines the state of administrative health and corruption and its impact on the performance of the Pasteur Institute of Iran. The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in nature, utilizing both field and library studies. The statistical population comprised 1,100 employees of the institute, with a sample size of 285 which was determined using the Morgan table. Simple random sampling was employed, and the main data collection tool was a standardized questionnaire. In adherence to ethical principles, all referenced sources were acknowledged, and the intellectual rights of authors were respected. The study evaluated 12 factors, revealing that in the rule-of-law dimension, the proportion of male participants agreeing with all statements was slightly higher than female participants, although the differences were not statistically significant. In contrast, the transparency dimension showed greater variability in responses between men and women, which was statistically significant (P > 0.05). Across other dimensions, male and female respondents generally shared similar views. The findings indicate that the institute's performance in assessing corruption risk is satisfactory. Moreover, implementing educational programs has enhanced managers' awareness of corruption issues. However, the lack of meritocracy in appointments has led to employee distrust in senior management

Today, the administrative system health is one of the factors in achieving organizational development goals and programs. Administrative health is a situation where all organizational factors are capable achieving goals and are able to identify and take measures when adopted. The present study deals with the identifing and ranking the threatening deviances of administrative health in Iranian public organizations, which is a practical study and Sequential exploration mixed method. The study community is the Qazvin Province Education Organization and the qualitative sector data was compiled using the Board of Administrative Violations and semi -structured interviews with 12 experts and coded with Maxqda2020 by content analysis method, with a total of 54 basic concepts, 16 sub -categories and 4 dimensions of the main category were identified. The quantitative data was compiled by distributing the structured questionnaire between 70 administrative experts and Qazvin Education Violations Board, then analyzed by SPSS26 software for the Friedman Ranking test. The qualitative findings show that administrative health deviances inclod the four main categories of service regulators deviances, service provider's deviances, service payments deviances, and service supplier's deviances. The result of Friedman's test shows that defects in the laws and regulations is the most important threat to regulator administrative health, abuse and manipulation of financial documents is the most important threat to the payments administrative health and violations in auction and bids is the most important threat to the administrative health of suppliers service.

 The primary factor contributing to administrative corruption in the country is the lack of transparency and accountability of the government and its subsidiaries toward the public. The lack of attention to the transparency of Iranian public organizations over the years has resulted in irreparable damage to the country. In recent years, substantial financial and administrative corruption cases have emerged in governmental agencies nearly every few months. Thus, this research addresses a fundamental issue within the country, as a majority of the public has personally experienced these challenges and irregularities when interacting with public organizations. This study aims to present a model for enhancing administrative transparency in alignment with e-government development programs.

Design/ methodology/ approach: 

Since few studies have been conducted on the transparency of the administrative system in relation to e-government development programs, the nature of this research is exploratory, and the approach is qualitative. Specifically, it utilizes a case study strategy focused on the Social Security Organization. The research population includes elites and academic experts within the Social Security Organization. No sample size calculation was required because the qualitative sample was purposefully selected. The researcher used a snowball sampling technique to reach theoretical saturation, achieving it after conducting semi-structured interviews with 12 experts. The study employed thematic analysis to propose and validate a model titled “Model for Enhancing Administrative Transparency in Interaction with E-Government Development Programs.” Participant validation was used to ensure construct validity. Internal validity was established by comparing the experience-based model generated from coding, categorization, and qualitative data analysis with the anticipated model derived from theoretical subjects. To ensure the reliability of the qualitative part of the research and theoretical saturation, the agreement test based on the correlation matrix of the agreement of opinions between the interviewees and the diagram of two coders have been used. Additionally, the data analysis was performed using the Maxqda qualitative analysis software, version 2020.

 The research findings revealed nine main themes. The sub-themes for the first main theme (Organizational Culture and Atmosphere) include organizational values, organizational trust, motivational practices, and superior organizational atmosphere. Sub-themes for the second main theme (Administrative Structure and Processes) include structural and process integration, decentralization, and administrative process reform. Sub-themes for the third main theme (Managerial Factors) include appropriate leadership style, financial management, human resource management, and IT management. Sub-themes for the fourth main theme (Environmental Factors) include the economic environment, cultural environment, government and legal institutions, and the political environment. Sub-themes for the fifth main theme (Managerial Supervision) include hierarchical supervision, inspector supervision, and digital supervision. Sub-themes for the sixth main theme (Public Supervision) include individual monitoring, media oversight, and supervision by NGOs. Sub-themes for the seventh main theme (Public Accountability) include establishing an accountable structure, stakeholder accountability, and promoting a culture of accountability. Sub-themes for the eighth main theme (Establishment of E-Government) include e-service delivery, e-information dissemination, e-accountability, and e-participation. Sub-themes for the ninth main theme (Growth and Development of the Social Security Organization) include dynamism and flourishing, growth in organizational profitability, human resource growth and development, and improving organizational and staff performance.

Limitations & Consequences:

 Due to time constraints, this article only focuses on the Social Security Organization (selected for accessibility as the research population).

Practical Consequences:

 This research's findings benefit the Social Security Organization, all companies within this sector, and generally to all governmental and private organizations within the country.

Innovation or value:

 of the Article Given the limited studies on administrative transparency in interaction with e-government development programs, this study employs a qualitative research approach, specifically a case study strategy in the Social Security Organization.

This research aimed to design a model of organizational accountability with a preventive approach to administrative corruption in the country's property and document registration organization. This research is based on the purpose, and application, and based on the nature and method, it is a description of an interpretive type. According to its exploratory nature, the research method used in this study was foundational data analysis. This method has been both a guide for collecting research data and a formal tool for analyzing research findings. The statistical population of the research is academic experts and senior managers of the country's property and document registration organization. In this research, snowball sampling was done, and the sampling was completed after reaching theoretical saturation. In this research, first, the necessary data was collected using semi-structured interviews with experts, and the initial model was presented. The foundation's data method was done by paying attention to the words in the text and scrutinizing and accuracy of the text by the coding method and using MAXQDA software. The results of the research showed that fear of God and religiosity, skills and competencies, rule of law, trust, and confidence, clear accountability, cultural infrastructure, educational investment, effectiveness and efficiency of processes, quality of regulations, participatory management, justice-oriented, cognitive skills, adaptability and tolerance. , reducing administrative corruption, improving community satisfaction, reforming and improving the administrative system, meritocracy, and human resource satisfaction were identified as indicators of the organizational accountability model with a preventive approach to administrative corruption in the country's Property and Deed Registration Organization.

 Administrative corruption is one of the most significant challenges impacting public trust, organizational efficiency, and transparency in government institutions. This issue arises and intensifies due to multiple factors, including inefficient structures, as well as cultural, social, political, and economic issues. From the perspective of Islamic teachings—especially the Nahj al-Balagha and the words of Imam Ali (PBUH)—addressing corruption through understanding and reforming structures and reinforcing ethical principles is essential. In Nahj al-Balagha, directives on justice, meritocracy, accountability, employee welfare, and eliminating discrimination provide valuable guidelines for combating corruption.This study aims to identify and analyze the structural factors contributing to administrative corruption and proposes an applicable model for prevention based on the teachings of Imam Ali (PBUH). Utilizing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and expert opinions, these factors are identified and ranked in order of priority. The objective of employing this method is to offer a systematic solution for improved administrative governance and reform based on Islamic viewpoints. This research highlights that reforming administrative structures and clarifying processes related to recruitment, selection, and oversight can lead to a more robust and efficient system with minimized potential for corruption.

This research employs a mixed approach, comprising both descriptive and quantitative-analytical components. In the first phase, which focuses on identifying and analyzing theoretical foundations, a descriptive method is applied. This stage includes an in-depth review of Islamic sources, particularly Nahj al-Balagha, to identify and gather teachings relevant to administrative corruption. The guidance of Imam Ali (PBUH) regarding combating corruption and strengthening ethical principles within administrative systems is analyzed and categorized, particularly teachings that emphasize meritocracy, justice, effective oversight, and employee welfare.In the second phase, to rank the identified factors, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method is employed. AHP, as a tool for analyzing complex, multi-criteria decisions, enables the comparison and prioritization of various criteria and indicators. In this study, Expert Choice software was used for AHP calculations, and the required data were gathered through interviews with experts in administrative, Islamic, and social fields. This method is particularly suitable for this study as it allows for converting qualitative opinions into quantitative data, enabling the prioritized identification of influential factors. Finally, qualitative indicators were converted into quantitative coefficients, and the ranking of factors contributing to administrative corruption was determined.

The study’s findings revealed that among the various factors, structural factors have the greatest impact on the emergence of administrative corruption and directly contribute to creating further challenges. Among the identified structural factors, the flawed recruitment and selection system holds the highest importance coefficient (0.417) and is recognized as the primary structural factor influencing administrative corruption. These findings indicate that selecting and appointing employees based on personal connections rather than qualifications requires urgent reform, as this not only leads to internal corruption but also paves the way for other forms of corruption to proliferate.In second place, inadequate compensation for employees was assigned an importance coefficient of 0.229. This finding suggests that insufficient wages and benefits can undermine employees’ motivation to adhere to ethical standards, prompting them toward corrupt behaviors. In essence, a lack of adequate financial support for employees may lead them to engage in illegal activities to meet their personal needs.The third factor, an ineffective performance evaluation system (importance coefficient: 0.196), indicates inefficiencies in accurately assessing the performance of employees and managers. The lack of transparency and inefficacy in evaluations can demotivate competent employees, while in some cases promoting unqualified individuals, which itself fosters administrative corruption.In fourth place, gaps in oversight carry an importance coefficient of 0.158. The absence of strong, comprehensive monitoring systems allows employees and managers to exploit public resources. Weak and non-transparent oversight creates a favorable environment for the emergence and spread of corruption. Therefore, establishing a comprehensive oversight structure can significantly improve administrative health.

The analysis of findings shows that structural factors play a critical role in the development and spread of administrative corruption and are in dire need of reform. Islamic teachings, particularly the guidance of Imam Ali (PBUH), underscore the importance of a healthy administrative structure. Imam Ali (PBUH) in Nahj al-Balagha emphasizes principles such as meritocracy in recruitment and selection, adequate support for employee welfare, effective oversight, and fair evaluations—all of which have been identified as influential factors in this study. From this perspective, administrative structure reforms must be prioritized to combat administrative corruption effectively.This study highlights the application of AHP as a scientific tool for ranking and prioritizing corruption-related factors. The use of AHP allows for a precise examination and multi-criteria comparison between different factors, enabling policymakers and managers to take appropriate actions based on scientifically derived priorities. Furthermore, AHP provides the ability to convert qualitative data into quantitative outcomes, yielding accurate results for better data analysis and management.Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that policymakers and organizations' managers focus on reforming recruitment and selection systems, improving compensation structures, and establishing transparent systems for oversight and performance evaluation to reduce and manage corruption. Additionally, attention to ethical and cultural teachings can serve as an effective complement to structural reforms, thereby strengthening the integrity of the administrative system.

The fight against administrative corruption is one of the main concerns of all the countries of the world, which has been of interest for a long time. Therefore, many countries have adopted measures and strategies in the fight against corruption, each of which has its own strengths or weaknesses. The present study was compiled with the aim of ranking the strategies to fight against administrative corruption using the AHP method. The research method is descriptive-survey and its statistical population is the experts of the Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Industry, Mining and Trade and Ministry of Justice, and 25 experts were selected through two purposive and snowball methods. The method of data collection was the questionnaire of pairwise comparisons, and the data were analyzed and prioritized through the analysis hierarchy method (AHP) and Super decision software. The findings of the research show that among the categories of prevention, the growth of moral values; Among the categories of organizing, organizing the political system and accountability, and among the categories of monitoring and dealing, effective supervision has a higher priority. Although all the main and sub-categories of the model of fighting against administrative corruption in Iran are important, focusing on the priority and important category facilitates the path of fighting against administrative corruption in Iran and accelerates its objective and concrete results.

Today, all the countries of the world, especially Iran, have problems in controlling the fight against corruption and need comprehensive and practical models to deal with it. This research tries to present a comprehensive model of the failure to fight against administrative corruption in Iran's government organizations and contribute to our knowledge of this phenomenon.In this research, using data-based theory, semi-structured interviews were conducted with university faculty members and executives of executive bodies and then according to the method of Strauss and Corbin, the research process model was designed and then according to the method of Strauss and Corbin, the research process model was designed. After analysis, a total of 185 concepts were identified, which were classified into 38 subcategories and 16 main categories. The results showed that the fight against administrative corruption has failed due to factors such as legal problems, behavioral-normative problems, structural-management problems and environmental problems. This phenomenon is based on factors such as culture and ruling values, politics and government, and organizational characteristics, management characteristics and information characteristics (intervening factors) affect it.  Institutional-legal reforms, prevention and control of corruption, using motivational-supportive approach, having an active monitoring mechanism and transparency were among the strategies that, if used, will be associated with favorable consequences in the social, organizational, economic and political sectors. It is expected that the mentioned model can successfully fight against administrative corruption in Iran's government organizations.

The purpose of this study is to draw a map of anti-corruption science. For this purpose, in the first step, the glossary of anti- corruption was determined to better understand this category .Then the ISI database and related sites were selected as the source of data extraction. In order to extract the anti-corruption science map from "ISI", steps were taken in five steps: 1. designing the search field 2. Doing the search based on the designed search field 3. Analyzing the search results 4. Designing the sub-domain communication intensity matrix Subject matter 5. Using hierarchical clustering algorithm to draw a map of anti-corruption science. Findings show that the map of anti-corruption science map includes 26 main thematic areas, Which are divided into 10 more general categories, of which 5 are map areas and 5 are independent areas. Based on the main and sub-thematic areas obtained, using the UCINET software, a map of anti-corruption science was drawn.

Development and corruption are two related concepts; in fact, they are two sides of the same coin. This implies that achieving development is not possible without combating corruption. Given the crucial role of human resource management systems in preventing corruption, this study aims to model the optimal system for managing employee performance to prevent corruption in the public sector.

Design/ methodology/ approach: 

This research adopts an interpretive paradigm, applied for its purpose and descriptive in nature, employing interviews as the data collection method. The research method is based on interpretive-structural modeling. The statistical population comprises public sector managers, and snowball sampling is used for sampling.

The study identified ten components for designing an employee performance management model to prevent administrative corruption: transparency, accountability, procedural justice, interactional justice, justifiability, alignment, rule of law, continuous improvement, authenticity, and preventability. According to the results of the MICMAC analysis, none of the identified components are located in the autonomous region, indicating a strong interconnection among all model components. Nine components were identified in the linkage region: transparency, accountability, procedural justice, interactional justice, justifiability, alignment, rule of law, continuous improvement, and authenticity. These components are dynamic, meaning that changes in them can impact the entire system. Additionally, the preventability component is placed in the dependence region, indicating its high dependence on other components. Among other findings, the study delineated an interaction network of variables to determine the level and relationships of the identified components. According to this network, the rule of law and accountability dimensions are fundamental components of the model, as they influence all other components. These two components exhibit a two-way relationship with each other, implying mutual influence. Additionally, transparency and alignment rank next, also with a two-way relationship with the preceding components, indicating their significant influence on the model. Authenticity and justifiability are positioned in the third level of the model; authenticity affects continuous improvement and has an interactive relationship with justifiability. Continuous improvement, located in the fourth level, impacts two components in the fifth level: procedural justice and interactional justice. Procedural and interactional justice, besides influencing each other, affect the preventability component, the last level of the model. Preventability is the most dependent component, suggesting that procedural preventability in the employee performance management system relies on other model components.

Limitations & Consequences:

 Data collection through interviews introduces potential biases in the findings. Additionally, the scope of actors and the research problem prevented a comprehensive examination of the issue from all perspectives.

Practical Consequences:

 Public sector managers can use the findings of this applied research to design employee performance management systems that reduce corruption risk.

Innovation or value of the Article: 

Despite numerous efforts to combat corruption in Iran, effectiveness has been limited, as evidenced by Iran's low ranking in the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) in 2022. This study addresses the significant role of human resource systems in combating administrative corruption by identifying and modeling the components of an employee performance management system tailored for the public sector.

Administrative corruption is one of the most important problems of government organizations in third world countries, which weakens or destroys many organizational achievements. The present research seeks to identify, measure and evaluate the factors affecting administrative corruption in the public sector of Khuzestan province. This research was conducted with a mixed method (qualitative and quantitative). The statistical population includes large government organizations and four water and sewage organizations of Khuzestan province, the General Administration of Customs of Khuzestan Province, the General Administration of Roads and Urban Development of Khuzestan Province and the Organization of Industry, Mining and Trade of Khuzestan Province. Using the snowball method, 12 experts of this The organizations were interviewed and the results were analyzed using the qualitative content analysis method. Then, a questionnaire was developed and after verifying the validity (form and content) and reliability (Cronbach's alpha, 0.80) it was given to 215 experts from selected government organizations, who were selected by simple random sampling in the conditions of the epidemic of covid-19. became The data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOSE software using confirmatory factor analysis, one-sample t-test and Friedman test. The results showed that the indicators have a high average number of 3 and therefore, according to experts, they are important in the occurrence of administrative corruption. among the environmental factors, political and government system variable, among the organizational factors, management structure and among the individual factors, individual characteristics got the most points. Among the three-pronged model of factors affecting the occurrence of administrative corruption, Organizational factors were the most important factors in the occurrence of administrative corruption.

Disclosure of corruption plays an important role in facilitating the process of fighting corruption and realizing administrative health. Considering the hidden layers of corruption, disclosure of corruption is an important mechanism for reporting illegal behavior or violations to the organization's management, authorities and the general public. Exposing corruption can also have harmful consequences for whistleblowers. For this reason, disclosure of corruption and whistleblowers in developed countries are considered and protected by the law. In Iran, various steps have been taken to support corruption whistleblowers. But these measures are scattered and inconsistent. The current research seeks to identify and categorize the methods of supporting corruption whistleblowers in order to provide a comprehensive view to the legislators and policy makers in the field of anti-corruption.

To achieve this goal, thematic analysis method has been used. The research data includes reports and interviews published by academic experts and executive authorities, as well as related researches that have been collected by documentary method. The sampling method is purposive sampling, which is continued until reaching theoretical saturation.

The findings of the research include different concepts, each concept represents a way to support whistleblowers. These strategies are organized based on conceptual affinity in five main themes of legal support, security support, financial support, administrative support and social support.

Supporting corruption whistleblowers requires a set of different legal solutions, security support, financial support, administrative support and social support, which should be used in the amendment and completion of existing laws in Iran.

The contamination of some border guard employees with corruption is very harmful for the organization and the country because these employees are responsible for protecting the sacred borders of the country. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to provide a model of effective factors in the formation of administrative corruption, emphasizing the crime of taking bribes in Hormozgan Border Guard.

The present research is based on the purpose, applied, and in terms of method, qualitative and has an inductive approach. In order to analyze the data, thematic analysis method was used. The statistical population of the research is composed of professors, policy makers, executive agents and experts in the field of organizational crimes, as well as provincial border guards who have committed the crime of bribery. To select the sample, a judgmental non-probability sampling method with a snowball sampling approach was used. The selection of samples continued until the sufficiency and saturation of the data and ensuring that the next samples do not provide different information. Finally, the researcher reached theoretical saturation by conducting 15 interviews. In order to analyze the data, thematic analysis method was used.

In the initial stages of the research, about 160 primary codes were counted from texts, articles and interviews, of which 33 selective codes were obtained. 9 basic themes were identified with the titles of command, belief-moral, equipment and support, supervision, training, empowerment-support, economic, legal-judicial and cultural-social.

The factors identified in the final model are divided into two constructive themes, internal and external, and these themes alone or in interaction with each other employees lead the organization towards corruption.

The present study was conducted with the aim of studying the relationship between job security and accountability and its role in reducing administrative corruption (case study: Sari Municipality). This research has been a correlational survey in terms of method and applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population is made up of all the official, contracted and contracted employees of Sari municipality, whose number was reported to be 928. Based on the standard sampling table of Krejci and Morgan, 269 people have been selected as a sample. In order to test the hypotheses of the research, Spearman's correlation coefficient test and Friedman's rank test were used. Finally, the results of the research showed that between the variables of focusing on the job, less movement in the job, choosing the right job, job satisfaction, economic satisfaction, emotionality of the work environment, feeling relaxed at work, dependence on the organization, defending the organization, with responsibility in reducing There is a significant relationship between administrative corruption in the municipality. Also, the results of Friedman's ranking test have shown that from the point of view of the current research, defending the organization ranks first with an average of 8.80, feeling relaxed at work ranks second with an average of 7.46, and job transfer ranks third with an average of 5.94. Job satisfaction ranked fourth with an average of 5.70, has the most impact on accountability in reducing administrative corruption in Sari Municipality.

The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) published by Transparency International over recent years sheds light on Iran's unfavorable ranking. The present research develops an Electronic government (e-Government) model that emphasizes countering corruption in Iran. It prioritizes the critical parameters in countering corruption to establish the comprehensive structure of e-Government. Thus, this study is developmental and applied in terms of its goals. It draws on the Exploratory sequential mixed methodology and follows a descriptive correlational research design. The statistical population in the qualitative section consists of experts, whereas the quantitative part studies the relevant staff and university professors. The qualitative phase relies on judgment sampling, with the quantitative phase utilizing cluster sampling and semi-structured interviews. The quantitative and fuzzy Delphi phase employs questionnaires with closed-ended questions. Reliability was calculated through the retest reliability method and was verified using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Theme analysis and the Fuzzy Delphi method were used to analyze the data. Findings suggest that Information Technology (IT), network accessibility, regulations, C2G, B2G, and G2G services, and human capital constitute critical priorities in establishing an e-Government to counter corruption.

Whistle blowing is an action that informs the society about organizational violations and organizations about personal deviant behaviors. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify and rank the consequences of whistleblowing in order to facilitate and promote it in the organization. This research is applied in terms of purpose and quantitative in terms of the nature of the data. The research population included 4920 documents, 52 of which were meta-analyzed using a non-random purposeful sampling method. Selected studies were analyzed using CMA2 software. Reliability of coding was achieved through the agreement of the judges in the application of specific concepts for coding the variables and the reliability of the significance level and effect size was achieved through the agreement in the calculation of the effect size between two meta-analysts. The findings showed that among the consequences of whistleblowing, 10 cases (21%) have an effect size greater than 0.5, 16 cases (33%) have an effect size between 0.3 and 0.5, and 22 cases (46 percent) have an effect size of less than 0.3. Therefore, the variables of organizational justice (0.683), trust in supervisor (0.656), executive guarantee for punishing unethical behavior (0.590) , internal control center (0.581) and organizational leadership (0.557) with high effect size, revealing work history (0.460), offender status (0.450), moral intensity (0.446) and seriousness Violation (0.384) has a medium effect size, fear of retaliation (-0.060), positive affect (0.062), loyalty (-0.130), job satisfaction (0.130) also have the lowest effect size. . Therefore, policy makers and managers should focus on identified factors to promote whistleblowing in the organization.

The educational system to prevent administrative and educational corruption needs research in this field. But researchers have done few researches in the field of corruption in higher education. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to provide a comprehensive model of effective factors in preventing administrative corruption in the country's educational institutions.

of this research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of combined-exploratory method. The statistical population in the qualitative department of experts and administrators of Tehran state universities and the sample is 32 experts from the mentioned universities who were selected by the snowball method. The statistical population in the quantitative part was 13,279 employees of the same universities and the sample in the quantitative part was 373 people using Cochran's formula and was determined by the random classification method. The tool for collecting data in the qualitative part is interviews with experts and in the quantitative part, a researcher-made questionnaire. To check the reliability of the measurement model, factor loading coefficients, Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability were used. Also, average variance extracted (AVE) was used for the validity of the underlying variables. The preliminary questionnaire was modified by 32 experts and its formal and content validity and reliability were confirmed. To analyze the data in the qualitative part, metacomposition was used and in the quantitative part, fuzzy Delphi, Dimtel, MICMAC analysis and structural equations were used.

Effective factors in preventing corruption by prioritizing organizational, managerial, political, judicial, individual and cultural factors are effective in preventing administrative corruption in universities.

Educational institutions can prevent administrative and educational corruption in the form of the proposed model by identifying the components of individual, organizational, managerial, cultural, political, legal, clarification and cultural factors.

 The purpose of this study is to investigate the trend of changes in the most important causes of emergence and the most effective strategies for managing corruption in three different time periods (1999, 2009 and 2021) from the perspective of managers and employees of the Khorasan Razavi public sector.

Design/ methodology/ approach: 

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of data collection method, it is descriptive-survey and longitudinal survey.
Research

 Based on the analysis of data collected in these three studies, economic factors have decreased from the first rank in 1999 to the third ranks in 2009 and 2021 and the factors related to laws and regulations in 1999 And 2009 were in the fifth (last) position, up to the first rank of the causes of corruption. Also, efficient laws and regulations as the most important strategies to control corruption, have been upgraded from second place in 1999 to first place in the last two studies and increase the salaries of government employees from first place in 1999 to third place in 2009 and to 13th place in 2021 has fallen.

Limitations & Consequences:  

Conservatism in answering questions, which makes the return rate of questionnaires very low and makes the implementation process more difficult.

Practical Consequences: 

 Based on the results of the research, the focus is on transparency of laws and regulations, informing about how to receive services, creating more efficient mechanisms in the decision-making process of governmental organizations, reforming processes and governance structures with the approach of tightening existing controls can be considered by policymakers in order to better manage of the disease of corruption.

Innovation or value of the Article:  

 In the field of administrative corruption in Iran, no longitudinal study has been done and this article, by using the trend research approach, provides the possibility of identifying changes in the attitude of the target society and using it in formulating more effective policies in this field.