مرور نظام مند

Today, the importance of knowledge management has been established for most organizations worldwide. Organizations strive to consider and implement the best factors to execute this crucial process in a better and more efficient manner. Given that a large volume of domestic and international articles has focused on identifying and examining these factors, the aim of this research is to identify and examine the factors affecting knowledge management in organizations. To this end, the study employed the qualitative method of integrative systematic review with meta-synthesis, and the seven-stage process of Sandelowski and Barroso was used for analyzing the study resources. In order to find the relevant articles, searches were conducted in domestic and international databases such as SID, Noormags, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Eric. Ultimately, 30 articles were selected for review, and the received data were analyzed. The result of this analysis was the extraction of 6 core categories, 18 main categories, and 148 sub-categories, including Human Resources (self-development and distinctive features of human resources); Organizational Processes (financial functions and knowledge management processes); Organizational Factors (organizational culture, information technology, organizational structure, and management); Human Capital Development (human resource development by the organization, motivation and encouragement, efficient recruitment, training, monitoring and control, and research and studies); Regulations and Organizational Vision (organizational bylaws and organizational strategies); and External Factors (political pressure and economic pressure). The findings of this research can serve as a suitable guide for .organizational stakeholders who place special importance on achieving knowledge management within organizations.

Due to the speed and uncertainty of environmental changes, firms become less confident in the effectiveness of planning that is based on previous experience and assumptions. Instead, executives started to recognize that business decisions should not only be driven by past data, but also be based on systematic evaluation of possible forthcoming trends by constantly scanning for and interpreting discontinuities in the external environment. Corporate foresight can be defined as the desire of the company to understand futures for the long-term interests of the company. This article was written with the aim of a systematic review of corporate foresight literature between 2006 and 2022. The systematic review of corporate foresight literature includes the scientific research works of countries, the distribution of articles based on the year of publication, journals, authors, the number of citations to the journals and researchers and classified from the prospective of methodology. The findings show that the subject of corporate foresight has received more attention over time, and researchers can use different theoretical and methodological approaches to investigate corporate foresight and cover the research gap.

In recent years, various approaches have been used to implement marketing activities and achieve companies' sales goals. One of the most widely adopted strategies is using different discount formats. A key challenge for companies is the effective utilization of product-appropriate discount formats. The lack of coherent knowledge about the types of discount formats and their impact on sales motivates this research. This study employed a mixed-methods approach and was conducted in two consecutive phases: qualitative and quantitative. One of the key issues in price discounts is framing them correctly and using appropriate formats that align with the product and discount conditions to maximize their effectiveness. Therefore, it is crucial to provide a comprehensive list of discount format types and consult sales experts to assess their effectiveness.
 
A mixed-methods approach was used, and the research was conducted in two consecutive phases. The first stage was carried out by systematically reviewing studies carried out in the last 10 years and using the three-step process of Turnfield et al. (2003), through which 87 articles were selected and analyzed. Then, the typology method was used for classification. To implement the typology stage, discount formats in the articles were coded using MAXQDA software, and a total of 55 codes for various discount formats were identified. This comprehensive list of discount codes is essential for the next step of researching and ranking discount formats. The codes of various discount formats were classified in a matrix based on the opinions of professors and experts, and the typology of discount formats was performed. The logic of the typology is based on whether the discount is cash or non-cash and the type of discount dependency (depending on the time of purchase, type of product, etc.). In the second stage, a quantitative study was conducted with a community of sales experts, and data was collected through a questionnaire. The discount formats identified in the first step were ranked, and the most effective discount formats on the company’s profit were identified, using the fuzzy TOPSIS method. Theoretical validity was assessed by gathering experts' opinions through theoretical pluralism. Quality was also evaluated by assessing reliability. To determine reliability, a doctoral student in Business Administration with a background in coding was invited to participate and we used the intra-subject agreement method of two coders (repeatability index), which was deemed acceptable with a reliability percentage above 60%. Moreover, the reliability of the codings was determined, and it can be claimed that the reliability of the articles’ analysis is acceptable through the systematic review. Of the 87 reviewed articles, 344 codes were extracted, of which 55 were non-repeated. The researchers asked the coding colleague to code 5 articles, and the results are presented in a table showing the reliability percentage. In the second phase, using the fuzzy TOPSIS technique, the decision matrix is purely a mathematical matrix through which the options are evaluated against the criteria. Therefore, the conceptual variable is not measured by criteria like statistical questionnaires, but only the score of each option in each criterion is determined by an expert. It does not represent a statistical questionnaire. Hence, since it is not a questionnaire, the validity and reliability do not apply to the decision matrix.
 
Based on the data analysis, in the first phase, the identified discount formats were classified into six categories, and in the second phase, the ranking list of ten selected formats was obtained. In the second stage of the research, after analyzing the data, managers and business experts were consulted to determine how and in what order they prioritized discount formats based on their impact on the company's profit. The results revealed the following prioritization: 1) Cash discount, 2) Percent discount, 3) Volumetric discount, 4) Event discount, and 5) Discount on customer performance.
 
If companies wish to implement discount programs in sales, they must first evaluate the suitable discount formats and then select the most appropriate one with careful consideration. Managing discounts by considering factors such as discount type, threshold, and timing can help prevent profit leakage and maximize the value provided by the firm

Business managers pay attention to having a specific purpose for using billboard advertisements because this kind of advertising is less likely to be ignored by the target audience and has an unconscious impact on customers' minds. However, a review of the research in this area reveals a significant gap in the appropriate criteria for billboard advertising. Thus, the current study aims to identify relevant criteria for billboard advertising, analyze the content of the Islamic Azad University of Yazd branch's advertising billboards, and provide a practical framework in this area. In terms of its goal, the current exploratory and qualitative/quantitative research is a development study carried out through a systematic review of articles, qualitative content analysis of scientific documents about billboard advertising at the national and international level, and analysis of 65 selected articles using the purposeful sampling method; In the second step, quantitative content analysis was used to determine the pathology of billboard advertisements of Yazd branch Islamic Azad University. The current research has revealed significant shortcomings in the performance of the Islamic Azad University's Yazd branch in billboard advertising. As a result, researchers have developed a set of guidelines based on previous research to measure and evaluate billboard advertisements. These guidelines are intended to assist business owners and advertisers in monitoring their advertising performance and developing their brand through effective billboard advertising. The guidelines provide a practical and scientific approach to evaluating billboard advertisements and can serve as a standard for the industry.

Co-evolution is one of the scientific concepts that is adapted from biological ecosystems in the field of organization and as one of the relationships that has received much attention in recent years in ecosystems. Ecosystems as an evolutionary system consist of several parties, including actors, technologies, and institutions, which are trying to interact and survive through competition and cooperation. This research aims to, by relying on the research literature of business ecosystem and co-evolution in organizational populations, various components and dimensions of the concept of co-evolution in business ecosystems, which in many researches It has been dealt with in a scattered way in an overview and to answer the following main question: What are the dimensions of co-evolution in the business ecosystem? And what factors are involved in the emergence of this phenomenon in the business ecosystem?

This research is fundamental in terms of its purpose, and in terms of data collection, it is systematic review-documentary research. In order to identify the components of the concept of co-evolution in ecosystems, this research has used the systematic review method along with the content analysis of key articles in this field. 

By referring to Scopus and Google Scholar database, articles related to selected keywords were extracted and analyzed. In the first step, 881 articles were identified, and after filtering articles with different indexes, the number of articles that could be analyzed was reduced to 25 articles. The texts of 25 selected key articles entered the content analysis phase. Based on the results of this research, 5 main themes of the concept of co-evolution including mechanisms, nature, characteristics of ecosystem actors and 27 subcategories were extracted. Co-evolutionary mechanisms that actually express how this phenomenon is formed in ecosystems is "learning based on positive feedback and intelligence".Among the 27 sub-categories, 12 categories with high repetition were identified and based on this, a comprehensive definition of the nature and concept of co-evolution in business ecosystems was presented. Based on this definition, the concept of co-evolution in the business ecosystem based on the 4 main dimensions of "change, interaction, learning and multi-level" as "simultaneous, stable and permanent change and development between diverse actors of a business ecosystem that It is defined on several levels and based on learning and interaction between them. Based on the dimension of change, the main components that can be called co-evolutionary changes between different actors are "simultaneity and stability of changes" in which both actors must change simultaneously and mutually and the changes created in both entities must be stable (reproducible) and permanent. In the characteristics of ecosystem actors, the internal characteristics of each actor including "having intelligent, learning and interactive strategies" can have an effect on co-evolution, and the characteristics of the focal company of the ecosystem include intelligence, planning, and value. Development along with the laws and norms that are included in the governance structure of the ecosystem can have an effect on the formation of co-evolution at this level.

In this research, the study and analysis of co-evolutionary studies in the business ecosystem has been done using systematic review methods and content analysis of selected researches in this field. The review of the literature shows how over the years, the studies related to co-evolution in terms of conceptual and applied researches have adopted the analytical orientations of heterogeneity and still there is no unified understanding of this concept. Not in studies. The multiplicity of features and requirements mentioned in different sources and the observation that different studies have only considered some of these requirements have made the researchers in this field confused in obtaining a unified understanding of this approach and how it works. On the other hand, specific analyzes about where this point of view is now and where it can move to, are still not visible in the literature of organization and management. The aim of this research is to get an image of the past research process and future research streams and to know what and how the concept of co-evolution in the business ecosystem is, which is done through a systematic review and analysis of the content of highly cited articles. This field has answered two research questions. Each of the identified dimensions of this research can be used in companies that interact in cooperation networks and business ecosystems. The boundaries of the industry are gradually disappearing and different types of symbiosis, including ecosystems, replace the industry, the issue of co-evolution especially between the leaders and other members of the ecosystems. , co-evolution in technological entrepreneurship ecosystems in dynamic environments, the way of network formation in institutional ecosystems and the co-evolutionary leadership model in entrepreneurship and innovation ecosystems can be among future theoretical researches.

The main goal of this research is to draw and analyze scientific maps of international researches that are indexed in the reliable Web of Science database in the field of sustainable development and new products. This study, which is a type of systematic review studies, aims to describe the existing knowledge and introduce the trends and future direction of science in a cross-sectional manner and through library studies, and has an exploratory approach, using scientometric indicators and network analysis, authored by countries and Vocabulary occurrence based on social network analysis indicators has been done. The indexed articles in the time period of 1985 to 2024 in the subject area and with a suitable search strategy to obtain maximum sensitivity and minimum irrelevance and improve the validity of the research led to the formation of a statistical population of 497 articles, and after three screening stages, 457 articles were finally included in the analysis. It was finalized and VOSViewer software was used to analyze the scientific maps. The research findings, in addition to introducing the most important keywords, active researchers and research cradle countries in the investigated field, showed that the research process regarding sustainable development and product development in the future will move towards concepts such as sustainable design, cost-effective innovation, entrepreneurship and leadership. Kurds and managers interested in exploiting the results of scientific research can take a clear path towards the realization of sustainable development goals with a comprehensive view of a significant range of variables involved in product development.

Job motivation is always considered as one of the most effective factors in increasing the productivity of organizations. The aim of the present study is to systematically review researches on improving the motivation of police officers with the meta-composite method.

The current research is applied in terms of purpose; In terms of research method, it is qualitative; From the point of view of the data collection method, it is among documentary researches. The scope of the study includes all motivation articles at the level of the armed forces between 1392 and 1402 and all foreign articles on the motivation of police officers from 2013 to 2023, and it uses the meta-combination method. and systematic review has been used.Due to the time limitation and the massive volume of studies, only suitable articles in this regard were observed and firstly, and with the searches conducted in 4 internal databases and 4 external databases, 91 researches on motivation in police officers were found, of which 56 were 35 studies were selected due to defects and omissions.

The findings showed that improving the motivation of police officers had 3 dimensions, 17 components and 93 indicators. Individual dimension has six components of positive feeling towards job, work experiences, job motivation, resilience, trust and autonomy, organizational dimension has nine components of organizational atmosphere, job characteristics, organizational justice, organizational culture, work relations, leadership skills. Management support, reward system and job security and environmental dimension had 2 components of job opportunities outside the organization and social environment.

According to the findings, it can be stated that improving the productivity of the organization, increasing the quality level of employees' services, providing a suitable platform for their creativity and empowerment, and a positive view of problems and obstacles in order to improve work is

The purpose of this research is to design a comprehensive model of emotional labor in service organizations. The approach of this research is qualitative, and developmental. Considering the existence of a suitable background, the main goal of the this research is to systematically review the concept of emotional labor. Therefore, researches about emotional labor were considered in the period from 1983 to 2023, and 80 qualitative and quantitative researches were selected for a more detailed study. Findings show that emotional labor model can be categorized into five comprehensive themes, 14 organizing themes and 50 basic themes.The dimensions of emotional labor, effective factors, moderating factors, mediating factors, and consequences form five comprehensive themes in the emotional labor model. The number of interactions, the variety of emotions, the intensity of emotions and the duration of the interaction are job components of emotional labor. Surface acting, deep acting and expressing real feelings are the behavioral components of emotional labor. Effective factors of emotional labor include demographic, personality, occupational and situational characteristics, and attitudinal and organizational factors.Emotional labor consequences are classified as a person's health status, attitudinal and organizational consequences, and customer's attitude and behavior. The mediators are person's health status and attitudinal and organizational characteristics. Finally, emotional labor modifiers are individual characteristics, job characteristics, and attitudinal and organizational characteristics.The results of the current research, by strengthening a comprehensive view of emotional labor, help organizations to increase the quality of emotional labor of employees and reduce emotional labor injuries.

This article reviews the literature on articles in corporate sustainability. By reviewing the authors, citation structure, publications, and nations, this study reviews the progress of this field and summarizes the research process. This bibliographic analysis examines the literature on corporate sustainability and shows the structure of articles and research trends. The information gathered is extracted from the primary collection of the Web of Science database from 2001 up to 2022. The number of articles obtained is 2246 articles. VOSviwer software is used to perform initial analysis and citation analysis, co-citations, bibliographic coupling, co-authoring, among others. Generally, there are eight main clusters of articles on corporate sustainability: (1) corporate and entrepreneurial sustainability; (2) corporate sustainability strategies; (3) corporate sustainability measurement indicators, (4) corporate sustainability and business transformation management; (5) corporate sustainability and sustainable development goals and reports; (6) corporate sustainability and its effect on financial efficiency; (7) ethics and social responsibility and (8) theories of corporate sustainability. The research contribution is to show the evolution of this issue so that researchers can use it in their theoretical and research frameworks.

Governments consider partnership with the private sector as a key solution to solve the challenges of providing health services. However, these partnerships face problems such as the weak performance of the private and public sectors within the framework of government regulations. This research examines and identifies the effective factors in this field and its purpose is to understand the challenges and determine the key criteria that can affect the performance of partnerships. This study was conducted as a systematic descriptive analytical review with a qualitative approach. For this purpose, scientific articles published between 2000 and 2023 were extracted and analyzed from Scopus, ISI/Web of Science and PubMed/MEDLINE databases. The results of the investigation showed that the factors affecting the performance of public-private partnerships in the field of health can be classified into six main categories, including contract provisions, transparency, the government's supporting role, control and supervision, resource sharing, and risk transfer. The research indicates that inefficiency in regulatory laws and their implementation is one of the main obstacles of public-private partnerships in the field of health. In order to improve these partnerships, it is suggested that governments create more transparency in drafting and implementing contracts and change their supporting role towards facilitation and effective risk management. These changes can lead to increasing the productivity and efficiency of partnerships in providing health services.

Business exit strategies are fundamental to ensuring a company's long-term viability. Despite their critical role, this area of research has been surprisingly understudied. This knowledge gap can leave companies unprepared to navigate the complexities of exiting a market or business venture. To bridge this critical knowledge gap, our study conducts a systematic literature review, analyzing research findings from the past three decades (1990-2022). By synthesizing key findings, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of current research trends in business exit strategies. This analysis will not only offer valuable insights into existing knowledge but also identify potential gaps and opportunities for future exploration. By understanding the research landscape, we can pave the way for more informed decision-making and successful business exit strategies.
 

We employed a combined approach of systematic literature review and bibliometrics using R programming to analyze trends in business exit research.
 

A co-occurrence network analysis revealed three main thematic clusters in business exit research i.e., performance, asset sales, and survival. These clusters, representing the most frequently co-occurring keywords within the field, exhibit the highest cumulative growth over the past three decades. This highlights their thematic significance in exit strategy research. For instance, "performance" frequently co-occurs with concepts like acquisition, governance, diversification, and decision-making, suggesting its central role in exit decisions. Similarly, a review of co-citations identified management publications as the most interconnected followed by financial management and economics publications. This suggests a disciplinary gap within the research area. Four key research themes emerged from the analysis were exit drivers, exit decisions, exit modes, and consequences. Additionally, several theoretical perspectives emerged, including agency theory, corporate governance, resource-based view, and dynamic capability theory.
 

The research landscape is dominated by studies on exit drivers and exit consequences, often explained through frameworks such as agency theory, transaction cost economics (TCE), resource-based view (RBV), and evolutionary theory. Financial research focuses on the exit's impact on subsidiary performance and parent company financials, while economics explores industry factors influencing exit decisions. Financial researchers primarily investigate the exit's impact on subsidiary performance and the parent company's post-exit financial health. Agency theory is the dominant theoretical framework in this area. Economists examine how micro and macroeconomic factors (industry concentration, growth, size, profitability), economies of scale, capital intensity, and sunk costs influence barriers to entry and exit, ultimately driving business exits. Based on these findings, future research avenues include investigating the role of diversification as a driver of business exits, exploring how corporate governance structures influence both firm performance and exit decisions, analyzing factors contributing to non-optimal timing of business exits, examining the potential for reusing resources in new ventures to facilitate exits and minimize negative consequences, investigating the role of organizational capabilities in early detection of exit signals, and conducting a comprehensive exploration of both internal and external consequences of business exits, along with effective response strategies.

The aim of present study was to combine the results of quantitative researches in the field of employee-organization relationship. In this research, the structure of "employee-organization relationship" was considered as a variable with dimensions of satisfaction, trust, commitment and mutual control. The statistical population of the research was the studies indexed in the Scopus database in the period of 2014-2023. Using the defined protocol, finally 41 hypotheses from 26 studies were selected for the sample. Data extracted from selected studies were evaluated by meta-analysis method. By identifying the most important antecedents related to this structure, the effect size of each antecedents and their overall effect size were measured. According to research results, the antecedents of "employee-organization relationship" variable are respectively: symmetrical communication, transparent communication, communication satisfaction, empowering leadership, authentic leadership, and dialogic communication with strong effect size; organizational justice, communication authenticity, communication responsiveness, and transformational leadership with medium effect size; and the organization character construct with weak effect size. The overall effect size of all antecedents in the model of fixed effect size and random effect size is: 0.629 and 0.626 respectively, that shows the strong effect of the antecedents identified to create favorable employee-organization relationship in the organization.

In the last decade, world-class leadership as a new approach to improve the competitive advantage of organizations has attracted the attention of many researchers in different fields. Many articles have studied world-class leadership in organizational literature, especially strategic management and human resources. But so far, a comprehensive review of conceptual and empirical studies has not been done considering the basic characteristics and patterns of this competence and the factors affecting the effectiveness of global leadership. For this reason, in order to clarify the knowledge of this field - the competence of world-class leaders - its effectiveness and its role as an effective structure in the literature of management and organization, this research has comprehensively reviewed 68 conceptual and experimental studies from 2000 to 2022. It pursues two main goals: identifying different conceptualizations of competence of world-class leaders and factors affecting this concept in the field of management and organization. This descriptive study is a systematic literature review in terms of the implementation method. Identifying the concepts of "world-level leadership behaviors", "world-level leadership duties", "world-level leadership relationships", "world-level leadership style" and "external duties of world-level leadership" along with their dimensions are among the results of this research.

Dynamic capabilities refer to an organization’s capacity to purposefully create, expand, or change its resource base. In all the countries of the world, the oil and gas industry of each country plays an important role in its economy and growth, and we are in an era where rapid global changes and technological innovations occur, and oil and gas companies are not affected by these changes. They are not an effect. The purpose of this research is to identify dynamic capabilities in knowledge-based companies in the oil and gas industry. This research is qualitative and fundamental with a systematic method and thematic analysis. In the systematic method, to identify and extract the articles, the systematic search only includes two internal databases; Academic and foreign jihad information science database including; Scapos (Elsevier) and Institute of Information Sciences Scientific Network (Thomson Reuters) has been limited. To measure the validity of the research, the CASP standard checklist was used, and in order to measure the reliability of the research, the Cohen’s kappa index was used in the SPSS software, which was confirmed. By examining the available articles, the components of the capabilities of knowledge-based companies in three or four dimensions; Discovery ability, leadership, digital transformation, external social capital were identified. In the theme analysis section; The statistical population of the research consists of fifteen CEOs of knowledge-based companies active in the oil and gas industry, who were selected by a judgmental method. After selecting the participants, the research questions were answered through semi-structured interviews. After reviewing and analyzing the obtained interviews, 348 descriptive codes were obtained, of which 44 primary themes, 14 organizing themes and 4 comprehensive themes were obtained. By examining and analyzing the theme; Human dimensions of dynamic capability, business strategic stability, innovation capability and knowledge management form the organizing themes of dynamic capabilities. Finally, by combining the findings of the systematic review and thematic analysis, the capabilities identified in the three main dimensions; Feeling, abduction and return took place. The identified capabilities can become a basis for effective planning of oil and gas industry companies and create a sustainable competitive advantage.

The objective of this study is to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of mutual fund performance evaluation studies, focusing on the historical evolution of performance assessment methods based on fund style.

This research is divided into two main sections. The first section involves a quantitative analysis of prominent ISI-listed studies on mutual fund performance from 1900 to 2023, using bibliometric software such as HistCite™ and VOSviewer. This bibliometric analysis identifies and categorizes key studies based on citation counts. The second section reviews the evolution of mutual fund performance measurement criteria and various approaches used in the literature, critically analyzing the strengths and limitations of these methods.

The bibliometric analysis revealed significant trends in mutual fund performance evaluation, with a clear evolution in methodologies over time. The study identified two primary approaches: asset-based analysis and return-based analysis. Key findings indicate that while both approaches have their merits, asset-based analysis offers a more accurate assessment of managerial skill by considering the composition of the fund’s holdings. Additionally, the analysis highlighted the most cited studies and influential journals in the field, providing a comprehensive overview of the research landscape.

The study concludes that mutual fund performance evaluation has significantly evolved, with increasing complexity and sophistication in methodologies. The findings underscore the importance of selecting appropriate performance measurement criteria based on the specific characteristics of the mutual fund.

Digitalization and disruptive technologies have revolutionary transformation in traditional business models and processes. The banking industry has found its survival and competitiveness dependent on a comprehensive review of various aspects of its business. The lack of coherent knowledge of the requirements in digital banking environment is the main purpose for this paper. In this research, through a systematic review during the years 2000 to 2022 in the field of digital banking business model, after refining more than 633 articles, 26 articles were selected for review. Through comparative content analysis, a total of 144 unique examples were identified from 222 codes and finally categorized under 11 main subjects. The results indicate that the nine dimensions of the Osterwalder business model, in addition to the two categories of "new mindset" and " services innovation" have been considered as the most important and common elements of the banking business model in the digital age.

Although family organizations are usually on the sidelines of management research, they play a significant role in local and international economies. Therefore, in the last few decades, studies have focused on the differences between these organizations and conventional ones. One of these areas of attention is researching survival and organizational changes in these organizations. Due to their dual identity (family on the one hand and business on the other), family organizations face different change issues and have distinct characteristics that can prevent or promote changes.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:

Previous research has addressed many issues and research questions about the different aspects of experiencing organizational change in family organizations. Specifically, the main research topics include the person-centered behaviors of the founders (such as their leadership style and entrepreneurial behaviors) alongside the specific features of these organizations (such as cultural differences). Another main focus of the literature has been explaining the distinct nature of family organizations, resulting in a middle-range theory about the dualistic nature of their identity, namely, the socioemotional wealth theory. Socioemotional wealth refers to financial aspects of the firm that meet the family's affective needs, such as identity, the ability to exercise family influence, and the perpetuation of the family dynasty. However, what is lacking in the literature is a more comprehensive look at how family organizations experience organizational changes. To answer this question, secondary data analysis, i.e., how previous studies have conceptualized organizational changes and its promoting and preventing factors in family organizations, would be a suitable path.

The current study tried to answer the research question by systematically reviewing the literature from 2000 to 2020. Unlike traditional narrative review, systematic review is repeatable and transparent. It provides a structured and documented approach to the literature selection and review process to reduce review bias. We followed the procedures and recommendations of some authoritative articles to conduct this review. Accordingly, the first step was determining clear and specific questions at the beginning of the study: “What approaches and theories are used in the conceptualization of change in family organizations?” and “What are the factors that promote or prevent change in family organizations?” The next step was doing an initial search and identifying related articles in 5 online databases (Google Scholar, Sage Publications, Science Direct, Taylor & Francis, and Wiley). We used two categories of keywords and logical operators (AND, OR) to perform the search. The search was conducted in September 2020 and only among sources published in English between 2000 and 2020. For the selection of articles, we set some inclusion and exclusion criteria, such as “the study should be empirical and being published in a peer-reviewed journal,” which were applied through software-aided control, referring to related sites, and reviewing the abstracts of the articles. By the end, 81 final articles were selected for this review. To extract data, we created an Excel file with columns related to the general characteristics of the articles and our research questions. During a back-and-forth process between the researchers, we negotiated and finally agreed upon the extracted information. Since the data and methods of the reviewed articles were heterogeneous, we combined the findings in this study qualitatively. To do so, the final articles were entered into ATLAS.ti (version 8) software for content analyzing and coding and their information was combined into three main themes: the approach or theory used for conceptualizing the change and its promoting and preventing factors.

This study was to summarize the findings of past studies and provide a more general picture of change and transformation in family organizations. Specifically, this research aimed to answer two main questions: “What approaches and theories are used in the conceptualization of change in family organizations?” and “What are the factors promoting and preventing change in family organizations?” Regarding the first question, the finding of this study is that change in family organizations is mainly conceptualized around five main perspectives: succession, entrepreneurship, sustainable business development, socio-emotional wealth, and organizational culture. As for the second question, reviewing articles shows that factors preventing and promoting change in family organizations are not far from these topics. For example, one factor that drives change in family organizations is the existence of an entrepreneurial culture and the existence of an entrepreneurial leader and founder. Also, the existence of a suitable substitute and non-family expert staff are factors that lead to change. This means that change in family organizations mainly happens either through an internal factor (i.e., entrepreneurial culture) or an external factor (i.e., the presence of non-family experts). These two observations show two main strategies to facilitate change in family organizations that can be used by managers or change consultants. The same pattern is observed among preventing factors. The existence of non-professional managers, traditional attitudes towards organization management, and nepotism have been among the preventing factors. This means that if the organizational culture of a family organization is institutionalized in the form of anti-change norms such as nepotism or authoritarian leadership, it would be one of the biggest obstacles to change. In such a case, managers or change consultants can facilitate changes in these organizations by making cultural interventions such as organizational confrontation meetings.

CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS:

By categorizing and combining theories/approaches to the conceptualization of change and its preventing and promoting factors in family organizations, this study paves the way for developing a change management model in family organizations. For this purpose, this study has categorized all the obtained preventing and promoting factors into five capabilities: adaptability, human capital, generational transition, manager/s, and change management. This means that those factors that help to create these five capabilities are the promoting factors, and those that weaken these capabilities are the factors that prevent change in these organizations. Based on this classification, future studies can conduct research on how to measure and mature these capabilities in family organizations and provide a model for promoting and successfully managing changes in family organizations.

Over the last two decades, significant research has been conducted on the role that a strategic approach to purchasing can play in organizations. Despite conducting significant research to identify and develop the dimensions of the issue using theoretical and operational approaches, and in some cases, a pathological point of view to identify and address existing gaps, it appears that a holistic and integrated perspective is necessary for addressing the issue of purchasing strategies. Therefore, the current research focuses on describing studies on purchasing strategies. Its purpose is to provide a comprehensive overview of this subject.

In line with the research's purpose, the systematic review methods were evaluated in the first step, and out of the 14 review methods, the scoping review method was chosen. Next, a six-step methodological framework has been introduced and applied to guide the scoping review. These steps include the following. 1) Identifying and defining the research question, 2) Identifying the relevant researches, 3) Selecting studies related to the research question,4) Showing data in tables,5) Sorting, summarizing and reporting findings,6) optional consulting with the stakeholders about the findings.In summary, a scoping review approach was used to examine five credible scientific databases: Scopus, Ebsco, ProQuest, Google Scholar, and Emerald. This examination resulted in the extraction of 4697 articles. After three stages of screening, including: 1) evaluating the publication date, title, keywords, and abstract, 2) checking for non-repetitiveness of articles, and 3) conducting an in-depth evaluation of their content, 82 articles were selected for detailed review. The screening framework used was PRISMA, which holds high credibility in the literature of review research.

Based on the results obtained, the publication of articles in this field has been increasing since the beginning of the 21st century. The investigation revealed that empirical methods were used in more than 50% of the articles, while conceptual methods were used in about 16%, and interpretive methods in 11%. Europe, Asia, and America account for 37%, 20%, and 17% of the frequency of empirical articles, respectively. A significant portion of the reviewed articles (49%) have been conducted across various industries, irrespective of a specific sector, with industrial equipment ranking next. In terms of content, the types of purchasing strategies, the impact of purchasing strategies on the organization's performance, and purchasing portfolio models have all gained significant attention. Researchers have examined the factors influencing purchasing strategies and the importance of aligning purchasing strategies with other organizational strategies.

Conducting research using a scoping review approach has advantages over non-systematic review studies, as it ensures greater accuracy and credibility, reducing the likelihood of deviating from the primary research goal. The reason for this is a lack of attention to the research subject and questions, and reliance on improper and sometimes unreliable databases and sources. In this topic, some studies conducted using a systematic review method have attempted to enhance the subject of purchasing strategy by drawing from other concepts and topics. The current research aims to identify the areas explored in the field of organizational purchasing strategies to either advance existing studies or fill gaps in the research.Reviewing and analyzing various types of research conducted since 1994 revealed a significant increase in the number of studies focusing on purchasing strategies and related concepts such as purchasing management, supply management, and supply strategies since the early 21st century. A descriptive and content analysis of these studies was conducted, highlighting the key accomplishments in terms of content.{revised} Despite the equivalent use of "purchase" and "supply" in many types of research and reports, there is a difference between these two concepts.The strategy formation and selection are influenced by internal and environmental factors that impact purchasing strategies (as antecedents).Depending on various internal and environmental conditions, organizations can adopt a wide range of actions and strategies in the field of purchasing. Usually, organizations create strategies by classifying the items they need and implementing methods that may not even be mentioned in the existing literature.In recent years, there has been a growing interest in exploring the connection between purchasing strategies and various factors such as purchasing portfolio models, organizational performance, alignment with other strategies across different organizational levels, product life cycle, and supplier relationship management. This issue has been addressed and developed in the scoping review of this research.5. We highlight the gaps concerning the importance of creating diverse, distinct, and adaptable purchasing strategy models. Additionally, there is a need to focus more on conducting industry-level studies in this area that are applicable across various industries.

Reviewing the history shows that corporate social responsibility started from an embryonic concept and grew over time and affected the identity of organizations, but there are still conflicting opinions about the dialectic between organization and society in the theoretical and strategic climate of organizations. In this article, for a better understanding of the history of social responsibility, a semi-structured literature review was conducted to have a big picture of the evolution of this concept over time. Then, according to the frequency of concepts in key articles, three main drivers of the domain of corporate social responsibility that can change the organizations in the future were identified. The main drivers are “inequality”, “climate change”, and “gender gap”. In the next step, we tried to present a picture of the dialectic between organization and society in the literature of this field by drawing causal diagrams between these drivers and other organizational and social variables. In the last step, according to these three drivers, inductive-normative scenarios of the future of the organization's social responsibility were presented. These scenarios include “egalitarian organizations”, “the biophilic organization”, and “gender-discriminiation-free organizations”.

Teleworking is a phenomenon that has been around for a long time, and with the passage of time and the advent of the Internet, as well as the development of information and communication technology, it took on a new form. The epidemic of the Covid-19 disease had a significant impact on the promotion and development of remote work and doubled the importance of examining the factors related to it. Based on this, the current research was carried out with a mixed method to analyze the antecedents and consequences of organizational remote work during the epidemic of Covid-19 disease and in the year 2023. In this research, using the qualitative method and the systematic review approach, indicators related to the antecedents and consequences of organizational remote work were extracted and the consequences were categorized into two favorable and unfavorable sections. Then, in the quantitative section, the indicators were given to 28 experts in the field of human resources through an electronic questionnaire. After that, the indicators agreed by the experts were ranked based on the level of importance with the Shannon entropy criterion. SPSS software was used for statistical analysis. The results showed that among the antecedents, the index of development of information and communication technology means the use of technological tools and having information literacy, and among the favorable consequences, increasing the effectiveness of activities, and among the unfavorable consequences, reducing physical activities. , took first place.