نظام حقوقی ایران
در نشریات گروه مدیریت-
زمینه و هدف
برخورداری از حق سلامتی، از حقوق مسلم بشری بوده و جزء شاخص های اصلی جامعه ایده آل به شمار می رود. این حق در عصر کنونی به دلیل وجود برخی از مسائل ازجمله امراض واگیردار، مورد توجه اندیشمندان و بسیاری از حقوقدانان قرار گرفته است. مهمترین هدف مقاله کنونی، بررسی این حق درراستای نظم و امنیت است.
روشاین پژوهش با استفاده از روش توصیفی- تحلیلی و همچنین روش پیمایشی با انتخاب نمونه تصادفی از طریق پرسش نامه انجام شده است.
یافته هادر این پژوهش، حق سلامتی در نظام حقوقی در پرتو حقوق شهروندی، جایگاه ویژه ای داشته است. براساس مبانی اصل 43 قانون اساسی و ماده 8 قانون مدیریت خدمات کشوری، حق دسترسی همگان به خدمات بهداشتی و درمانی و حق بیمه و تامین و تضمین حق سلامتی از وظایف دولت است. این حق با مسئله نظم و امنیت، رابطه مستقیمی دارد، به گونه ای که اگر حق سلامتی در جامعه برای شهروندان تامین باشد، امنیت سلامتی و امنیت اجتماعی در جامعه برقرار است.
نتایجحق بر سلامت را می توان یکی از حقوق بنیادین شهروندی قلمداد کرد که برای تحقق و استیفای سایر حقوق ضرورت دارد. اصل 43 قانون اساسی، ماده 8 قانون مدیریت خدمات کشوری، حق دسترسی همگان به خدمات بهداشتی و درمانی و حق بیمه، مسئول ارائه خدمات بهداشتی و درمانی است. بنابراین حق بر سلامتی و تضمین آن، از ویژگی های اصلی یک جامعه انسانی مطلوب به شمار می رود که برخورداری از آن سبب مصون ماندن از انواع بیماری های فراگیر و دستیابی به مراقبت های بهداشتی مناسب برای شهروندان می شود تا از این طریق بتوانند در مواقع همه گیری بیماری های مسری، از ظرفیت های موجود که دولت ها ارائه می دهند، برخوردار باشند.
کلید واژگان: حق بر سلامت، نظام حقوقی ایران، حقوق شهروندی، نظم، امنیتBackground and PurposeHaving the right to health is an inalienable human right and is considered one of the main features of an ideal society. This right has attracted the attention of thinkers and many jurists due to the existence of some issues such as infectious diseases. The most important goal of this article is to examine this right in line with order and security.
MethodThis research has used a descriptive-analytical method as well as a survey method with a random sample selection through a questionnaire.
ResultsIn this research, the right to health has had a special place in the legal system in the light of citizenship rights. According to the principles of Article 43 of the Constitution and Article 8 of the Civil Service Management Law, the right of everyone to have access to health and medical services and insurance premiums, providing and guaranteeing the right to health is one of the duties of the government. This right has a direct relationship with the issue of order and security in such a way that if the right to health in the society is ensured for the citizens, the security of health and social security is established in the society.
ConclusionThe right to health can be considered one of the fundamental rights of citizens, which is necessary for the fulfillment of other rights. Article 43 of the Constitution, Article 8 of the Civil Service Management Law, the right of everyone to access health and medical services and insurance premiums, is responsible for providing health and medical services. They are responsible for providing healthcare services. Therefore, the right to health and its guarantee is considered one of the main characteristics of a desirable human society, the possession of which is the reason for staying immune from all kinds of widespread diseases and obtaining suitable health care for citizens, so that they can protect themselves in times of outbreaks of infectious diseases. Have the existing capacities provided by the governments.
Keywords: Right To Health, Iranian Legal System, Citizenship Rights, Order, Security -
رویکرد نظام حقوقی ایران در مورد توسعه انرژی های تجدیدپذیر (مطالعه موردی: انرژی برق)
تحولات دنیای امروز در پرتو رشد صنعتی شدن جهان، افزایش آلودگی هوا، محدودبودن انرژی های فسیلی و حق برخورداری از محیط زیست سالم، ضرورت استفاده از انرژی های تجدیدپذیر را آشکار می کند. روش پژوهش حاضر، توصیفی-تحلیلی بوده و داده های تحقیق از کتب، مقالات و آمارهای رسمی از سوی وزارت نیرو، سازمان جهانی انرژی و دیگر نهادهای مرتبط استخراج شده است. تبیین آنچه به لحاظ حقوقی در ایران در زمینه توسعه انرژی های تجدیدپذیر موجود است و به آن سوی حرکت نموده، یکی از پیش نیازهای بسیار مهم است که هدف اصلی این تحقیق بر پایه آن طراحی شده است. آنچه که به عنوان نتایج از این پژوهش به دست آمده عبارت است از: 1) ضعف ساز و کارهای تقنینی و اجرایی در ایران در خصوص لزوم استفاده از انرژی های تجدیدپذیر، به دلیل دسترسی ارزان و آسان به انرژی های فسیلی، بدون در نظرگرفتن هزینه های زیست محیطی آن؛ 2) مجموعه قوانین و مقررات داخلی در حوزه انرژی برق قابلیت و توان اجرای تعهدات بین المللی کاهش انتشار ایران را ندارند. 3) اجرای تعهدات کاهش انتشار ایران با برخی از قوانین، راهکارها و رویه های فعلی در حوزه انرژی برق ایران متداخل بوده و قوانین ذی ربط موجود در حوزه انرژی برق ایران، برای تحقق تعهدات بین المللی COP21 کفایت نمی نمایند.
کلید واژگان: تعهدات، نظام حقوقی ایران، توسعه انرژی تجدیدپذیر، انرژی برقThe approach of the Iranian legal system regarding the development of renewable energy (Case Study: Electricity)Developments in today's world in the light of the world's industrialization, increasing air pollution, limited fossil fuels and the right to a healthy environment, reveal the need to use renewable energy. The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical and the research data has been extracted from books, articles and official statistics by the Ministry of Energy, the World Energy Organization and other related institutions. Explaining what is legally available in Iran in the field of renewable energy development and moving towards it is one of the most important prerequisites on which the main purpose of this research is based. What are the results of this study are: 1) Weak legislative and executive mechanisms in Iran regarding the need to use renewable energy, due to cheap and easy access to fossil energy, without considering its environmental costs. ; 2) The set of domestic laws and regulations in the field of electricity do not have the ability to implement international obligations to reduce Iran's emissions. 3) The implementation of Iran's emission reduction obligations interferes with some of the current laws, strategies and procedures in the field of electricity in Iran, and the relevant laws in the field of electricity in Iran are not sufficient to meet the international obligations of COP21.
Keywords: Obligations, Iranian legal system, development of renewable energy, electricity -
پژوهشنامه بیمه، سال دهم شماره 3 (تابستان 1400)، صص 155 -186هدف
قانون گذار تا قبل از تصویب قانون بیمه اجباری مصوب 1395، تمامی مصادیق جرم تقلب نسبت به بیمه گر را کلاه برداری می دانست. با تصویب این قانون، نگاه قانون گذار به مصادیق مختلف این جرم تغییر کرد و در مواد 61 و 62 قانون مذکور مجازاتی خاص برای آن ها در نظر گرفته شد. در حالی که سایر موارد همچنان ذیل جرم کلاهبرداری طبقه بندی می شوند. ناکارآمدی و تناقض های موجود در قانون، پژوهشگران مقاله حاضر را بر آن داشت تا با التفات به نظام حقوقی آمریکا که جزء نظام های حقوقی پیشرفته در مبارزه با این جرم است راهکارهایی جهت اصلاح قانون مذکور پیشنهاد نماید.
روش شناسیاین مطالعه به شیوه توصیفی-تحلیلی و با روش کتابخانه ای و فیش برداری انجام شده است.
یافته هانبود یک قانون خاص برای تعیین مجازات متناسب برای تمامی مصادیق جرم تقلب نسبت به بیمه گر و در عین حال، عدم وجود سیاستی کارآمد جهت پیشگیری از این جرم در بدو ارتکاب و به طور کلی سیاست جنایی مشوش در برخورد با انواع مختلف این جرم، از یافته های مقاله حاضر بوده که نیازمند تاملی جدی است.
نتیجه گیریتدبیر مجازات متناسب در خصوص مصادیق متنوع این جرم در قالب یک قانون خاص، اتخاذ سیاستی پیشگیرانه از وقوع جرم در بدو امر مشابه قوانین نظام حقوقی آمریکا و استفاده معقول و به جا از سیاست های ارفاقی قانون مجازات اسلامی از قبیل تعلیق و تعویق و...، برای مصادیق سبک این جرم، از پیشنهادهای این مقاله است. طبقه بندی موضوعی: .K14 , K42 , Z18
کلید واژگان: بیمه، نظام حقوقی ایران، نظام حقوقی آمریکا، کلاهبرداری، قانون خاصObjectiveThe crime of insurance fraud has attracted the attention of American researchers for many years, and the result of their studies has been the success in curbing this crime. The US legal system has not limited the fight against insurance fraud to punishment, but has taken precautionary measures to stifle criminal actions. The establishment of the Special Investigation Unit (SIU) as well as the American Coalition Against Insurance Fraud (ACAIF) are among the preventive and countermeasures in this system. The Special Investigation Unit is required to investigate fraudulent acts of insurance claims. The Coalition Against Insurance Fraud is also a policy-making body that proposes macro-level policies to combat this crime. In contrast, the Iranian legal system has many shortcomings in the face of this crime, both in terms of legislation and enforcement. The philosophy of the insurance institution is to examine the damages that have been caused to other economic institutions for any reason, and this institution is legally obliged to compensate it. If insurance is damaged, the repair of other economic institutions is disrupted and the country's macro-economy becomes a sick economy. The weakness of the Iranian legal system will inevitably lead to serious damage to the country's economic system and its prevention requires legal studies of pathology of the regulations. The present study has focused on the pathology of the existing regulations in the area of insurance fraud and the provision of solutions to deal with this problem more effectively.
MethodologyThe method of this article is desk research, which has been done by referring to articles and books related to the subject under discussion and taking notes from them. We referred to the existing laws in the American legal system to encounter the offence of insurance fraud. Also in this field, the research and legislative background and its evolution are given. Due to the fact that the subject of this article is new and so far, no legal article or book has been written in Persian related to this subject and most of the existing articles and books were economic, it was very difficult to prepare related sources and put it into practice. The translation of English sources has been of particular importance to this. This issue can be criticized considering the importance of the crime of insurance fraud and its effect on the country's economy, and it is better for legal researchers to pay more attention to the important issue of insurance fraud.
ResultsPrior to the Compulsory Insurance Law adopted in 2016, instances of insurance fraud were considered fraud. However, after the enactment of this law, the legislator put examples of this conduct under a special title and a great problem became widespread in the Iranian legal system. Since unit criminal conduct requires a single response, discrimination between instances of a single criminal title indicates a lack of desired justice. The legislature is hesitant and helpless in choosing the appropriate title and punishment for instances of insurance fraud. One of the contradictions in the law is the hesitation in adopting the title of fraud or a special title. On the other hand, knowing this fraud has many advantages, such as having the necessary intensity and also minimizing the possibility of using arbitrary policies in its severe examples. From the legislator's point of view, the title of fraud may not be sufficient and appropriate, and the enactment of a special law is deemed necessary to face this crime. Therefore, in 2016, the legislature, in an unprecedented move, included some examples of the mentioned conduct under a special title under Articles 60, 61 and 62 of the Compulsory Insurance Law of 2016 and introduced new titles in the criminal law. Of course, the penalties imposed for insurance fraud in these articles, with the exception of Article 60 of the law, were much lighter than the penalties for fraud, which is a violation of the legislature's intent because only in two cases, The idea of making a lex specialis comes to his mind. One is that the intended conduct at the time of writing the law is not a crime and he seeks to create a new criminal nature. The other is that in his view, the current punishments and actions are not sufficient to deal with the conduct, which in both cases, the punishment and the measures intended for criminal behavior will be more severe than before. In the US legal system, however, a law has been enacted since 1995 called the Model Insurance Fraud Act, which covers various instances of insurer fraud. This law, which was amended in 1998 and 2019, respectively, contains various measures against the fraudster, which, in addition to deterring the offender, also include compensating the insurer. Finally, the existence of disproportionate penalties, the lack of preventive measures, a lack of comprehensive law of compulsory insurance approved in 2016 and its shortcomings against the Model Insurance Fraud Act are the main findings of this study.
ConclusionBring all the various instances of insurance fraud within the framework of lex specialis measure the punishment in proportion to the amount taken from the insurer, use the methods of compensation of the insurer as soon as the sentence is issued and as in the example of the Model Insurance Fraud Act, the appropriate and reasonable use of arbitrary policies in minor type of the crime of insurance fraud as well as the application of theories of restorative justice and consensual criminal procedure are among the results of the present study. In order to develop a proper infrastructure in society, politicians are obliged to create a culture in this area so that people believe that insurance serves the people and its philosophy is to use their budget to compensate for damages. JEL Classification: K14, K42, Z18.
Keywords: Insurance, Iranian Legal System, American Legal System, Fraud, Lex specialis
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