پدیدارشناسی

In today's management world, some senior and highly experienced managers, instead of innovation and acceptance of changes, stick to old and traditional procedures and refrain from making bold and risky decisions and have little intellectual mobility, which over time reduces their innovation and The overall performance of the organization. Relying on their old experiences, these managers have refused to accept any creativity and innovation from the employees, which has caused the emergence of a phenomenon called experienced managers, the result of which is a decrease in individual and organizational performance. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of knowing and understanding the characteristics of experienced managers in government organizations with the phenomenological method.

The current research is descriptive-exploratory in terms of its practical purpose and in terms of information gathering, and it is of a qualitative research type using the phenomenology method (the lived experience of people involved in the phenomenon) and Dickelman's approach. Since the current research is qualitative, the data collection method is in-depth interviews with the participants. Accordingly, using the purposeful sampling method and based on the principle of theoretical adequacy, 20 government managers and management professors were selected as sample members. In this research, qualitative content analysis method with inductive approach and Maxqda software were used in order to review and analyze the data obtained from the interview.

In addition to recognizing and understanding the mentioned phenomenon, the research findings identified the factors affecting the phenomenon of experienced managers, which included 4 main themes, which include: individual or personality factors, occupational (organizational) factors, administrative-supervisory factors, and legal factors. are political

The present research is descriptive-exploratory in terms of its practical purpose and in terms of the method of information gathering, and it is of the qualitative research type, which was carried out using the phenomenology method. Since the current research is qualitative, the method of collecting information in it is in-depth interviews with the participants. Based on the purpose of the research, which is a phenomenological comparison of branding behaviors of human resources in chain stores in Iran and Afghanistan, society is defined in two parts. In this way, the statistical population of the research in Afghanistan are the professors of Kabul and Herat universities in the fields of management and marketing, as well as the managers and employees of Alkozi chain store, 21 of them were selected through purposive sampling and based on the principle of theoretical saturation and in Iran, there are university professors and managers and employees of chain stores, 25 of them were selected as sample members by purposeful sampling and based on the principle of theoretical saturation. In this research, in order to review and analyze the data obtained from the interview, the theme analysis method and Maxqda software were used.The results of the research, in addition to recognizing and understanding the mentioned phenomenon,identified the dimensions of brand-building behaviors of human resources, which included 10 comprehensive themes, which include: attention to value, communication, creating a desirable brand image,attention to security, type of participation, type of advertising, which are finally presented separately for Iran and Afghanistan.

This study aims to identify the antecedents of brand archetypes through a cross-sectional analysis conducted in Hamedan, a city in western Iran, between 2020 and 2021.
 
This research is both fundamental and applied in its objectives, qualitative in nature, and field-based in its execution. Data was collected through semi-structured, in-depth interviews with open-ended questions, accompanied by note-taking. Given that the research is survey-based with non-probability, purposive sampling, the target population for each brand was determined separately. The samples were selected intentionally based on specific characteristics known to the researcher beforehand, ensuring they would contribute meaningfully to the research objectives. Interviews were conducted with brand owners, managers of well-known brands, and marketing professors. A phenomenological approach and coding using Maxqda software were employed to extract features that serve as antecedents of brand archetypes. Based on these features, the archetype for each brand was determined.
 
The study involved 137 interviews across 12 selected brands. Coding these interviews using Maxqda generated 2,316 codes, consisting of 457 sub-codes, 79 semi-sub-codes, and 12 main codes. From these interviews, specific features were identified as antecedents to each brand's archetype. The findings reveal the following archetypes for the respective brands: Apple as the Creator, Xbox as the Magician, Pepsi as the Jester, Jeep as the Explorer, Diesel as the Outlaw, Rolex as the Ruler, Sony as the Sage, Chanel as the Lover, Coca-Cola as the Innocent, Gap as the Everyman, Nike as the Hero, and Niva as the Caregiver.
 
The results of this study suggest that archetypes help in understanding the meaning and concept of a brand, serving as crucial tools for marketing and branding, and distinguishing brands from one another. A brand’s personality is a significant factor in attracting customers. It is the brand’s personality that shapes how customers feel about the brand. Each brand, through its archetypes, connects with customers who have similar personalities. For a brand to succeed in the market, it must establish a deep and meaningful connection with its customers. This connection fosters a sense of loyalty and trust, ultimately attracting customers to the brand and creating customer satisfaction. One of the most effective strategies for building a strong emotional bond between a brand and its customers is to design the brand’s personality around archetypes. This approach deeply influences the customer’s perceptions and emotions, transforming ordinary buyers into loyal, lifelong patrons. The brand’s personality determines how customers feel about it. Brands must connect deeply and meaningfully with their customers, and the best way to achieve this is by designing their personalities based on archetypes. Additionally, the findings of this study can be leveraged to develop effective marketing and branding strategies that build a brand’s identity by utilizing the antecedents of brand archetypes.

In organizations, especially Public organizations, despite the apparent managerial competence of some individuals, a significant number of managers leave the organization's management circle for various reasons in various ways. This research is aimed at analyzing the lived experience of individuals on this issue which are labelled as bench managers. This study is conducted through phenomenological method by semi-structured interviews with 17 individuals who have experienced the same conditions themselves. They were selected by the purposive sampling method to collect data. Data analysis was conducted using the Colaizzi phenomenological method. The results led to the identification of 20 subcomponents and 8 main components including the helpless managers, and the parking lot dwellers, the victims of ill-treatment by superiors, the opportunity hunters, the managers trapped in personal webs, the managers restricted by the laws and regulations, the detainees of the structure and the victims of clichés. This study indicate that bench seating is very common in some organizations. Identification of this phenomenon can help policymakers, managers and researchers to understand the situations and how to deal with them well.

In today's advanced world, it may seem easy and simple for many entrepreneurs to launch a start-up business, but having a great business idea is not enough for entrepreneurs to survive and succeed. During the development life cycle of a start-up business, there are various challenges which emerge from different sectors such as finance, marketing, human resources and information technology and the main root of the most of these obstacles and challenges is financial and accounting issues. Financial and accounting issues such as financing, Investments, working capital, taxes, cash flow management, recording financial events, reporting procedures and capital budgeting are specialized and complex decisions that are beyond the control of entrepreneurs in the most cases, Therefore, the aim of the current research is to know the views and lived experiences of entrepreneurs about the financial dimensions of startups with the aim of providing a model for entrepreneurship development. This research is practical in terms of purpose, and in terms of data collection, it is a qualitative research of the phenomenological type. In this research, the central phenomenon is the view of entrepreneurs in relation to various financial and accounting dimensions governing the activities of start-up businesses. On the other hand, considering that the present research is in a way that requires exploring and examining the ideas and views of the research participants, the phenomenology method, which is one of the types of qualitative research methods, has been used. In this regard, the experiences, feelings, opinions and views of the participants were carefully evaluated and analyzed. The statistical population of this research includes two groups of entrepreneurs and managers of successful and unsuccessful start-up businesses. The first group consists of successful entrepreneurs and managers. The start-up businesses created by these entrepreneurs are currently active and have reached the stage of supply from the idea stage. The second group consists of unsuccessful entrepreneurs and managers. Businesses created by this groups have mostly failed due to various reasons including financial issues after establishment. The participants of this study were 26 entrepreneurs (including 12 unsuccessful entrepreneur and 14 successful entrepreneur) and were selected using the purposeful sampling method. In collecting the required data, a semi-structured interview method was used until reaching theoretical saturation. Thematic analysis method was used to analyze the data and the four concepts of credibility, transferability, confirmability and transferability were used to check the validity and reliability of the interviews. The findings of the research show that from the point of view of entrepreneurs and managers of failed and successful businesses, financial and accounting issues are considered to be the main challenges and obstacles to entrepreneurship development. The results indicate the identification of 3 main themes of obstacles and challenges of the start-up stage, obstacles and challenges of the growth stage and solutions to improve the financial dimensions of start-up businesses. In general, according to the experiences of entrepreneurs, 7 unique sub-theme were extracted with 173 different narratives. The classified themes of financing, investment, working capital, budgeting, pricing, operational, accounting and reporting are among the financial dimensions of start-up businesses. Also, according to the opinions and suggestions of entrepreneurs, several codes such as income management through pre-receipt, business plan financial indicators, credit sales management, understanding the structure of fixed and variable costs, ignoring unrelated costs in decision making, internal controls and audit issues are the key findings of present study, because the research literature has not directly mentioned these codes. The results also show that unsuccessful entrepreneurs emphasize financial issues more than successful entrepreneurs in continuing their businesses. In addition, the growth stage in the life cycle of start-up businesses has the most financial and accounting challenges and obstacles. The findings of the research indicate the important role of financial and accounting issues in the success of start-up businesses, therefore, financial management training and its techniques are suggested in the development of entrepreneurship in the country. The need for financial and tax advice is one of the most important issues raised by entrepreneurs. In this context, it is necessary for financial advisors to adjust their approaches and services according to the unique challenges faced by entrepreneurs. These services may include adopting guidelines for budgeting, cash flow management, debt management and financing. The results of the research show that entrepreneurs consider the lack of accounting software suitable for start-up businesses as one of the challenges of recording and reporting their financial events, therefore accelerating the launch and development of software specific to start-up businesses at a reasonable price can solve this challenges.

Businesses have found that their success are highly dependent on providing customers with positive customer experiences. Accordingly, digital customer experience has become an important topic in marketing research. In this research, the desired digital customer experience when shopping online in a highly competitive environment and the effect of digital customer experience on purchasing satisfaction and intention to repurchase have been investigated as the main concern of the research.

This research was performed using a qualitative-quantitative approach and running an exploratory method. In the qualitative section, using the phenomenology method, indicators and components have been identified. Then, in the quantitative part, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equations were used to validate and test the hypotheses using AMOS software.

Internet purchasing was categorized into three main components, including digital customer experience, satisfaction with internet purchasing, and intention to return. Digital customer experience includes 7 main categories and 19 subcategories, and internet purchasing satisfaction includes 2 components while intention to return includes 2 components. According to the results, if the components of digital customer experience are done optimally, it leads to satisfaction with internet purchasing and customers’ intention to return.

The results of the research indicate the effect of the mentioned factors on customer satisfaction and internet purchasing and intention to return. Due to the highly competitive conditions of businesses, managers and business owners should pay special attention to these factors in order to create satisfaction as well as customers’ intention to return.

Organizational silence is a prevalent issue in contemporary organizations, and neglecting it can have negative consequences on individual, group, and organizational levels. This research aims to explore the lived experiences of faculty members and staff to identify the factors contributing to organizational silence at Iranian Farhangian University.

This research adopted a qualitative approach with a phenomenological method. The participants were faculty members at Farhangian University in the 9th region of eastern Iran. To identify the factors influencing organizational silence, a purposive sampling method with maximum variation was used, taking into account participants' educational backgrounds, personal experiences, and perceptions of organizational silence. The number of participants reached theoretical saturation with 16 individuals. The research instrument was a semi-structured interview. To ensure the reliability of the interviews, the Guba and Lincoln criteria (credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability) were applied. The inter-coder reliability was 86%, and confirmability was achieved through peer review. Data analysis was conducted using Smith's 6-step content analysis and coding process with Max.Q.DA software.

The interview analysis results were organized into three main categories: external organizational, internal organizational, and individual, with 11 main themes and 64 subthemes. In the external organizational category, the main themes are political and social factors. In the internal organizational category, the main themes include structural, communicative, managerial, human resources, supervisory, economic factors, and organizational climate. In the individual category, the main themes are knowledge and motivation. Upon further review, it was determined that the structural theme consists of organizational breadth, decision-making centralization, hierarchical structure, disregard for organizational values, and cumbersome rules and regulations. The communication theme includes external organizational interactions, one-way communication flow, visibility of a specific group, prevalence of informal relationships, use of social media within the university, and negative reactions to colleagues' comments. Several management issues were identified, including a lack of critical thinking among managers, failure to implement ideas, managers ignoring reality, lack of transparency in decision-making, authoritarian management, and intolerance for negative feedback. Gender discrimination in the delegation of authority, lack of promotion based on merit, lack of recruitment and employment based on openness and creativity, absence of a meritocracy, lack of appreciation for employees' efforts, and job insecurity were grouped under the human resources theme. The supervision and control theme revealed that securitization of the work environment, emphasis on employee control, university control processes, external regulatory bodies, and the silent punishment and marginalization of employees are significant factors. In the economic theme, the focus was on rewarding practical proposals, the prevailing economic conditions of individuals, and urgent economic needs such as salary increases and job security. Concerns about freedom of speech, compliance and obedience, poor quality of the work environment, lack of a supportive atmosphere, prevalence of a culture of indifference, and flattery and praise were raised in discussions of the organizational climate theme. In the individual category, the knowledge and motivation themes were explored. The knowledge theme encompasses several key issues: organizational knowledge insufficiency, low experience among administrative staff, attention to rumors instead of official information channels, lived experiences of the consequences of participation, and the inability to articulate issues. The motivation theme includes individual expectations, personal goals, perceived inability to effect change, psychological safety, work motivation, distrust, resilience, reduced self-confidence, learned helplessness, lack of belonging, suppression of voice, job insecurity, inability to voice concerns, work overload, and individual considerations such as expediency, position-taking, and vested interests.

Based on the research findings, the following recommendations can be made to reduce and prevent organizational silence at Farhangian University as a negative organizational behavior:Strengthening a robust organizational culture and creating a supportive, safe, and empathetic environment.Organizing empowerment workshops for faculty members and managers on the administrative system and familiarity with laws.Decentralizing the university and delegating more authority to provincial university managers.Establishing a suggestion system within the university.Formulating necessary economic regulations to encourage and motivate members.Eliminating discriminatory behaviors and utilizing the capacity of all individuals in proportion to their expertise and skills in university management.Emphasizing the holding of freethinking forums and trust-building initiatives for presenting opinions.Implementing a meritocracy system, merit-based selection, and merit-based appointments, especially in key positions within the university.

There is a growing tendency to judge businesses based on their social and environmental responsibility. Hotels are among businesses that are seeking out legitimacy within their social milieu. Research findings show that an increasing number of tourists are willing to select hotels that act more responsibly towards the environment, the so-called ‘green hotels’. It is expected that Iranian hotels will begin to think about a transition towards green hotels. The main aim of the present study is to provide an in-depth description of hotels’ tendency to become environment-friendly in Hamedan province, western Iran. Our study of greenism follows a phenomenological method with a descriptive-interpretive approach. The population of the study consists of the 17 hotels in Hamedan province. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the managers of eight of these hotels. The interviews contained five general questions. They were keyed in and coded in MAXQDA 2020 software package for qualitative analysis. Finally, three main categories as well as several secondary categories were identified and a conceptual model was developed. The findings suggest that the phenomenon of greenism in the hotels of Hamedan province is actively practiced in terms of supply and remarkable measures have been taken in this regard. However, there is little demand on the part of clients. The phenomenon of greenism in the hotels of this region essentially revolves around saving and reduction of costs.

The present research has sought to analyze the experience of women entrepreneurs in Sanandaj city from social inequality. Social inequality includes many dimensions and angles, including gender, work, time and place, etc. The present research has questioned this about women entrepreneurs in Sanandaj. Entrepreneurship, as a new phenomenon in the economy, has found an effective role in the economic development and progress of countries. Today, entrepreneurship has a key role in a competitive and market-based economy, but it has limitations and obstacles for women. The status of women's entrepreneurship around the world reflects gender inequalities in the external environment, which are often more obvious for women than men, and such inequalities lead to unequal access to resources and opportunities. Therefore, taking into account the views of three theorists in the field of social inequality - Chaffetz, Fogel and Elaine Wright - their analysis of social inequality in a link with gender inequality, social opportunity and work and production conditions has been discussed.

The method used is interpretive phenomenology, and it is devoted to the understanding and interpretation of women's experiences of inequality in the field of entrepreneurship in Sanandaj city. The statistical population of this research includes 17 women entrepreneurs located in Sanandaj city, who work in the fields of industry, services, agriculture and handicrafts, and are known as entrepreneurs. Purposive sampling was used to conduct semi-structured interviews and continued until theoretical saturation. The four-step process of data analysis includes 1) reading and understanding the entirety of the data text. 2) Hominization and summarization of data. 3) Formation of semantic. 4) A careful rethinking of the identified themes, commonalities and differences in them, general themes and feedbacks of the interviewees are extracted.

The results showed that 275 concepts, 16 primary categories and 5 secondary categories including "multiple sufferings", "marginal entrepreneurship" and "double genetic inequality", "physical and appearance complications" and "economic crisis and "inflation" whose interpretation indicates lack of adequate income, lack of financial and emotional family support for the entrepreneur, legal and administrative barriers to work, pressure to work and being alone, which are mixed with gender inequality and complications caused by hard work. The obstacles in the path of female entrepreneurs, compared to male entrepreneurs, show that, most of the obstacles that women struggle with, the existence of barriers related to gender, for the female entrepreneurs studied, from the family to the administrative work process. And the process of selling products and services exists, and it has been institutionalized in most dimensions and areas, which gradually causes the issue of women entrepreneurship in Sannandaj city to face serious and unsolvable obstacles and problems. to be Barriers are gender and family, rather than legal and financial barriers, while financial and legal labor barriers are more obvious for men. Entrepreneurship in the city of Sanandaj is on the sidelines compared to the areas of entrepreneurship and development, and this has caused major obstacles for women entrepreneurship. The risk of business closure and non-sale of products due to inflation has also aggravated these obstacles and inequality. The risk of business closure and non-sale of products due to inflation has also aggravated these obstacles and inequality. Women entrepreneurs of Sanandaj city, compared to women entrepreneurs in big cities, see themselves in more unequal conditions, which is the result of marginal and unequal entrepreneurship in Kurdistan province and especially Sanandaj city. The indifference of the officials and the government towards the development of entrepreneurship in Sanandaj city, and the continuation of the inflation and economic crisis, can face women entrepreneurs with more serious problems and issues.

Due to the desire of women entrepreneurs and also the existence of great potentials in the fields of tourism (expansion of ecotourism stays), handicrafts (purple-weaving, embroidery, leather, kalash-weaving, local clothing) ) and agriculture (strawberry cultivation, animal husbandry, silkworm breeding) can be transformed into actual capacities by investing and supporting the government in these sectors and strengthening them, and many people , especially encouraged women towards entrepreneurship in these fields, and the government should provide incentives and provide basic facilities and financial support to women entrepreneurs to create employment for them. Therefore, in order to reduce these obstacles and facilitate women's entrepreneurship, it is necessary to take measures such as providing facilities and loans, removing the bureaucratic process, and providing spiritual and financial support to women entrepreneurs, according to the potential of Sanandaj city.

Evaluation culture, with its diverse roles, impacts organizational performance and mission achievement. Alignment with missions, conditions, resources, and organizational maturity is crucial. Effective integration drives excellence and intelligent progress. This study explores evaluation culture, analyzing commonalities and variations among University of Tehran stakeholders.

The current research method was interpretive phenomenology and its participants included four categories of stakeholders including: faculty members, employees, managers and students of Tehran University, who were selected and saturated by sampling method after 61 semi-structured interviews. The finding was obtained.

Analysis in the conceptual commonalities section led to the identification of 79 indicators and their classification in the form of 19 criteria. Each of the studied groups believed in a different evaluation culture. In terms of academic stakeholders, each group believed in a different evaluation culture, and in terms of differences in educational groups; Faculty of Engineering and Technology believes in result-oriented evaluation culture, Faculty of Management and Architecture believes in wrist-based evaluation culture; Faculty of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine believes in the evaluation culture based on the development of people; The Faculty of Basic Sciences and Psychology and Education believed in the culture of responsive evaluation and the Faculty of Literature and Humanities believed in the culture of documentary evaluation.

Evaluation culture is a multi-dimensional problem and its implementation in organizations requires attention to the structure of each organization and its perspectives.

Creating effective online customer experiences through well-designed product web pages is critical to success in online retailing. How such web pages should look specifically, however, remains unclear (Bleier et al., 2018). Unlike traditional retail, customers evaluate products online not through physical interaction but through verbal and visual stimuli (design elements) on product web pages (Lemon & Verhoef, 2016). Kovikaite et al. (2009) stated that the detailed evaluation of verbal and visual package elements and their impacts on consumer’s purchase decision, taking into consideration involvement level, time pressure or individual characteristics of consumers, is necessary in order to implement efficient packaging decisions. Also, Blair et al. (2018) focused on product web pages, but a design perspective could also improve the understanding of other domains in which verbal and visual stimuli build customer experiences, such as mobile apps. Previous research has examined only a few design factors individually, with a quantitative method and only in the web environment. It has hardly examined the various dimensions of customer experience based on the verbal and visual characteristics of online store platforms. Elaborating on the importance of online store platforms such as website, Instagram and mobile application, in online selling products, this research will investigate the verbal and visual characteristics that play a pivotal role in the design of online store platforms and product introduction based on the lived experience of customers who buy online from stores.

Phenomenology is a form of qualitative research that focuses on the study of an individual’s lived experiences in his daily life and his social interaction with other people. In this research, the phenomenology method has been chosen to answer the research questions that are about the conventional experiences and behaviors in people's daily life. The participants were selected from the customers of online store platforms (Websites, Instagram, and Mobile applications) who have made their online purchases during the time of this research. It was important that they have the required knowledge in this field; therefore, valid results could be extracted. The sampling method was non-probable purposive. In terms of gender, 60% of the participants were female, and 40% were male. The theoretical saturation was achieved after 15 semi-structured interviews. Collazzi method was used for the data analysis by the aid of the Max QDA software.

In this research, the online experience of the customers and the verbal and visual characteristics of the online platforms (Websites, Instagram and Mobile applications) were identified. The findings show that online shopping experience includes a number of themes. They are product experience, privacy and security, return and exchange, delivery experience and being user friendly for the customer. The verbal characteristics of the platform include the themes of information, the ease of searching for information, responsiveness and guarantee, the platform announcing, the ease of ordering and purchasing and social communication. The themes of the visual characteristics of the platform include related extra information about product and visual product introducing in platform.

Previous research has generally dealt with the topic of verbal and visual characteristics but no study has investigated verbal and visual characteristics with a phenomenological method. The careful and accurate investigation of the verbal and visual characteristics of the online platform, based on customers’ lived experiences, adds novelty to this research and enriches the literature in the field.  In this research, the main and secondary themes of the verbal and visual characteristics of online store platforms (Website, Instagram, and Mobile applications) in product introduction were determined through the lived experience of customers, which can be used for the marketers and designers of online store platforms to increase both the purchase intentions and uncertainty of customers. With the practical suggestions provided in this research, platform designers have better understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the visual and verbal factors of their platforms and can increase the desirability of the platforms. These suggestions are divided into three categories of features. Verbal and visual characteristics and suggestions were presented to increase the desired customer experience.There are some limitations in this research. The results of the research cannot be generalized to physical stores, and one must be careful in generalizing them to all type of online store. This research was only conducted on the verbal and visual characteristics of online store platforms and did not investigate which platform creates a better experience. The variables of customer purchase history and age are not controlled, nor is the number of visits by customers from different platforms (Websites, Instagram and Mobile applications).For further research, this study can be replicated among Y & Z Generations separately. There can also be a study of which platforms are most influential in creating a favorable customer experience. In addition, the history of purchasing can be controlled for each participant.

According to the fact that in recent years, four generations of employees are working in the organizations, employees' satisfaction and creating a sense of engagement has become a challenge for human resource managers. In response to this challenge, some researchers recommend that organizations should change their approach in HRM to managing employee experience. Given that finding out influential factors in construction of employees experience is an important matter. The aim of current study is analyzing employees’ experiences throughout their career journey in software producing companies. The research participants are employees of two major software companies: Hamkaran system and Dotin. The strategy of research is descriptive phenomenology by use of Mustacas procedure. The research findings show us that 7 organizational elements, 4 environmental elements and 2 personal elements are the three major categories that shape employees experience. According to the importance of Employee Experience in era of 4 different generations in the organizations, this study will help employee experience architects to improve their employees' experiences.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the biological experience organizational voice behavior barriers and conducted with Van Manen interpretive phenomenology.
Data collection was done according to the entry criteria with in-depth and unstructured interviews from 12 employees of oil and gas projects in the south of Iran. Results showed that employees' biological experience regarding organizational voice barriers consists of 4 main themes and 16 sub-themes: employees' life experience of organizational voice (employee indifference and self-protective behavior), related to the organization (lack of constructive organizational atmosphere, lack of job independence, insufficient rights and benefits and lack of organizational growth), related to managers (mismanagement in the organization, lack of managerial support, senior management’s attitude, managers‘ personal characteristics and self-protective behavior) and related to the project (project’s requirements, financial issues,, external threats, conflict of ideas with the project's overall goals and lack of opportunities for promotion and progress in project).

Achieving success, particularly in the realm of online and digital commerce, frequently hinges on customer experience, a multifaceted process influenced by numerous factors. Along with the emergence of new technologies, communication methods between organizations and customers have changed. The digitalization process allows customers to access a great deal of information around the world without any time or place boundaries and make multiple transactions and purchases at once. Today, customers are not only accessing and searching for information on the Internet but also engaging in interactions, uploading, and sharing content themselves. In addition, by creating the online virtual world, social media has transformed communication from traditional methods into a large and online social phenomenon. Utilizing interactive capabilities enables direct contact with consumers, resulting in lower costs, increased productivity, enhanced satisfaction with internet purchasing, higher repurchase intentions, and ultimately, a more pleasant consumer experience. Digital customer experience has become an important topic in market research, as businesses have realized that their success depends largely on providing positive purchasing experiences for their customers. Creating memorable experiences is significant for retaining old customers and attracting new ones. This study investigates the desired digital experience of customers when shopping online in a highly competitive environment. It also seeks to determine the factors contributing to the digital experience of customers in cyberspace.

The research employs a qualitative and descriptive phenomenological approach. The statistical population consists of individuals who engage in internet purchasing on websites at least twice a month, with a monthly purchasing amount exceeding 500 thousand Tomans. Accordingly, those who were fully familiar with Internet purchasing were selected as the study sample. Furthermore, a purposive sampling technique was used to select the samples and concerning the qualitative nature of the research, the sample size was determined to be 18 people until the data saturated. The interview data underwent analysis using Van Manen's method, which involved three stages of coding: open, axial, and selective coding. Throughout this process, the data were continuously reviewed and refined to ensure thorough analysis.

A total of 705 codes were extracted after the data were analyzed. The codes were classified into three major components, including digital customer experience, satisfaction with internet purchasing, and repurchase intention. In total, digital customer experience encompassed 19 sub-categories, five main categories, and one sub-category. Customer satisfaction with Internet purchasing consisted of two categories and the repurchase intention consisted of two categories.

The research findings highlight the influence of the aforementioned factors in fostering a favorable digital experience for customers and online shopping. It is worth noting that given the highly competitive conditions of businesses, managers and business owners should give special credit to these factors to achieve customer satisfaction.

One of the concerns of knowledge-based organizations after the retirement of their skilled employees is to ensure that their knowledge is retained by the organization. This issue is especially important for retired university faculty members who have extensive experience and a lot of explicit and implicit knowledge. In this regard, one of the key questions is how to take advantage of precious knowledge and literacy of these intellectuals, which has been created with great difficulty during their years of activity? The purpose of the current research is to qualitatively examine the lived experience of retired faculty members during their working years.

Using Husserl's descriptive phenomenology, 17 retired faculty members of Isfahan universities were chosen as participants using purposive sampling. The total number of participants was determined through theoretical saturation. In-depth interviews were used in order to collect information about the experiences of the participants. The interviews were analyzed using Colaizzi's method.

The results identified five main themes including adherence to university norms and red lines, personal, work and life balance, shifting focus from quantity to quality, preparing for life after retirement, and developing communication skills. Besides, the results identified 16 sub-themes.

From a theoretical point of view, the results of this study contribute to the development of concepts on knowledge management and especially knowledge sharing among retired faculty members. Practically, the results obtained can be used at the individual level (i.e., for younger faculty members), at the university level (i.e., for university administrators), and at the national level (i.e., for major policy making at Ministry of Science).

The Covid-19 pandemic has caused significant changes in various aspects of people's lives around the world. The outbreak of Covid-19 is a reminder that epidemics, like other disasters and events that happen rarely, have happened in the past and will happen in the future. Even if we cannot prevent the creation of dangerous viruses, we must be prepared to reduce their effects on society. The Covid-19 pandemic, which has affected the entire world, has caused changes around the world and in many areas of life. These changes have affected consumer behavior and continue to affect them. Although past societies have been affected by several epidemics and pandemic, it is difficult to estimate their long-term economic, behavioral, or social impacts. These aspects have not been studied in the past. There are few studies to show what the consequences of major historical pandemics over the past few years have been in the area of consumer behavior. In addition, scientists suggest that new Pandemic continue to pose a risk in the future. Therefore, understanding the life of consumer behavior in the face of this pervasive disease and even beyond, is of great importance for marketers as well as business planners and policy makers. These changes have also affected consumer behavior. The purpose of this study is to explain consumer behavioral responses during the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic, with an emphasis on food consumption.

In order to answer the main question of the research, an in-depth interview and the design of the interview protocol have been used according to the literature review. By using the purposeful sampling method, 40 interviews were conducted with consumers in Tehran and analyzed with MAXQDA software. In this research, Cohen's kappa index was used to measure the reliability of interview coding.Based on the data analysis, consumers respond to the existing crisis in three stages, reacting, coping and adapting during the outbreak of COVID 19. In order to analyze the data, at first, after the interviews were transcribed, the interviews were read several times. In the next step, coding started.

After data analysis and open, axial and selective coding, 23 codes were obtained, which were classified into three categories: reaction(postponing purchases; reducing consumption; replacing with other items; online shopping; telephone shopping; increasing purchases; decreasing purchases; increasing sensitivity to the shopping environment; increasing Compliance with health protocols; visiting physical stores less often; visiting small stores near where you live and visiting virtual stores more), coping (doing things by yourself and trying new products or brands)and adapting(healthy diet and increasing consumption of dairy products and healthy foods; increasing the consumption of organic products and vegetables; changing lifestyles; awareness of health and hygiene; reducing the consumption of prepared and frozen foods; using disinfectants and being more sensitive about hand hygiene; online shopping; cooking at home ; sensitivity to the shopping environment), and finally, the results of the analysis were presented in the conceptual model.

Combining and integrating the researches, a comprehensive model has been presented in relation to consumer behavioral responses during the outbreak of Covid-19. The obtained results were presented in the form of a conceptual model. The results showed that at the beginning of the outbreak of the pandemic of Covid-19, people reacted to the outbreak in the form of things such as went to physical stores less, postponing purchases, shopping online and by phone, so that they are less exposed to infection. Also, after some time, by doing things by themselves, such as cooking, they have coping with Covid-19, and finally, things like a healthy diet, sensitivity to the shopping environment, lifestyle changes, and online shopping are among the things that are still in the long term. The Covid-19 pandemic has brought about changes in consumer behavior. The results of this research showed that during the period of Covid-19, consumers used to buy from supermarkets and stores near their places of residence and stated that they would visit them after the end of the period, i.e. in the post-Covid-19 period. Therefore, small and local retailers can use this opportunity to offer products and services. The pandemic provided the opportunity to shop online and over the phone, and consumers preferred home delivery to be less exposed to the virus, so retailers, stores and even small supermarkets should take note. There is also the possibility of subsequent epidemics, therefore, marketers and stores, large and small retailers must acquire the necessary preparation in terms of infrastructure to face it in order to reduce its effects. Businesses must design new models to meet the changing or evolving needs of consumers in the post-Covid-19 era.

A startup is any company that works to grow, commercialize, and create entirely new goods, services, or mechanisms, driven by intellectual property or new technology. Startups have a significant impact on economic development. In addition, by creating jobs and wealth through innovation and technological activities, they have made important changes in the social, economic and even political context of countries. In the current era, startups or start-up companies play a significant role in entrepreneurship. These companies have played a prominent role in the development of the knowledge-based economy and are the source of many social developments. Innovation by start-up companies is one of the ways to increase competitive advantages and is considered one of the most important strategic approaches of companies to achieve long-term success. Startups have become the driving engine of the economies of developing countries, but many of them cannot continue their activities in the long term. Twenty percent of startups are out of competition in the first year and more than half of them in the first five years. In this regard, the aim of this research is to discover the factors affecting the success of startups. This research has been done with a qualitative approach using the phenomenological method. Fourteen managers of successful startups in the two provinces of Qazvin and Zanjan were selected by using criterion-based purposive sampling (being active and profitable) and data were collected using semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was done with the Colaizzi’s seven-step method. First, the text of the interviews was carefully read several times. Then the meaningful statements were identified. In the next stage, the meaning of these statements was formulated and organized in the form of organizing themes (thematic clusters). Then these clusters were described and then, the description of the underlying structure of the phenomenon under study was formulated. Finally, the analysis process was completed by validating the findings by receiving the feedback from the participants. : After the data analysis, factors affecting the success of successful startups were extracted in the form of 8 organizing themes and 26 basic sub-themes. The main themes are: "systems thinking", "active foresight", "creativity and innovation", "organizational learning", "team building", "financing", "business skills", and "market-orientation".The category of system thinking includes the three basic themes of adaptability, planned growth, and inter-functional coordination. The category of active foresight consists of the four basic themes of goal-setting, self-efficacy and hard work, experience and interest in work, and risk-taking. The category of creativity and innovation includes the three basic themes of creative ideation, the use of new technologies, and the design and production of applied products. The category of organizational learning consists of the three basic themes: acceptance of change, continuous learning and knowledge sharing. The category of team building includes the three basic themes of specialization, teamwork, and responsibility and accountability. The category of financing consists of two the basic themes of attracting capital and generating income. The category of business skills includes the three basic themes of problem solving, decision making, and advertising and information. And finally, the category of market-orientation consists of the five basic themes of choosing the target market and creating differentiation, customer orientation, publicity, product development and diversification, and providing service and support. Although having a creative idea is necessary to launch a startup and it is the main challenge of many founders to start a new investment, but it alone cannot guarantee its success. On the other hand, identifying and exploiting the opportunity also plays a prominent role in the success of startups, but the use of new technologies has improved the ability to generate ideas. Formulating a suitable growth strategy, foresight, having an expert team, financial strength, marketing and learning capabilities are other key success factors of startups. It should be noted that the systemic thinking is a necessary condition and a turning point in designing the structure and patterns of startup activities to adapt to technological changes and customer needs, and to connect them with each other. With this thinking, startups can intelligently make find the necessary preparations to face the upcoming opportunities and threats wisely.

Today, knowledge is one of the most important organizational assets. Therefore, knowledge management is very important for organizations, because it manages other assets of an organization, therefore addressing this issue plays a vital role in the success of organizations. This research was conducted with the aim of identifying the barriers to knowledge sharing in Ilam Province Industrial Estates Company. The research is from the point of view of applied goal and qualitative-quantitative type of research. Phenomenological method was used in qualitative research and factor analysis in quantitative research. The statistical population of the research is the employees of the industrial estates company of Ilam province. The required data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 16 employees who were selected as a purposive sampling. The obtained results show that the barriers to knowledge sharing include personal, organizational, technological and cultural barriers, which sub-components such as filtering, internet speed, social networks and competitive advantage can be introduced as new achievements in comparison with previous studies.

Strategic thinking, long recognized as essential for organizational success, is increasingly vital across various levels of management. This cognitive skill enables organizations to adeptly navigate and manage changing environmental dynamics, thus sustaining competitive advantages. Traditionally viewed as a senior management prerequisite, the need for strategic thinking has expanded to lower organizational echelons in response to escalating environmental complexities. This capability equips managers with the foresight to comprehend, anticipate, and strategically respond to future events. Instead of merely reacting to changes, effective strategic thinking empowers managers to proactively shape and influence these dynamics. Research on the developmental trajectory of strategic thinking is notably limited. A comprehensive understanding of how managers evolve into skilled strategic thinkers is a multifaceted endeavor, warranting exploration from diverse viewpoints. This study is dedicated to examining the evolution of strategic thinking, particularly focusing on the experiential dimension. It seeks to identify and elucidate the specific experiences and their impactful attributes that contribute to the cultivation of strategic thinking among managers in Iran's burgeoning financial technology (Fintech) industry.

Adopting a qualitative methodology, this research is anchored in the descriptive phenomenological approach, with an emphasis on deeply understanding experiences as they naturally occur. To uncover the nuances of how managers in the Fintech industry develop strategic thinking skills, the study utilized semi-structured interviews. These interviews were meticulously designed to align with the research objectives, offering participants the opportunity to richly reconstruct and reflect upon their relevant experiences. Participant selection employed non-probability and purposive sampling methods, complemented by snowball sampling to ensure a comprehensive representation. The study engaged 14 senior managers in the financial technology sector, delving into their personal and professional journeys. Data analysis was conducted using the Colaizzi method, which involves a thorough process of transcribing interviews, detailed reading and re-reading of the transcripts, extracting significant statements, and formulating meaningful interpretations for each statement. This process also entailed organizing these interpretations into coherent thematic clusters, integrating these themes into a holistic description of the phenomenon, and delineating the fundamental structure of the experience. Crucially, the research findings were presented back to the participants for validation, allowing for any necessary refinements to ensure accuracy and authenticity.

This research successfully identified seven distinct and impactful experiences contributing to the development of strategic thinking among managers in Iran's Fintech industry, alongside the defining characteristics of these experiences. These pivotal experiences encompassed a range of factors: openness to new experiences, mentorship support, leadership in critical and challenging situations, a strong emphasis on personal development, extensive networking and communication, encountering and overcoming critical challenges, and leveraging failure as a tool for growth and development.

This study contributes to the existing body of research underscoring the significance of experiential learning. Conducted within the specific context of Iran's financial technology industry, the findings corroborate the instrumental role of experiential learning in the evolution of strategic thinking capabilities. The validity and reliability of the research outcomes were further reinforced through participant validation, ensuring the findings authentically represent the experiences and perceptions of those involved

Innovation is a key source of competitive advantage in social enterprises and their success depends on pursuing new innovations. Research in social business has accelerated in the past two decades but Previous research has focused more on how social businesses create and absorb value. Business model innovation has become one of the most important trends in business research but little research has been done on innovation in the social business model. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the drivers of business model innovation in social enterprises. The phenomenological qualitative research method was used as the research method and 12 social companies were selected by purposive sampling. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews. Analysis of the collected data indicates that the drivers of business model innovation in social companies include two categories of factors. Environmental factors that including business environment, environmental dynamics, ICT development, target community, macro-environmental forces and key stakeholders. And internal factors that include business sustainability, corporate social responsibility, key resources, key activities, customer relations, and revenue. The findings of this study show that the drivers of innovation in the business model have different dimensions and applications which can be exploited from the perspective of researchers, policy makers as well as social companies.