پلتفرم

The main purpose of this research is to identify the functions of human resource management in the gig economy with the Meta-Synthesis approach. This research is developmental in terms of purpose. In terms of the nature of the data and the style of data analysis, it is part of qualitative research. And based on data collection, it is documented. From the point of view of the research method, it is analytical-descriptive, and the data of the research were collected and analyzed using the seven-stage meta- Synthesis qualitative method of Sandelowski and Barroso. In order to identify the functions of human resource management in the gig economy, the researchers systematically searched for researches related to these factors in 5 scientific databases: Science Direct, Emerald, Wiley, Sage and Taylor & Francis, as well as Scopus reference database between 2010 and 2023. In the initial investigations, 117 sources were found, and after screening and validation and using the CASP tool, finally 21 articles were analyzed. In total, there are 7 main functions of human resources management in the gig economy, including human resources planning, recruitment of human resources, training and development of human resources, compensation for human resources services, job design, performance management, and communication; And 18 sub-functions of human resource management have been identified in the gig economy.

To answer the question of why organizations with the same resources in the same industry have different performances, it is possible to conduct research in the field of core capabilities. The current research, with an inductive approach, sought to identify and prioritize the core capabilities of superior clothing platforms.This research is exploratory in terms of results, applied in terms of purpose, cross-sectional in terms of time, and mixed in terms of approach. In the qualitative part of the research, the core capabilities that have created sustainable success for the top apparel platforms under study were identified by conducting semi-structured interviews with experts, as well as by studying and reviewing the secondary interviews, relying on the thematic analysis method. Then, in the quantitative part of the research, these capabilities were prioritized based on the opinion of experts, by paired comparison. The research sample in the qualitative part was made up of 19 experts who were selected in a purposeful, accessible, and snowball method and based on theoretical saturation. In the quantitative part of the research, 30 experts have formed the sample. The Holsti's coefficient was used to measure the reliability of the qualitative part. In the quantitative part, the inconsistency rate was used to evaluate the validity. The findings of the research show that the top platforms have six capabilities, which are: customer relationship management, supply chain management, information technology management, marketing and branding, flexibility, and business development.

 In today's world, where the distance between the supplier of goods and services and the applicant is becoming more and more complicated; Platforms help make this flow better. The complex issues in government governance and community administration are key roles that government can play among the demanders and providers of government and public services. Also, the government can greatly contribute to the ease, lack of crowding, security and thickness of the market between suppliers and applicants of government services and goods. The leading research seeks to propose a conceptual framework of the idea of a platform government that can answer many of the identified challenges and shortcomings of the modern government. Also, in this research, it has been tried to express a comprehensive definition of this concept that includes all its features by studying and criticizing the many definitions of the idea of platform government.

Design/ methodology/ approach: 

In order to achieve the goals of the current research and analyze the findings of the research, the implication research method has been used. In this method, the contributions of the sharing economy theory as a source of implication, preliminary guidelines to prove the efficiency of this idea (platform government) have been calculated. Also, in order to collect information and contributions from the concept of sharing economy, the method of library and document study has been used. The study sample population of the current research includes all reports, documents, scientific articles and books authored in Persian and Latin, in the field of sharing economy and platform government since 2015.

 The results of the research show that the platform government can be a suitable alternative to the modern government in the whole system of issues that the modern government is facing now. Also, the platform government approach for governments like the Islamic Republic of Iran, which is people-based, can be a suitable format for the growth and evolution of this feature.

Practical Consequences: 

Among the main practical consequences of the ideas of this research, we can mention the expansion of the ability of good governance in the country and the maximum benefit of all members of the society from government services and benefits in an easy and equal way.

Innovation or value of the Article: 

The most important initiative of this research is to identify the concept of sharing economy for the success of platform government; It can also be said that providing new coordinates for the concept of platform government according to the Studies conducted in this field is one of the most important values of the leading article.

In a global economy, companies with a business model based on network-based interactions have the fastest growth rates. In such a network-centric economy, strategic benefits are increasingly being created in platform-based businesses. The aim of this study was to qualitatively combine the results of studies conducted in the field of orchestration strategy in platform-based businesses. In this study, using a systematic search of studies related to orchestration strategy in reputable international databases were extracted and finally, 43 studies were identified for final reviews. The present study is applied research in terms of purpose, is qualitative in terms of approach, and is Library research in terms of data collection. Then, by adopting a meta-synthesis strategy and content analysis, concepts and patterns were extracted from selected studies. Finally, the pattern of orchestration strategy formation in 3 main dimensions (context, content, and process), 13 components (increasing the share of platform innovation, creating competitive advantage, creating shared value, knowledge dynamics, innovation appropriability, network sustainability, vision development, Stimulating innovation, legitimation, leadership levers, platform boundary management, platform components and rules) and 38 indicators were identified and categorized.

Nowadays, the increasing growth of technology and the significant impact of the media have led the global towards the use of new and interactive media. One of these media that has started to move towards progress in the world in recent years is video-on-demand services. The activity of these platforms in our country has expanded at a remarkable speed in the past years, and especially during the outbreak of the Coronavirus, it has shown that it can overtake its traditional competitors, such as television and cinema, and even foreign competitors; As the report shows that in 1400, the number of active installations of the Netflix platform by Iranian users is only 10 million users.According to the reports received on the bandwidth consumption of VOD platforms, Alexa rank, application installation statistics and other comparable criteria, "Filimo" has the largest share with about 65% of Iran’s VOD market. The present research aims to identify the business model canvas of streaming media platforms based on the business model of Osterwalder (case study: Filimo).One of the most complete business models that is used more than any other model in the world is Osterwalder’s business model canvas. A business model is a template for developing a model for a new business or registering an existing model used in a business.According to Osterwalder's definition, a business model is a conceptual tool that includes a set of elements and their relationship and shows the company's logic for generating revenue. OSterwalder's business model consists of nine main components, which are: value proposition, customer segments, channels, customer relationships, key resources, key activities, key partnerships, revenue streams, and cost structure.

This research is exploratory in nature, qualitative in terms of measuring method, and practical in terms of purpose. In this research, a non-random snowball sampling method was used. The target community of this research included media elites, experts and managers of new media platforms and experts in the field of media business in streaming media platforms, with 15 of them semi-structured interviews were conducted and the interviews were conducted until theoretical saturation occurred. The method of data analysis in this research was thematic analysis. To ensure the validity of the research findings, the four criteria suggested by Spezial, Strobert and Carpenter (2011) were used. The four criteria include acceptability, reliability, verifiability and transferability.

The results of the research showed that the values proposed by Filimo include qualitative content, the right to choose content, ease of access and suitable user experience. Also, the results showed that the general category of Filimo's audience included children, youth and teenagers, adults and the general public. Advertising is the main distribution channel of Filmo. Filimo's distribution channels include the website, word-of-mouth advertising, billboards, SMS advertising and social networks. Another result of the research was that from the point of view of the participants in the research, the strength of Filimo's relationship with its users through the production of content tailored to the customer, extensive advertising, good communication with the customer, and even the audience's participation in content creation and organic support from the Aparat platform. is guaranteed; But the weakness of Filimo's relationship with its customers is due to the lack of a systematic feedback system. Also, the results showed that Filimo has several general key activities, including the development of technical and human infrastructure, quality content production, marketing and advertising, and the pursuit of intellectual property.

Filimo's key resources include financial and human resources, equipment and infrastructure, audiences, content and advertising. Filimo's key partners include directors and producers, film and series production companies, telecommunication and internet companies and other institutions. Filimo's cost structure includes content production and purchase, human resources, support and infrastructure, and marketing. Filimo has several revenue streams including subscriptions, advertising and sponsorships. Also, other general factors affecting the success of Filimo are strong network, intelligence and timing, social concerns and previous successful experience.The characteristics of the ecosystem in which Filimo is present include decentralization, interconnectedness, competition and cooperation, providing complementary products and regulation by the regulatory body. Other factors of Filimo stability include the basic productivity of Filimo, the ability to survive against internal or external shocks, providing a competitive advantage from various sources and the ability to change during environmental changes, the ability to create pristine corner spots, and finally, changing the attitude of the defensive mode to the active.

The business model of the platform has been considered by many researchers in recent years, with some arguing it has already given rise to the entry of humans into the era of "platform life". This age is the product of a change under which traditional businesses have become platform businesses and the transition from product production to service delivery has taken place in the form of platforms. Platform business models are based on the logic of value exchange between several groups of stakeholders such as consumers, service providers, advertisers and third parties and have experienced significant growth in recent years. Some business researchers have attributed the growth of platforms to the emotional interaction of consumers with the brand of platforms. Accordingly, the issue of brand management in platform businesses has become a fundamental issue. However, the brand management of platforms faces major challenges. Part of these challenges stems from the fragility of customer relationships with these brands and brand risk. But the biggest challenge is the brand paradox mode. According to the "brand paradox mode", when the equity of a brand increases, the possibility of the brand being exposed to risk also increases. In such a case, brand risk can become a major crisis for the brand. A brand crisis can bring about serious challenges such as the devaluation of the brand, reduction of positive associations or reinforcement of negative associations in the minds of customers, and the inability to maintain the brand's existence and consequent closure of the platform business. Therefore, what is important in platform management of the brand is the issue of "brand resilience". The resilience of brand is capable of withstanding the risks that have turned into a crisis, recovering the brand if affected by the crisis, and even growing the brand in a critical situation. There is ample evidence that the platform's brand is generally failing, fragile, and vulnerable in the face of crises. This means that the brand position is shaky and is overshadowed at the cognitive, emotional and, behavioural levels. This is due to the confusion in the face of brand risks and crises and how to build a resilient platform brand. This study on understanding a platform's brand resilience targets a research gap and seeks to help the theoretical literature with a conceptual approach.

This study is written as a conceptual article with a descriptive approach. In a concept paper, unlike an empirical paper, arguments are not derived from data in a conventional way, but the formation of arguments is based on a combination of documents in the form of concepts and theories that have already been developed. In such articles, the ability to distinguish between the theories used as data and the theories present in the role of the theoretical framework of the research is necessary and, of course, difficult. However, to distinguish this difference, it is helpful to differentiate "method theory" and "domain theory."Domain theory" is a set of knowledge about an important topic in a field of research, and "method theory" is a meta-level conceptual system for studying the substantive issue(s) of the domain theory at hand. Therefore, to examine the concept studied in this research, a distinction has been formed between method theory and field theory. The approach of this research in developing the concept of the resilience of platform brands is based on a type of research design of conceptual articles called "theoretical composition". The main purpose of this approach is to create a conceptual integration between the various currents of previous research and to connect previously unrelated and incompatible pieces in a new format and a new perspective. In "theory combination", phenomena that have already been studied in a non-structural and scattered way are explained in a more coherent format with a conceptual basis. In this study, the central phenomena of platform business, branding, business crisis and resilience in the face of business crisis are dealt with under a concept called platform brand resilience and are studied as a coherent phenomenon. The starting point in "theory combination" as a type of concept paper is a phenomenon or concept that is practically examined by domain theory and method theory, and in this article, the concepts of platform, brand, resilience, brand crisis and brand risk are viewed as the starting point.

The starting point for combining theory in this paper is to explain the concept of platform. This article describes the platform as a business based on the ability to create value-creating interactions between consumers and foreign producers. It also uses the customer-centric brand equity approach as the basis for the study. According to this approach, brands are a collection of consumer experiences that are formed in interaction with the product, so they can be considered as a set of associations in the minds of consumers. Basically, in this article, brand resilience is understood in relation to brand equity, so it can be said that if there is no "brand value", there is no inherent "brand risk" and, of course, resilience will not make sense. According to the method theory in this research, a brand is threatened by 6 types of risk, including 1) value risk 2) market risk 3) reputation risk 4) identity risk 5) status risk and 6) presence risk. Platform brands may also experience these six types of risks. However this research shows that building resilient platform brands is difficult due to three factors: 1) the transformation of value chain logic into a value network on platforms 2) the active consumer effect on the brand and 3) fierce competition in the platform ecosystem. The first factor indicates that most of the value creation and brand building takes place outside the control of the platform. Thus, the performance of a platform is influenced by the performance and behaviour of all its partners (suppliers, shareholders, distributors, retailers and customers). Accordingly, many of the risks associated with the value creation and exchange process occur on the platform while the platform is not able to properly manage them. The second factor in the platform ecosystem that makes it difficult to build and manage platform brands is the active action of platform brand consumers in creating business experiences and the role of knowledgeable, networked, capable and active consumers in creating and destroying brand value. This role of the consumer can also be examined in the form of brand co-creation theory and an organic approach to the brand. According to the logic of brand co-creation, it is argued that brands are organic beings because they are created alongside different stakeholders and many parts of the manufacturing process are beyond the control of the organization/firm. The third factor also shows that platforms in the valley of intense competition, experience the "Red Queen" effect. This effect reinforces the tendency to adapt, evolve, constantly reproduce, and strive to eliminate the competitor. In such a case, the tendency to monopolize, merge and develop the brand and brand alliance increases, and this creates a crisis for growing brands. This research also shows how the evolution of platforms is related to their brand resilience. The present study features four types of problems facing brands during the evolution of platforms, including the "Red Queen effect", "Chicken and egg problem", "Penguin problem", and "Emergence".

Brand risk and crisis is a threat to the sustainability of businesses with platforms more exposed to brand risks and crises due to their special nature. Naturally, brand risk and crisis are able to change the brand performance of the platform on a cognitive, emotional and behavioral level, so risk management and brand crises are of undeniable importance. However, this article shows that platform brand resilience has been neglected in business research. This paper considers three main orientations including a) change in markets from consumers to producers b) change in competitive advantage from resources to ecosystem and c) change in value creation from processes to interactions as major factors influencing the challenges of platform businesses branding. This article points out that platform brands, like other brands, are affected by internal and external factors of brand dilution, which affect the current brand network by adding negative and unpleasant associations to the association network. This article concludes that weakening the brand has consequences such as reducing the intention to buy the product or increasing the likelihood of negative word of mouth about the brand and brand failure. The resilience of a platform brand, despite its own difficulties, can be implemented in a coherent framework; This framework can be outlined in seven steps, including 1) assessing brand risks, 2) preparing the brand team to deal with the crisis, and 3) deploying brand risk warning systems, 4) repelling brand attacks, and 5) learning how to repel the attack and adapting to the procedure 6) measuring and tracking brand resilience 7) creating public support for the brand campaign.

Today, platforms success cause platform business model changes to a successful business model in world level. But thing causes platform valuable is facilitate interactions that in this regard analysis and study of customers and servants’ expectations as customers of platforms is more important. The goal of research of customers’ expectations model design (customers and servants) is using meta-heuristic algorithm and factor analysis in order to platform development and grows. So, this research is a development and applied as view of purpose and has had a descriptive-survey research as identity and method that is a total action of inductive research. Research has two statistical societies include experts, universities masters and researchers in this area and also platform Iranian customers and servants that has used of two methods of judgmental sampling (snowball technique) and simple random. At first, for finding customers and servants expectations used of semi-structure interview and then was done automatic clustering with using meta-heuristic algorithms and the result shows that customers were include customers conclude two clusters with full of expectations and based on interaction and indifferent customers in all expectations dimensions. Its servants also include two clusters of customers with full of expectations and based on trust and indifferent servants in all expectation’s dimensions.

The purpose of the present study is to show the extent to which brand co-creation on platforms is influenced by gamification and sustainable business model. The statistical population of this study includes 114 Iranian and foreign platforms and the statistical sample include 88 platforms based on Alexa ranking. Structural equation modeling and SMART-PLS3 software were used to analyze the data. The results indicate that gamification has a positive and significant effect on brand co-creation. According to studies, the mediating effect of a sustainable business model on the relationship between gamification and brand co-creation was confirmed. Consequently, using gamification tools on platforms can help consumers to take part in brand co-creation. Platforms and companies or organizations that have a platform business model can use gamification design to encourage their consumers to take part in brand co-creation. Indeed, this gamification through the creation of a sustainable business model can play a greater role in brand co-creation.

With the tremendous progress in communications in the world, the transformation and behavior of mobile operators and their digitalization, which in the past were only service providers, as well as the creation of different experiences for customers, is inevitable.

The purpose of this study is to create a hybrid simulation of system dynamics and agent based modeling in order to analyze the revenue of the first operator in the country to enter the field of digital platform and development of native applications. Using the model proposed in this article, first the need for operators to enter the digital arena and produce native applications was expressed. Then, the factors that affect the mobile ecosystem that affect the production of applications and the development of required platforms were described. Benefiting from hybrid simulation of system dynamics and agent based modeling, the income of mobile operator in entering and not entering the digital arena and producing native applications were examined.

The findings showed that with the entry of the operator into the field of production of native applications and the adoption of digital approach, consumers tended to use more data services, but due to different tariffs for data and voice, the operator's income up to 2 Next years will not change much.

Business development in multiple industries and markets results in platform competition. Emerging approach requires adopting new managerial perspectives and defining appropriate business models. Reliability and performance of a platform besides on the capability of the platform owner, depends on the capabilities of partners and their bilateral and multilateral relations. So, relying on the principals of linear business modeling to design platform business models does not seem effective. This study aimed to fill the existing research gap in the field of platform business model and provide a comprehensive framework for developing business models tailored to the needs and specifications of the platforms. So, literature systematic review and meta-synthesis method is used to identify the components of the platform business model. Extracting research studies (2008-2019) from valid scientific databases and refinements based on specific criteria, 32 selected research articles has been analyzed. Consequently, a framework is defined to design platform business model in two levels, the first including six dimensions and the second 22 components. Proposed model is based on cooperation and value co-creation in, which is the platform core competency.

The present study seeks to show the extent to which the quality of user experience of platforms is influenced by their gamification and pricing strategy.

The statistical population of this study includes 114 Iranian and foreign platforms and the statistical sample includes 88 platforms based on Alexa ranking. Structural equation modeling and SMART-PLS3 software were used to analyze the data.

The results indicate that gamification does not have a positive and significant effect on the quality of user experience. According to the studies, the adjustment effect of pricing strategies on the relationship between gamification and user experience quality was confirmed.

Using gamification tools on platforms does not in itself improve or enhance the quality of the user experience. Platforms and companies or organizations that have a platform business model can use gamification to enhance the quality of the user experience if they use appropriate pricing strategies.

Iran's automotive industry has always had problems that at certain times these problems appear more and more. Every policymaker and official in different governments has had different analyzes about this industry and consequently suggested different solutions, but despite all the efforts, today we see that not only the problems have not been solved but they have intensified. In this article, we try to look at the problems from the perspective of the main stakeholders (customers, automakers, component makers, banks, government), as well as review the "common beliefs of industrial policymakers and analysts" and reflect on common beliefs. In the following, we will discuss some of the realities in the automotive industry and try to identify the important points that have been neglected in these beliefs. We will look for solutions to get out of the problems and according to the existing analysis, we will examine three alternative policies for the automotive industry. Then we suggest the appropriate policy with economic-political conditions for the automotive industry entitled "New industrialization through intelligent support of domestic production". The specific suggestion of this article is that the adoption and correct application of "industrial policies" is the main way to promote the country's automotive industry. In this regard, important policies are: "demands aggregation", "commonality", "avoid diversity in core components and try to focus on shared platforms".

Automotive industry of the Iran and two major automaker, SAIPA and IRAN-KHODRO groups, have been always the central attention of the State and the Parliament. Also technology management in the massive scale was so effective and it is one of the important subjects of product architecture. During the formation of the product architecture structure, decisions for manufacturing processes and supply chain architectures will be made simultaneously. In this paper, case study research methodology is used to develop a model for the decision integration of a car manufacturing corporate for developing product and process technologies in the range of its suppliers. Preliminary data are collected from sites that involve in Iran car manufacturing corporates and wide range of interviews with managers and experts in product development strategies and suppliers. Secondary data is collected from literature review and available documents in mentioned business unit. Results show that there is a strong relation between product architecture and product and process technology policy in supply network. Product architecture has a key role in maximizing technology absorption and transfer and it also improves the level of Manufacturability of product technology unites in supply chain network. Manufacturability of a product and its technologies in new product developing projects are due to the way of products function allocation to physical parts and also the type of industrial design. Product architecture in the literature of product development is allocation of defined tasks and functions of a product to physical components. Product architecture is a general description of product characteristics classifications covering product systems, number and type of components, number and type of common areas between these components and also the presenter of fundamental structure of a product. In this article, product technology is defined as an engineering diagram or a made physical sample of a system which represent various sciences’ usage in a product function. Process technologies are also consist of technologies which are used in a firm’s systems and machines and realized their functions. Also technologies of supply chain network define supplier potency in design and manufacture of different product and process systems. The result of product architecture is design and manufacture of systems and parts along whit embedded technologies which are offered in a format of a single product. Product architecture is created by industrial design in the format of a product.
Case study
Preliminary data are collected from sites that involve in Iran car manufacturing corporates and wide range of interviews with managers and experts in product and Technology development strategies and suppliers. Secondary data is collected from literature review and available documents in mentioned business unit. In this article a qualitative approach is used in research methodology. To enhance the generalizability of the results, according to triangulation principle, this research was conducted in three stages and based on data from separate sources. While studying the history of the research and measuring experimental documentations of parent automobile firms, by means of deep and exploratory interviews with correspondents, the primary data was collected and the early version of model is designed by the method of theme analysis. The second stage of research is done after developing conceptual model in order to validate the model. The method of collecting and analyzing data in this stage had been content validity survey through correspondents. The third step of the research has been done in practice in order to subscribe the verified model.
Discussion and Research findings indicate that today product architecture is used as a platform for designing and employing technologies in product components. Indeed designing a product is designing various technologies in order to realize its functions. In this research we define collaborative technology groups as a part of technologies which are embedded and appeared in systems, sub-systems, and different components of a product and its developing processes, which realize their various functions. In other words, product technology unites are the main focus of designers and engineers to define collaborative technology groups which are designed and manufactured in supply chain network of a firm to realize products and processes functions. Indeed, physical components of products and processes indicate a particular technology mechanism. For this reason we refer to these technologies as collaborative technology groups which act based on their functions in relation with each other and they are complementary. The product section of these technologies realize the function and the process section of the groups realize performance of firm’s production systems and supply chain. Technologies such as designing, molding, casting, and manufacturing are related to these technology units.
Manufacturability of technology units in supply chain network is an important part of designing and manufacturing a product. Measurement of a product Manufacturability is done according to supply chain network potential and actual sufficiency and capabilities in manufacturing modules and also firm potential and actual sufficiency and capability in integrating different components and modules for manufacturing a product. Different analysis levels of decisions and activities exist in different stages of technology groups designing in various products and processes. While general and massive architecture and design proceeding of all product technologies is done in the firm and by final product developing group, detailed proceeding related to systems and modules technology architecture and design in different categories of supply chain network such as manufacturers, producers, and other components of supply chain is done professionally. The importance of coordination and relation between these different stages redouble the importance of purposeful architecture and design of product and process technologies in supply chain. Data analysis according to case study indicates that in order to design constructible technology groups for product, process and supply chain systems, designing of these systems and technologies should be integrated. Data analysis and collection indicate that product architecture has a significant role in partnership rate and technology transfer in the level of supply chain. If we depend on suppliers in a number of important technologies, in the processes of modeling, designing, and manufacturing of technologies and affording their parts, we should involve the suppliers in technology developing projects and associate them in decision making. Also during choosing the type of product architecture, we should consider the important components of product strategy, firm’s strategy in affording existing parts, new parts, and also manufacturing, producing, and assembling equipment. Through product architecture, the product and process technologies in supply chain are connected and shaped collaborative technology groups. The designed model in this research is recommended as a general platform for designing and producing integrated and constructible product technology unites in supply chain network of a Corporation. This article claims that it presents a new insight to integrated and constructible engineering of collaborative technology groups in supply chain network

In recent decades, the need for innovation on the one hand and the high cost of innovation, on the other hand, led businesses to use open innovation approaches more than before. One of the implementation models of this approach is to turn the business into a platform business which has attracted a lot of research in recent years. However, there is a need for research into the main strategies of the platform business in Iran with its own specific economic conditions. In addition, in any particular industry, given the specific characteristics of that industry, these strategies can vary. The purpose of this research is to provide practical strategies for setting up a platform business in Iran. In this research, after reviewing various articles in the field of platform business, the collected data from semi-structured interviews and archival sources were analyzed using the grounded theory method. In this Research, the banking and payment industry was selected as the case study according to the characteristics of this research. Banks can create a platform business using five main strategies: "providing service to a limited number of customers", "create a public platform", "join an existing platform", "participation in the creation and management of a platform" and "investment".