blockchain technology

With the advancement of technology and the increasing use of spatial data in the tourism industry, attention to geomarketing and the application of innovative technologies like blockchain for optimizing geomarketing has become essential. This research aims to design a blockchain-based geomarketing model in the tourism industry. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, encompassing both quantitative and qualitative aspects, and is considered applied research. The statistical population includes tourism marketing experts, information technology specialists, and tourism managers, selected through purposive sampling. Data collection and the identification of key concepts were conducted using semi-structured and unstructured interviews. Creswell's model was applied alongside content validity assessment and intra/inter-coder reliability evaluations to ensure research validity. The study follows the grounded theory approach using Strauss and Corbin’s method, extracting a model through a three-stage coding process (open, axial, and selective) that includes causal, contextual, and intervening conditions, identifies the central phenomenon, proposes geomarketing strategies, and outlines their consequences. According to the research findings, given the complexity and large volume of location-based data in the tourism industry, implementing this technology can significantly enhance information management for more effective geomarketing. The study concludes that for companies to implement blockchain-based geomarketing in the technological era, strategies such as technology policy-making, infrastructure development, and digital onboarding must be adopted.

Technological advancements in the modern era have revealed the inefficiencies of traditional governance models and highlighted the need for emerging technologies to enhance governance structures. Contemporary societies are seeking greater efficiency, transparency, and public trust, compelling governments to adopt innovative technological tools. Blockchain technology, with its inherent characteristics of immutability, transparency, and data security, has significant potential to contribute to urban governance. In recent years, blockchain has been utilized worldwide for managing citizen data. This study aims to identify and prioritize the drivers and barriers to blockchain adoption for smart governance in Tehran. Following an initial list derived from a review of relevant literature and its validation by experts, the Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) framework was employed to prioritize these factors based on expert opinions, focusing on the most critical drivers and barriers. Additionally, a focus group of urban management experts was convened to finalize the study findings and propose actionable recommendations. The results indicate that the primary barriers include political, technical, economic, cultural, and legal limitations. Key challenges involve the absence of clear regulations, insufficient technical infrastructure, and high initial costs. From a cultural perspective, resistance to adopting new technologies and legal ambiguities are notable obstacles. Conversely, the drivers of blockchain adoption include enhanced transparency, cost reduction, strengthened public trust, reduced corruption, and improved inter-organizational communication. The study’s recommendations include drafting clear regulations, investing in technological infrastructure, providing financial incentives, and organizing training programs. These measures can help address the barriers and leverage the drivers to achieve smart governance in Tehran.

The various possibilities of blockchain technology that have appeared in I 4.0 have led various industries to think about using this technology in their various platforms. However, the use of this technology poses challenges for various industries, including the country's tourism industry. The objective of this research is to identify the challenges in implementing blockchain technology in the country's tourism service chain and to provide practical suggestions to overcome these challenges. To conduct this research, the challenges in implementing Blockchain technology in the tourism service supply chain were investigated using the research background study. Subsequently, these challenges were transformed into a structured system using the interpretive structural modeling technique. To fit the formed structural system, the structural equations technique was used with SmartPLS3 software. The statistical population of the current research consists of all experts, managers and assistants working in the field of tourism services in the country. The research results show that the 9 challenges identified in this research are divided into 6 general levels. The research results also show that the factor of government laws and regulations was identified as the most fundamental challenge to the implementation of Blockchain technology in the supply chain of tourism services

The production and circulation counterfeit drugs in the drug supply chain, especially in the field public health, is serious and vital challenge. Existing management systems in the supply chain are not able to guarantee the supply essential drugs patients. In order improve credibility medicines and reduce the problems the supply chain, it is suggested use the approach based blockchain technology. this research examines the performance the drug supply chain using blockchain technology ensure safety public health. Dynamic system method is used for implementation. The successful implementation blockchain technology requires a deeper understanding the complex dynamics the interaction system between its various components. The dynamic system approach can help analyze these complexities and identify the long-term effects changes in the supply chain. For this purpose, first, the desired data from the literature and interviews drug industry experts were collected, then modeling was done by defining variables, designing feedback loops and writing related mathematical equations. cause and effect diagrams were created as well as flow accumulation and simulation was performed period one year. The results the research show that among investigated indicators, the indicator increasing the detection rate and preventing fraud is particularly important because public health is directly affected by it. Other indicators, in order importance, include the balancing rate the pricing process, smart contracts, identity Digital coordination helps improve performance and strengthen trust in industry. In general, these indicators are used as a set of blockchain tools to improve transparency, security, efficiency and reduce fraud in the drug supply chain.

During centuries, humans, societies and political systems that move toward progression have shaped the basis of forming various sciences in favor of enhancing from current As-Is to proper To-Be situation. Sustainable development in recent years can be achieved through new definition of governance models and discussions on the new comprehensive form of governance called transcendent governance. On the other hand, emergent technologies such as blockchain has brought about transformations in businesses especially FinTech industry. Therefore, by investigating transcendent governance on one side and blockchain technology on the other side, this research aims at introducing a comparative model between dimensions of those aforementioned concepts.
The current research is carried out through a mixed method i.e. combination of both qualitative and quantitative methods. In the qualitative method, the dimensions of transcendent governance and features of blockchain were collected based on literature review studies. The first quantitative method was Fuzzy Delphi analysis in order to determine the approval or rejection of extracted dimensions and features. In this phase, 30 experts with academic degree of Masters and above from Management (Public Administration, Startegic, Information Technology), Political Sciences, Information Technology Engineering, Industrial Engineering, Computer Engineering and Electrical Engineering fields of study were selected to fill the correspondent questionnaire. The next quantitative method referred to extracting dimension of blockchain based on 217 experts’ opinions declared in the correspondent questionnaire, and features approved  using Exploratory Factor Analysis. This was necessary to compare transcendent governance with blockchain on the same correspondent level. After forming two sides comprising of transcendent governance and blockchain dimensions, the ISM method as the last quantitative method was carried out between these two sides to clarify the potential relations between dimensions.
In literature review, 10 dimensions including Structure, Process, Cognition and Values, Constitution, Organization and Institution, Performance Management, Policy Making, Section, International and Global Forces, Ethics- Accountability and Transparency were defined for transcendent governance. Also 13 features for blockchain including Distribution, Scalability, Network Laws, Dis-intermediation, Consensus-Orientation, Anonymity, Efficiency, Scrutiny, Reliability, Credibility, Security, Immutability and Transparency were extracted. Using Fuzzy Delphi analysis, firstly 30 experts filled the questionnaire about the correctness and coherence of transcendent governance dimensions along with blockchain features, then based on specific mathematical equations, fuzzification and defuzzification of expert’s scores were calculated. The results showed that one dimension of transcendent governance (named Section) was rejected and the rest of them were approved, and for blockchain technology, all features were approved to be applicable for further modeling. To make comparison reasonable, blockchain dimensions were extracted utilizing Exploratory Factor Analysis from features based on opinions of 217 experts. As the result, the features could be integrated under 6 main dimensions named Structure, Network Expansion Process, Network Formation Process, Intra-Network Interaction, Performance Improvement, Transparency-Security. Till here, we have 9 dimensions for transcendent governance and 6 ones for blockchain technology. To clarify relations between dimensions of transcendent governance and blockchain, ISM was exerted to all dimensions. The results showed that governance Structure with blockchain Structure and Network Formation Process, governance Process with Network Expansion Process, Network Formation Process and Intra-Network Interaction, governance Cognition and Values with Intra-Network Interaction, governance Constitution with Network Formation Process and Intra-Network Interaction, governance Organization and Institution with Network Formation Process, governance Performance Management with Performance Improvement, governance Policy Making with Network Formation Process, governance International and Global Forces with Network Formation Process, governance Ethics-Accountability and Transparency with Transparency-Security,  have bilateral relations.
This research aimed at delivering a comparative model between transcendent governance – as the most comprehensive governance model- and blockchain technology. Using various qualitative and quantitative methods, dimensions of transcendent governance and features of blockchain were investigated and blockchain dimensions were extracted. The clarified connections between the two concepts’ dimensions depicted that there is a reasonable correspondent coherence between specific dimensions of each side. The concepts discussed through transcendent governance referred to necessity of structural approach in people’s participation in network confirmation, formation and expansion and their critical role here is undeniable which is also approved via blockchain features and dimensions. The process of governance is dependent on all stakeholders and elements which form the network of people with intra-network interaction and its survival is achieved due to the feature of scalability. Governance cognition and values refer to justice and equality among participants which is met by intra-network interaction and consensus-orientation. Constitution is a legal and formal document in governance which means the same as network laws. Governance organization and institution is based on cohesion, connection and alignment of elements which refers to association and alignment of elements in forming the network. Performance management of governance that is knowledge and wisdom based, is correspondent to efficiency and scrutiny of network which leads to network performance improvement. Policy making in governance works as the director and instructor of other elements and coincides network formation laws in blockchain. International and global forces can influence how the blockchain network is formed based on international laws. And finally, ethics-accountability and transparency which are crucial in transcendent governance are matched with transparency-security as a valuable dimension of blockchain. In conclusion, the reasonable bilateral relations between transcendent governance and blockchain dimensions shows that utilizing blockchain technology as a proper mean to substantiate transcendent governance is worth taking action, and it can help governors to achieve transcendent governance based and through enforcing blockchain technology in the digital governance era.

Various evidence suggests that blockchain technology in the supply chain can significantly improve the performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and provide a foundation for sustainable advancement. Studies indicate that blockchain can enhance transparency and timely provision of information, improving decision-making processes and management of sustainable supply chains. Therefore, this study, adopting a mixed-methods approach, first identifies the success factors for implementing blockchain in sustainable supply chain management through content analysis of existing texts and then uses a descriptive correlational method to design an interpretive structural framework. Participants in the field portion of this research included 15 experts (academics and managers with industrial experience). The results indicate that support from senior management and effective planning and implementation is at the forefront as key success factors for the technology in the supply chains of SMEs. Government support and proper management of financial constraints are subsequent levels that will lead to enhancing infrastructure and strengthening organizational culture. Based on the findings, to bolster the identified success factors of blockchain technology in the supply chain, implementing innovative tools such as gamification is recommended, as these tools can improve user experience, increase participation, and motivate activities.

The main concern in the halal food supply chain is its halal integrity. Tracking systems based on emerging technologies are now used in the halal food supply chain to gain consumers' trust. To reduce the challenges of the halal food supply chain, blockchain technology is being used to improve its transparency and greater integrity. In the present research, by reviewing the related literature and experts' opinions, after identifying the challenges, functions, and technical requirements of blockchain in the halal food supply chain, the relationships among these have been determined through Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM), and a procedure for its application has been provided. The results of this study show that if the decision makers want to apply blockchain technology in the halal food supply chain, they should first select and improve the tools and technical requirements of blockchain as an infrastructure and then, reduce the challenges based on the relationship between them, which can lead to an increase in customer satisfaction.

The purpose of the current research is the mixed effect of marketing on blockchain technology with the mediating role of perceived usefulness in the customers of Bank Melli Iran in Tehran. The research method is applicable in terms of purpose, and descriptive-survey based on the method of data collection. The statistical population of this research is all the customers of the Bank Melli Iran in Tehran in 2023. For this purpose, according to Cochran's formula, 384 people were selected as the sample size, 420 questionnaires were distributed among the customers of the Bank Melli Iran in Tehran by a simple random method, and 393 questionnaires were collected. The data collection tool of this research is a questionnaire. The validity of the research tool has been confirmed by performing the confirmatory factor analysis technique. The reliability of the current research questionnaire was measured by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which was 0.815. Also, to analyze the data, structural equation modeling method using Smart-PLS3 software has been used. The research results indicate that senior management support, supply chain integration, and innovation capability have a significant impact on blockchain technology. Also, supply chain risk has not affected blockchain technology. Finally, the role of the marketing mix on perceived usefulness is demonstrated. Also, the perceived usefulness is affective on blockchain technology.

The present article was carried out with the aim of presenting a supply chain sustainability model using blockchain technology based on an innovative strategy in the food industry. In terms of purpose, it is mixed, cross-sectional and research. 21 participants of the qualitative part were selected in a purposeful way until reaching theoretical saturation. In the quantitative part, 135 managers and experts of companies active in the country's food industry were used. The data collection tools are semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. Validity according to Lincoln and Goba's point of view and reliability was estimated as 0.652 based on Holstein's formula. Convergent validity and divergent validity, combined reliability and Cronbach's alpha were used to measure the validity of the questionnaire. Data analysis was performed in the qualitative part with the foundation data method and MAXQDA software, and in the quantitative part with the partial least squares method and SMART PLS software. Based on the paradigm model of the research, it was determined that blockchain technical platforms and blockchain management platforms provide the necessary background, and blockchain barriers in the supply chain play an intervening role. Innovative strategy leads to environmental, economic and social sustainability.

The current research was conducted with the aim of presenting a model of the use of blockchain technology in the financial field. The sample size in the Delphi section was 15 people from financial management and information technology specialists and in the quantitative section, all people active in the country's stock exchange company, 384 people were randomly selected. The research method is based on the applied goal, in terms of method, it is exploratory and based on the collection of quantitative data. The main tool of data collection was a questionnaire based on theoretical foundations and conducting three rounds of the Delphi method, the validity of which was based on the technique of long-term engagement with long-term contact with the participants and was done by applying changes they wanted in different stages. In the quantitative part, content and structural methods were used to check validity. In addition, the reliability of the tool was used in the qualitative part using the Kappa index and in the quantitative part using Konbach's alpha. The obtained data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling with Smart PLS version 3 software. The results showed that three organizational, environmental and technical factors can justify the use of blockchain technology in the financial field.

Using blockchain technology, citizens can participate in health study programs. In addition, better research and shared data on public welfare will enhance treatment for diverse communities. A centralized database is used to manage the entire health care system and organizations. The aim of the research is to apply the hybrid technique for financial flow based on blockchain technology in the hospital ecosystem. The researcher has analyzed the results and findings of previous researchers by applying a systematic review approach and identified the effective factors by performing the 7 steps of the Sandelovski and Barroso method. Among the 270 articles, 25 articles were selected based on the CASP method, and the validity of the analysis was confirmed with the Kappa coefficient value of 0.776. In this context, in order to measure reliability and quality control, the transcription method was used, and its value was identified for the indicators identified at the level of excellent agreement. The results of data analysis collected in MAXQDA software led to the identification of 42 primary codes in 9 categories. Based on the metacomposition technique, 9 categories were also categorized based on these concepts. The 9 categories are: access control and privacy, data integration, emergency and specific healthcare, data compatibility, governance and compliance, payment management, cost management, asset management and medication management. The use of blockchain technology in the hospital ecosystem, as a new solution in financial and operational flow management, leads to significant benefits. This technology allows hospitals to track their assets and drugs more accurately and provide more efficient management of supply and resource utilization. Also, by providing a reliable platform for recording and transferring various data, blockchain can play an effective role in creating digital governance systems and increasing data privacy. In addition, blockchain is also very effective in managing hospital payments and costs, as it can help track and verify payments in a transparent and highly reliable manner. This technology can also be effective in increasing the hospital's financial efficiency and reducing resource wastage, which improves healthcare services and enhances the patient experience.

Blockchain technology is one of the most promising technologies of this ‎century that has the potential to bring about fundamental changes in business ‎models in a wide range of industries. The current research seeks to identify ‎the antecedents of the development of digital marketing based on blockchain ‎technology from the point of view of marketing experts in the aviation ‎industry.This research is practical in terms of orientation and positivist from a ‎philosophical point of view, which was carried out using a mixed method.,In ‎this study, the antecedents of the development of digital marketing based on ‎blockchain technology were first extracted by literature review and semi-‎structured interviews, and with the help of experts, the final factors were ‎identified;Then, these factors in the form of Q cards were provided to ‎‏22‏‎ ‎marketing experts in the aviation industry who were selected purposefully ‎and finally their views were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis.The ‎participants in this research have ‎‏6‏‎ different views and their mental patterns ‎are categorized based on market variables, internal, content, technological, ‎human and environmental factors.The results of this research have given ‎useful insight to managers and decision makers in the aviation industry, so ‎that by knowing these factors, they can strengthen and develop digital ‎marketing in airline companies.‎

Numerous variables are involved in green supply chain management and investigating any intervening variable can influence a diverse set of others. Blockchain, as an emerging technology of the fourth generation of the industry, comes with a variety of distinctive characteristics. The analysis of the integration between blockchain and green supply chain management will be highly intricate. Therefore, it is essential to establish a model to comprehend it effectively.
This study was carried out in two phases. In the first phase, the required information was collected, extracted, analyzed, and combined through a systematic review with a focus on the key questions. After identifying the primary existing sources, based on the entry conditions, some items were removed according to the determined conditions. Finally, 18 articles were thoroughly reviewed, and the variables were extracted. In the second phase, the validation, refinement, and examination of the relationship among variables were discussed through questionnaires. The combined method of DEMATEL and Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) were used.
Variables from the green supply chain, likely to be influenced by blockchain were extracted, refined, and modeled in 10 levels, ranging from the most influential to the least influential ones. Environment-related variables, along with business viability, are the most influential.
According to the achieved model and the degree of influence and impact of the variables, the main driver for moving towards green practices and utilizing blockchain include "the need to obtain environmental certification (government pressure)," "buying green products (inclination)," and "giving importance to the social responsibility of the green company." The outcome also depends on "business continuity" and environmental variables. An important aspect regarding the relationship between blockchain and the green supply chain is the location of the variables influenced by blockchain in the interpretive structural model. These variables were placed in the middle levels of the model, indicating that before implementing blockchain technology, it is crucial to assess the influencing variables and determine their value. The assessment can determine whether the establishment or non-establishment of blockchain technology is justified. If these variables indicate the need for changes in the intermediate variables of the model, blockchain technology can be used as a tool or enabler in the supply chain to drive the desired changes based on the specified influencing variables. Ultimately, as the intermediate variables in the model change, the dependent or influencing variables in the model can also be affected.

In today's world, where technology is growing at a very fast pace and along with the emergence of innovation, the insurance industry is not exempt from this trend and is keeping pace with the world's technologies. Therefore, in the current research the antecedents and consequences of value creation in the insurance service industry with a focus on blockchain "technology (a hybrid research approach) was studied.

From the point of view of methodology, this research is an applied research and it is combined with a descriptive-exploratory approach. In the qualitative phase, the statistical population of the research, in the section of research texts, has been extracted from among the scientific articles related to the subject in the period of 2015 to 2022 through advanced search on the Google website and also Science Direct articles. Then, to conduct a semi-structured interview, experts were selected from 6 private insurance companies, including Asia Insurance, Dana, Pasargad, Kowsar, Parsian and Saman, as well as from 2 governmental insurance companies (Iran Insurance and Central Insurance). The statistical sample in the qualitative part with a targeted (judgmental) approach reached the limit of 14 person, and on the other hand, the statistical community in the quantitative part of the research, a total of 130 managers who are familiar with the insurance technologies from the 8 mentioned companies, were covered. The obtained statistical sample was 96 people based on stratified random sampling method with proportional assignment. In the qualitative part, the data collection method was field and library (interview method and reading texts) and the data collection tools included interview guide or interview card and questionnaire were selected. In the quantitative stage of the method of collecting field data and collection tools, the researcher made a questionnaire with 82 questions, that validity has been confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis and reliability through Cronbach's alpha. Qualitative data analysis was done using the foundation data analysis method while using MAXQDA 18 software and quantitative data analysis was done using confirmatory factor analysis method in SMART PLS software. Also, by using DIMATEL's approach, the effectiveness, influence and interactivity of the factors of the main categories were investigated in relation to each other (2 factors from each category and 12 factors in total).

In total, 495 codes were extracted from 57 articles and 153 codes from 14 interviews in the form of 32 main categories and 57 subcategories. Quantitative findings indicated the confirmation of all assumptions of the proposed model. The results of DIMATEL's analysis also showed that the most interactivity was related to intelligent communication, the least interactivity was related to digital transformational leadership, the highest effectiveness was related to the variable of robotic automation of processes, and the highest effectiveness was related to risk management and insurance losses

The overall results showed that the development of value creation strategies through smart marketing channels and new technologies leads to competitive advantage and digital transformation in the insurance industry and the development of infrastructure and digital value creation space in the insurance industry through the channel of this technology is extremely vital and sensitive.

Insurance industry is one of the most important competitive areas of the country. This makes it inevitable to direct the organizational structure and resources of insurance organizations towards value creation in order to use attractive opportunities in the most favorable way in order to attract customers' support. Therefore, the current research has focused on designing a value creation model in the insurance service industry with a focus on blockchain technology..

The current research is exploratory in terms of its purpose and applied research in terms of the type of use, in which the qualitative method and grounded theory are used. The statistical population in the theoretical background section included scientific articles related to the topic on Google and Science Direct during the years 2015 to 2022, and in the semi-structured interview section included public and private insurance experts. The research experts were selected from six top private insurance companies including Asia, Dana, Pasargad and Kausar, Parsian and Saman(based on the Central Insurance report) and two government insurance companies(Iran and Central Insurance) using a targeted sampling method. In this research, the field and library method and the survey and interview tools were used to collect data.

The data were analyzed in three stages of open, central and selective coding. Max QDA 18 software was used for data analysis. A total of 678 codes(from 57 articles and 14 interviews) were extracted in the form of 32 main categories and 57 subcategories.

The implementation of the value creation process in the insurance industry from the platform of blockchain technology will lead to a more coherent management of insurance risk and losses, Automatic implementation of insurance processes and finally a long-term relationship with customers.

This research attempts to propose a conceptual framework for developing entrepreneurial learning among blockchain entrepreneurs with an interpretative approach and event-based interviews. Researchers think of blockchain as a new revolutionary technology similar to the Internet. Given the changes that blockchain technology is capable of making, it has gained importance to identify entrepreneurship opportunities and put them into use. Dismissing this matter might lead to a loss of entrepreneurial learning opportunities and improving the methods used for guiding entrepreneurs to identify opportunities, start a business, and keep it. Therefore, it will be vital to identify the resources and learning and educational methods for entrepreneurial development. To do this, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 entrepreneurs or senior managers of the blockchain industry living in Iran. After coding the interviews, a framework was detected for developing entrepreneurial learning. The results show that entrepreneurial learning resources and methods consist of four sections including work-task, education-publication, imitation-modeling, and human-social interactions, each consisting of numerous methods. In this framework, in addition to learning resources and methods, six facilitating factors were identified, including motivation, interest, personal life process, business nature, nature of the business environment, and personal traits. Also, the identification of six limiting factors including economic obstacles, blockchain ecosystem obstacles, technological obstacles, government obstacles, personal obstacles, and finally institutional obstacles were another part of this framework.