blockchain technology

Financial transparency, particularly within financial and insurance institutions, enhances the confidence of investors and stakeholders. Blockchain technology, together with smart contracts, can strengthen transparency and help reduce fraud. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of using blockchain technology on financial transparency in the insurance industry, with special attention to the mediating role of smart contracts. This research is applied in purpose and employs a descriptive-survey design. The statistical population consists of all managers and experts of insurance companies in Tabriz. Sampling was conducted using a combination of simple random and convenience sampling methods, resulting in a final sample of 196 individuals. Data were collected through a researcher-constructed questionnaire, and the variables were measured using a multi-option Likert scale and respondents’ perceptions, whose validity and reliability were confirmed. Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling with SPSS and LISREL software. The findings indicated that within the insurance industry, the development and implementation of blockchain infrastructures exert a direct and significant impact on financial transparency. More precisely, the adoption of this emerging technology can render financial processes more transparent, standardized, and traceable, thereby substantially increasing trust within the insurance system. Furthermore, smart contracts play a prominent mediating role in strengthening the relationship between blockchain technology and financial transparency. Owing to the automation and high accuracy of transactions, smart contracts enhance the efficiency of financial operations and enable intelligent monitoring of exchanges. The overall results suggest that employing blockchain and smart contracts can pave the way for achieving higher levels of financial transparency in the insurance industry.

This study was conducted with the aim of designing a tax system reengineering model based on blockchain technology and is based on a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches. In the qualitative phase, a series of in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 experts in the fields of tax system, blockchain technology, and public policy, who were selected using purposive sampling and based on specialized criteria. The interviews were analyzed using a content analysis approach using MAXQDA software, and through it, main and sub-themes related to the transformation of the tax system were extracted. Subsequently, to explain the relationships between the identified constructs, the structural-interpretive modeling method and MICMAC software were used to clarify the hierarchical structure of the components and their causal roles and effectiveness. By extracting 11 main themes and 68 sub-themes of the research using the results of qualitative content analysis and the ISM method, the research model was presented. Based on the results of the ISM analysis, it was determined that the blockchain technology infrastructure, blockchain legal rules, data governance in the tax system, and digital policymaking of the tax system are at the base layer and play a driving and fundamental role in the transformation of the tax system. These factors provide the basis for tax system innovation and tax process intelligence. In addition, tax system innovation and tax process intelligence directly affect the acceptance of tax beneficiaries and the transparency of the tax system. Increasing transparency and acceptance strengthens the trust and more active participation of taxpayers and provides the basis for reducing tax evasion and corruption and achieving tax justice and inclusion and sustainability of government revenues.

Digital government represents a strategic approach for enhancing transparency, citizen participation, and efficiency in the delivery of public services. With the rise of public expectations and evolving digital standards, blockchain technology has emerged as a transformative innovation. Its defining features—decentralization, high security, transparency, and immutability of data—position blockchain as a key driver of both digital government and innovation in public policymaking. However, its application in developing countries faces multiple obstacles. In Iran, despite ongoing efforts to advance digital governance, the integration of blockchain into public policymaking remains limited. This study aims to address this gap by systematically identifying the benefits, barriers, and infrastructural requirements for blockchain adoption in the Iranian public sector, using the Importance–Performance Analysis (IPA) framework.

The research adopted a mixed-methods design, beginning with a qualitative phase followed by a quantitative assessment. Data for the qualitative phase were gathered through semi-structured interviews with 13 experts in blockchain technology and public policy, including IT managers and university faculty members. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis based on Braun and Clarke’s (2006) framework, employing an inductive approach in which themes emerged from the data without reliance on predefined theories. Thematic coding resulted in the extraction of 221 basic codes, consolidated into 30 organizing themes and 10 global themes. These themes informed the design of a structured questionnaire for the quantitative phase. The questionnaire, based on a four-point Likert scale, was evaluated through IPA. Finally, the results were validated by a panel of experts in public policy, IT, and blockchain to ensure prioritization of the most critical factors.

The thematic analysis highlighted ten overarching domains, including transparency, trust-building, decentralization, security, efficiency, economic and geopolitical implications, innovation, challenges, and infrastructural requirements. The IPA results revealed significant mismatches between importance and performance. Key elements such as transparency, data security, and corruption reduction were rated highly important but demonstrated weak performance due to technical, organizational, and political constraints. Conversely, areas such as public access to information and the implementation of smart contracts were identified as high-performing strengths. Other components, including the decentralization of power and international collaboration, though in early stages of development, were recognized for their substantial strategic potential. Collectively, these findings show both the promise of blockchain and the barriers to its full realization in Iran’s public sector.

Blockchain is not merely a technological innovation but a powerful instrument for transforming public policymaking in the context of digital government. The study demonstrates that blockchain can substantially improve transparency, data security, and anti-corruption mechanisms. Yet, challenges remain: technical limitations, a shortage of specialized professionals, organizational resistance, and legal and regulatory gaps all impede full-scale adoption. Policy implications include the urgent need for coherent policy design, robust technical infrastructure, and enhanced cross-sector collaboration. Despite the barriers, blockchain holds significant strategic potential to strengthen governance quality, efficiency, and transparency in Iran and other developing countries, offering a pathway for innovation in public policy and the advancement of digital government.

The aim of the present study was to model the competitiveness of state-owned industrial companies in the international market by using blockchain technology. The research method was mixed. The statistical population in the model design section was professors of public administration, information technology, IT and information systems management in higher education centers, senior managers and senior managers of the informatics department, international marketing and sales department in state-owned industrial companies, in the accreditation section, specialists and experts knowledgeable about the research topic at the national level and in the quantitative section, all managers and experts in the marketing and sales, informatics and information technology and international departments and senior, middle and operational managers of the Sarcheshmeh Copper Complex in the winter of 1403, totaling 646 people. In the qualitative part, 18 experts were selected using snowball sampling method, in the validation part, 16 experts were selected using purposive sampling method, and in the quantitative part, 242 samples were selected using stratified random sampling method. For data analysis, in the qualitative part, thematic analysis method with initial coding, theme construction, and theme refinement using semi-structured interview tool in Atlas software was used, in the validation part, the Delphi method was used in three stages with the expert assessment checklist tool in SPSS software, and in the quantitative part, the structural equation modeling method was used with a 96-item questionnaire tool in Smart PLS software. To determine validity and reliability in the qualitative part, the necessary studies including acceptability (expert review) and confirmability (expert review) were used, and in the validation stage, the content of the expert assessment checklist was approved by several academic and organizational experts in terms of understandability and clarity, and its reliability was calculated and confirmed by the test-retest method as 0.83. In the quantitative phase, the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed in three ways: face, content (CVI between 0.8 and 1 and CVR between 0.5 and 0.9) and construct (convergent validity range between 0.563 and 0.727 and divergent validity greater than the correlation of the construct with other constructs). The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed in three ways: factor loading coefficients (more than 0.4), Cronbach's alpha (0.710 to 0.820) and composite reliability (0.794 to 0.889). According to the results of the qualitative section, the final model had 6 main themes as follows: 1. Technological transformation and innovation, 2. Smart supply chain transparency, 3. Organizational capacity building, 4. Legal and policy environment, 5. Sustainable economic advantage and 6. Interaction with international markets, 24 sub-themes and 96 criteria. The results of the validation section indicated confirmation of the main and sub-themes identified in the qualitative section. The results of the quantitative section indicated confirmation and explanatory power of the research model components in a real statistical population

The objective of this research is to investigate the mindsets of experts regarding the application of blockchain technology in government organizations using Q methodology. This study is applicable in its objective, and employs a mixed-methods approach for its execution. The statistical population of the research consists of managers in government organizations. Using purposive sampling and based on the principle of theoretical sufficiency, 19 individuals were selected as the statistical sample. With respect to the research approach, the qualitative phase initially involved 19 interviews to establish discourse; and the sample, Q-options, and finally the Q-set were derived through their perspectives and opinions. Subsequently, in the quantitative phase, the data obtained from the qualitative phase were analyzed and examined using SPSS. The findings indicate that transparency, increased productivity, enhanced agility, corruption prevention, elevated trust levels, improved electronic voting, secure identity management, and improved innovation are the eight mindsets of managers concerning blockchain technology in government organizations.

This study aimed to design and propose a comprehensive model for applying blockchain technology to enhance financial sustainability within the automotive parts manufacturing supply chain. This applied, developmental research used a mixed-methods approach. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten senior managers and experts from ten major automotive parts manufacturing companies, and data were analyzed using grounded theory coding. In the quantitative phase, the identified variables were validated and refined through a fuzzy Delphi technique and pairwise comparison questionnaires distributed among 214 senior, financial, IT, and supply chain managers from 150 companies. Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and MICMAC analysis were employed to determine hierarchical relationships and driving–dependence power among components. The fuzzy Delphi analysis identified ten key components for implementing blockchain in financially sustainable supply chains, including “Legal and Regulatory Framework,” “Standardization,” “Technology and Infrastructure Management,” “Policy Making,” “Blockchain Information Management,” “Centralized Business Model,” “Supply Chain Integration,” “Financial Flexibility,” “Financial System Development,” and “Achieving Sustainable Goals.” ISM revealed a seven-level hierarchical structure, with “Legal and Regulatory Framework” and “Standardization” as foundational independent drivers, while “Financial System Development” and “Achieving Sustainable Goals” were dependent outcomes at the top. Strengthening the legal and regulatory foundation and establishing industry-wide standards are prerequisites for successful blockchain adoption in financially sustainable supply chains. Organizational policies and technology management should subsequently evolve to improve transparency, trust, and risk reduction, ultimately enabling sustainable financial systems and environmental goals in the automotive parts industry.

In recent decades, charitable and non‑governmental organizations (NGOs) have faced increasing challenges, including declining donor trust, limited financial transparency, and rising operational costs. These challenges directly weaken marketing effectiveness, fundraising performance, and the sustainability of donor relationships. In this context, blockchain technology has emerged as a novel trust‑building mechanism that enhances transaction transparency, enables accurate donation traceability, and reduces dependence on intermediaries, thereby creating a new value proposition for donors. Accordingly, this study aims to develop a trust marketing model for blockchain‑based charitable financing.

This research adopts a qualitative methodology using a grounded theory approach. Data were collected through semi‑structured interviews with charity managers, blockchain technology experts, and active donors. The data were analyzed through open, axial, and selective coding. The findings indicate that transaction transparency and data privacy play a critical role in strengthening donors’ perceived trust by improving traceability and reducing the risk of fraud. In addition, the use of smart contracts and automated resource allocation processes reduces operational costs, enhances efficiency, and improves the donor experience, which in turn increases donors’ willingness to sustain long‑term financial participation.

The results further show that the effectiveness of blockchain‑based trust marketing in charitable financing depends on contextual and institutional conditions, particularly transparent legal frameworks, appropriate governance mechanisms, and social acceptance among donors. The final model emphasizes the interaction of four core forces—transaction transparency, data privacy, governance and legal policies, and social justice—which collectively reinforce trust, improve fundraising outcomes, and enhance the overall effectiveness of charitable activities.

By proposing a marketing‑oriented and context‑sensitive model, this study contributes to the literature on trust marketing and relationship marketing in charitable organizations and emerging financial technologies, while offering practical insights for nonprofit managers and policymakers. Keywords: Trust Marketing; Blockchain Technology; Financial Transparency; Donor Trust; Charitable Financing.

In the face of growing complexities and continuous instabilities across supply chains, intelligent decision-making and enhanced organizational resilience have become indispensable. The purpose of this study is to develop an intelligent framework for strengthening supply chain resilience by leveraging emerging technologies, particularly artificial intelligence and blockchain. This research adopts a mixed-method approach. In the first phase, a systematic literature review was conducted on 63 studies published between 2015 and mid-2025 in Scopus and Web of Science databases, from which 34 relevant papers were selected after screening. Subsequently, thematic analysis was performed using MAXQDA 2022 to extract key components and develop the initial conceptual framework. To localize and validate the findings, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 experts in the field of smart supply chains, and the results were re-analyzed through thematic analysis. In the quantitative phase, the fuzzy Delphi method was employed for criteria screening, while the fuzzy DEMATEL technique and fuzzy ANP were utilized to determine causal relationships, influence levels, and criteria weights. The findings reveal that emerging technologies significantly enhance supply chain resilience by improving information transparency, accelerating decision-making, and strengthening predictive capabilities. “Supply chain digitalization,” “smart agricultural economy,” and “institutional policymaking” were identified as the key drivers, whereas “technological collaboration” and “process automation” exerted the greatest influence on system adaptability and recoverability. Overall, the results provide an intelligent roadmap for decision-making under uncertainty and for developing technological capacities within supply chains.

The objective of this research is to identify the factors influencing blockchain technology in the country's financial services industry using a meta-synthesis approach. In terms of purpose, the present study is fundamental. Since the data in this research have been collected without bias or manipulation, it is considered a non-experimental study. To address the research problem in the qualitative phase, the meta-synthesis approach was employed. Subsequently, in the quantitative phase, Shannon's entropy method was used to determine the impact coefficient of the identified factors. The statistical population of this research consists of professional and academic experts in the application of blockchain technology in the country's financial services industry. To this end, this study applied meta-synthesis to identify the dimensions and factors affecting the adoption of blockchain technology in the financial services industry for scenario development. This was achieved by reviewing past research records, distributing questionnaires, and aggregating expert opinions. In this phase, 19 key drivers were extracted through a systematic review of the literature and interviews with 23 experts. All 19 factors derived from the research background and expert interviews were selected as the final factors.

Over the past decade, the development of blockchain technology and the emergence of cryptocurrencies have brought about significant transformations in global financial and banking systems. This innovative technology, while providing new economic and financial opportunities, has also introduced substantial challenges in the fields of regulation, economic stability, and risk management. Among the major economic opportunities stand the facilitation of international transactions, the elimination of traditional intermediaries in payment processes, the reduction of money transfer costs, and the enhancement of the speed and efficiency of payments. Moreover, cryptocurrencies expand access to financial services for individuals excluded from traditional banking systems, potentially playing a vital role in economic development and financial empowerment of diverse social groups. Conversely, severe price volatility, potential misuse of cryptocurrencies for illegal activities such as money laundering and terrorist financing, and the absence of clear legal and regulatory frameworks pose serious threats to the stability of financial systems and public trust. Accordingly, this study seeks to identify the key factors that influence the adoption and utilization of cryptocurrencies within Iran’s banking system, while also examining the associated legal, technical, and regulatory challenges. The research seeks to provide a comprehensive picture of the opportunities and constraints associated with this technology and propose strategies for its effective utilization.
 
This study employs a qualitative, exploratory research approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 15 experts in the field of cryptocurrencies, including investors, managers of crypto exchange platforms, signal analysts, university professors (with at least a PhD and ten years of experience in economics, finance, or policymaking), and policymakers affiliated with the Central Bank of Iran and related institutions. A snowball sampling method was used to ensure diversity in the participants’ professional and technical backgrounds. The collected data were coded and analyzed using MAXQDA software. Initially, open coding was conducted, followed by axial coding to extract the main themes, which were then organized into a network of conceptual relationships. This approach enabled a structural and in-depth analysis of expert perspectives and the identification of interconnections among technical, legal, and institutional factors.
 
The findings indicate that the successful implementation of cryptocurrencies requires a set of institutional, technical, and educational prerequisites. Key requirements include the establishment of clear and enforceable regulations, strengthening of technical and cybersecurity infrastructures, the enhancement of public awareness and financial literacy, and the development of protective mechanisms to prevent common fraudulent activities. Furthermore, international cooperation and the formation of independent regulatory bodies play an essential role in mitigating financial risks and attracting foreign investment. In addition, the absence of a defined taxation framework, legal ambiguities regarding digital ownership, and a lack of transparent guidelines for the operation of crypto exchanges and digital wallets were identified as major barriers to the sector’s development in Iran.
 
The results suggest that achieving sustainable and effective cryptocurrency integration within Iran’s banking system requires policymakers, legislators, and economic actors to adopt a comprehensive, balanced, and localized approach. The conceptual model developed in this study explains the interrelations among technical, legal, and educational factors and can serve as a foundation for formulating practical and effective policies in the cryptocurrency domain. Ultimately, simultaneous attention to both opportunities and risks—alongside the establishment of robust regulatory and supportive mechanisms—can foster public trust, attract investment, and enable efficient economic utilization of this emerging technology in Iran.

In recent years, the concept of value creation has become a central theme in the banking industry. The emergence of technologies such as blockchain and smart contracts has provided opportunities to transform traditional banking processes, including credit assessment and loan granting. However, a significant research gap remains regarding the practical impact of these technologies on multidimensional value creation in banks of developing countries. This study aims to analyze the effects of smart contracts on banking value creation through accelerating the loan approval process and improving credit evaluation in Bank Mellat.

This research is applied-developmental in nature and adopts a qualitative approach based on thematic analysis. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with nine managers and credit officers of Bank Mellat and analyzed using MAXQDA software through open, axial, and selective coding stages. Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) was also employed to identify hierarchical relationships among the extracted constructs.

The analysis revealed five overarching themes. Results indicated that smart contracts contribute to operational value creation by reducing human intervention by 70%, increasing the speed of credit evaluation by 50%, and decreasing administrative errors by 45%. Furthermore, they enhance informational value creation by enabling immutable condition recording and commitment tracking. The ISM model showed that technical requirements and legal barriers act as fundamental prerequisites, enabling informational, operational, and ultimately strategic value creation.

Smart contracts, when supported by proper technical and legal infrastructures, can foster multidimensional value creation—financial, operational, customer, and strategic—by accelerating processes, mitigating credit risks, and enhancing customer satisfaction. Accordingly, banks are encouraged to invest in blockchain infrastructure, establish clear legal frameworks, and align existing processes with digital requirements to facilitate effective implementation and advance digital transformation in the banking sector.

Today's competitive environment has made it necessary to take advantage of  blockchain technology, especially for service organizations. But using this technology will require identifying & analyzing the factors that affect its use. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to identify and prioritize the factors affecting the application of blockchain technology in the Iranian banking industry. The present study is based on the applied purpose and in terms of data collection in the field of descriptive survey studies. The statistical population of this study in the qualitative part is university professors in the field of information technology, banking management & experts active in the banking industry. Using the snowball sampling method based on the theoretical saturation principle, 14 people Were determined. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and encoded using Atlas T software. In a small part, the statistical population of the present study consisted of senior managers & experts in the banking industry. Using purposive sampling method, 50 people were selected as the research sample. Data were collected using a questionnaire based on triangular fuzzy logic based on a 5-Likert scale. Validity of the questionnaire using content validity index based on the opinions of 10 experts aware of the research topic and its reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient whose values ​​are equal to %72, respectively. And %86 . The result was approved. Findings of this study, indicate that human resources, laws & regulations are the most important factors affecting the application of blockchain technology in the Iranian banking industry, respectively

With the advancement of technology and the increasing use of spatial data in the tourism industry, attention to geomarketing and the application of innovative technologies like blockchain for optimizing geomarketing has become essential. This research aims to design a blockchain-based geomarketing model in the tourism industry. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, encompassing both quantitative and qualitative aspects, and is considered applied research. The statistical population includes tourism marketing experts, information technology specialists, and tourism managers, selected through purposive sampling. Data collection and the identification of key concepts were conducted using semi-structured and unstructured interviews. Creswell's model was applied alongside content validity assessment and intra/inter-coder reliability evaluations to ensure research validity. The study follows the grounded theory approach using Strauss and Corbin’s method, extracting a model through a three-stage coding process (open, axial, and selective) that includes causal, contextual, and intervening conditions, identifies the central phenomenon, proposes geomarketing strategies, and outlines their consequences. According to the research findings, given the complexity and large volume of location-based data in the tourism industry, implementing this technology can significantly enhance information management for more effective geomarketing. The study concludes that for companies to implement blockchain-based geomarketing in the technological era, strategies such as technology policy-making, infrastructure development, and digital onboarding must be adopted.

The purpose of this research is the role of blockchain technology in creating trust among customers in the marketing ecosystem. The current research is applicable in terms of purpose, and descriptive-survey in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of the current research includes the community of digital marketing specialists and experts in the field of advanced information technology, which was considered 385 people due to the large sample size using the Morgan Krejci table. This number was selected based on the sampling method of the available sample, and in this way, 385 questionnaires were distributed among the statistical population, and finally 228 perfect questionnaires capable of statistical analysis were collected. The collection tool in this research includes a researcher-made questionnaire derived from qualitative results. The reliability of the research was checked and confirmed using Cronbach's alpha criterion in SPSS software. AMOS software was used to fit the conceptual model of the research. The results of this research showed that the trust resulting from the transparency of blockchain technology is able to have significant effects on various financial and non-financial consequences for businesses that use this technology in their marketing ecosystem.

The aim of the present study is to determine the factors affecting blockchain technology in routing-location of combined transportation of the Channel Security Distribution System. The research method is applicable according to its purpose, and its method is qualitative, and of meta-synthesis type. By using a systematic review and meta-synthesis approach, the results and findings of previous researchers were analyzed and the effective factors were identified by performing the 7 steps of the Sandelowski and Barroso method. Out of 580 articles, 79 articles were selected based on the CASP method. In this context, in order to measure reliability and quality control, the transcript method was used; and its value was identified at the high agreement level for the identified indicators. Based on the coding performed in the ATLAS TI software, 8 categories and 51 primary codes were identified. The identified categories are: electronic network management, route management, environmental factors, transparency, trust management, technical infrastructure, information standardization and business intelligence; therefore, by combining these 8 criteria, all of which have specific resources and recurrence, it is possible to optimize transportation routing-location by combining blockchain and omnichannel distribution. The results show that today's companies communicate and interact with each other in a dynamic market that is undergoing fundamental change and transformation, which is created by the increasing speed at which digitalization and technological advances are advancing.

Technological advancements in the modern era have revealed the inefficiencies of traditional governance models and highlighted the need for emerging technologies to enhance governance structures. Contemporary societies are seeking greater efficiency, transparency, and public trust, compelling governments to adopt innovative technological tools. Blockchain technology, with its inherent characteristics of immutability, transparency, and data security, has significant potential to contribute to urban governance. In recent years, blockchain has been utilized worldwide for managing citizen data. This study aims to identify and prioritize the drivers and barriers to blockchain adoption for smart governance in Tehran. Following an initial list derived from a review of relevant literature and its validation by experts, the Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) framework was employed to prioritize these factors based on expert opinions, focusing on the most critical drivers and barriers. Additionally, a focus group of urban management experts was convened to finalize the study findings and propose actionable recommendations. The results indicate that the primary barriers include political, technical, economic, cultural, and legal limitations. Key challenges involve the absence of clear regulations, insufficient technical infrastructure, and high initial costs. From a cultural perspective, resistance to adopting new technologies and legal ambiguities are notable obstacles. Conversely, the drivers of blockchain adoption include enhanced transparency, cost reduction, strengthened public trust, reduced corruption, and improved inter-organizational communication. The study’s recommendations include drafting clear regulations, investing in technological infrastructure, providing financial incentives, and organizing training programs. These measures can help address the barriers and leverage the drivers to achieve smart governance in Tehran.

The lack of information systems, use of manual correspondence, as well as lack of proper transparency and traceability of information throughout the computer supply chain in Isfahan's education schools, have created challenges for the organization that have reduced efficiency and supply chain responsiveness. This study tries to investigate the effects of implementing blockchain technology on a supply chain through which computer parts are provided for Education & Development organizations in Isfahan, Iran.

In this study, through a discrete-event simulation of smart contracts based on the Ethereum network, the effects of this technology on the performance of the mentioned supply chain are investigated. First, by examining the current structure of the supply chain, members and processes, the relevant subsystems affecting supply chain performance are identified. The smart contracts corresponding to the selected subsystems are then developed using the Solidity programming language for the Ethereum blockchain network. Finally, using discrete event simulation, two different models of supply chain process are devised, one for representing current-method and the other which is based on blockchain technology for both of which, the performance results are extracted.

The comparison of the results shows that blockchain technology has the capacity to have a positive effect on the supply chain performance and while increasing transparency and improving traceability, it can also improve performance indicators in terms of time and cost.Practical implications: Implementing blockchain not only streamlines processes but also enables a more agile response to market demands, ultimately enhancing competitiveness. Furthermore, the findings underline the importance of investing in training and development for staff to navigate and utilize these new technologies effectively. Managers should also consider the significant role of real-time data visibility in enhancing collaboration and efficiency in their supply chains.

Due to the emerging nature of blockchain, especially its applications in the supply chain, most of the research done in this regard is theoretical and there are few practical implementations to investigate the effects of this technology on supply chain management and performance. In this study, using smart contracts within the Ethereum network, showcasing a practical simulation rather than a theoretical framework, the traditional structure of the supply chain is compared with the blockchain-enabled supply chain.

The various possibilities of blockchain technology that have appeared in I 4.0 have led various industries to think about using this technology in their various platforms. However, the use of this technology poses challenges for various industries, including the country's tourism industry. The objective of this research is to identify the challenges in implementing blockchain technology in the country's tourism service chain and to provide practical suggestions to overcome these challenges. To conduct this research, the challenges in implementing Blockchain technology in the tourism service supply chain were investigated using the research background study. Subsequently, these challenges were transformed into a structured system using the interpretive structural modeling technique. To fit the formed structural system, the structural equations technique was used with SmartPLS3 software. The statistical population of the current research consists of all experts, managers and assistants working in the field of tourism services in the country. The research results show that the 9 challenges identified in this research are divided into 6 general levels. The research results also show that the factor of government laws and regulations was identified as the most fundamental challenge to the implementation of Blockchain technology in the supply chain of tourism services

The production and circulation counterfeit drugs in the drug supply chain, especially in the field public health, is serious and vital challenge. Existing management systems in the supply chain are not able to guarantee the supply essential drugs patients. In order improve credibility medicines and reduce the problems the supply chain, it is suggested use the approach based blockchain technology. this research examines the performance the drug supply chain using blockchain technology ensure safety public health. Dynamic system method is used for implementation. The successful implementation blockchain technology requires a deeper understanding the complex dynamics the interaction system between its various components. The dynamic system approach can help analyze these complexities and identify the long-term effects changes in the supply chain. For this purpose, first, the desired data from the literature and interviews drug industry experts were collected, then modeling was done by defining variables, designing feedback loops and writing related mathematical equations. cause and effect diagrams were created as well as flow accumulation and simulation was performed period one year. The results the research show that among investigated indicators, the indicator increasing the detection rate and preventing fraud is particularly important because public health is directly affected by it. Other indicators, in order importance, include the balancing rate the pricing process, smart contracts, identity Digital coordination helps improve performance and strengthen trust in industry. In general, these indicators are used as a set of blockchain tools to improve transparency, security, efficiency and reduce fraud in the drug supply chain.

During centuries, humans, societies and political systems that move toward progression have shaped the basis of forming various sciences in favor of enhancing from current As-Is to proper To-Be situation. Sustainable development in recent years can be achieved through new definition of governance models and discussions on the new comprehensive form of governance called transcendent governance. On the other hand, emergent technologies such as blockchain has brought about transformations in businesses especially FinTech industry. Therefore, by investigating transcendent governance on one side and blockchain technology on the other side, this research aims at introducing a comparative model between dimensions of those aforementioned concepts.
The current research is carried out through a mixed method i.e. combination of both qualitative and quantitative methods. In the qualitative method, the dimensions of transcendent governance and features of blockchain were collected based on literature review studies. The first quantitative method was Fuzzy Delphi analysis in order to determine the approval or rejection of extracted dimensions and features. In this phase, 30 experts with academic degree of Masters and above from Management (Public Administration, Startegic, Information Technology), Political Sciences, Information Technology Engineering, Industrial Engineering, Computer Engineering and Electrical Engineering fields of study were selected to fill the correspondent questionnaire. The next quantitative method referred to extracting dimension of blockchain based on 217 experts’ opinions declared in the correspondent questionnaire, and features approved  using Exploratory Factor Analysis. This was necessary to compare transcendent governance with blockchain on the same correspondent level. After forming two sides comprising of transcendent governance and blockchain dimensions, the ISM method as the last quantitative method was carried out between these two sides to clarify the potential relations between dimensions.
In literature review, 10 dimensions including Structure, Process, Cognition and Values, Constitution, Organization and Institution, Performance Management, Policy Making, Section, International and Global Forces, Ethics- Accountability and Transparency were defined for transcendent governance. Also 13 features for blockchain including Distribution, Scalability, Network Laws, Dis-intermediation, Consensus-Orientation, Anonymity, Efficiency, Scrutiny, Reliability, Credibility, Security, Immutability and Transparency were extracted. Using Fuzzy Delphi analysis, firstly 30 experts filled the questionnaire about the correctness and coherence of transcendent governance dimensions along with blockchain features, then based on specific mathematical equations, fuzzification and defuzzification of expert’s scores were calculated. The results showed that one dimension of transcendent governance (named Section) was rejected and the rest of them were approved, and for blockchain technology, all features were approved to be applicable for further modeling. To make comparison reasonable, blockchain dimensions were extracted utilizing Exploratory Factor Analysis from features based on opinions of 217 experts. As the result, the features could be integrated under 6 main dimensions named Structure, Network Expansion Process, Network Formation Process, Intra-Network Interaction, Performance Improvement, Transparency-Security. Till here, we have 9 dimensions for transcendent governance and 6 ones for blockchain technology. To clarify relations between dimensions of transcendent governance and blockchain, ISM was exerted to all dimensions. The results showed that governance Structure with blockchain Structure and Network Formation Process, governance Process with Network Expansion Process, Network Formation Process and Intra-Network Interaction, governance Cognition and Values with Intra-Network Interaction, governance Constitution with Network Formation Process and Intra-Network Interaction, governance Organization and Institution with Network Formation Process, governance Performance Management with Performance Improvement, governance Policy Making with Network Formation Process, governance International and Global Forces with Network Formation Process, governance Ethics-Accountability and Transparency with Transparency-Security,  have bilateral relations.
This research aimed at delivering a comparative model between transcendent governance – as the most comprehensive governance model- and blockchain technology. Using various qualitative and quantitative methods, dimensions of transcendent governance and features of blockchain were investigated and blockchain dimensions were extracted. The clarified connections between the two concepts’ dimensions depicted that there is a reasonable correspondent coherence between specific dimensions of each side. The concepts discussed through transcendent governance referred to necessity of structural approach in people’s participation in network confirmation, formation and expansion and their critical role here is undeniable which is also approved via blockchain features and dimensions. The process of governance is dependent on all stakeholders and elements which form the network of people with intra-network interaction and its survival is achieved due to the feature of scalability. Governance cognition and values refer to justice and equality among participants which is met by intra-network interaction and consensus-orientation. Constitution is a legal and formal document in governance which means the same as network laws. Governance organization and institution is based on cohesion, connection and alignment of elements which refers to association and alignment of elements in forming the network. Performance management of governance that is knowledge and wisdom based, is correspondent to efficiency and scrutiny of network which leads to network performance improvement. Policy making in governance works as the director and instructor of other elements and coincides network formation laws in blockchain. International and global forces can influence how the blockchain network is formed based on international laws. And finally, ethics-accountability and transparency which are crucial in transcendent governance are matched with transparency-security as a valuable dimension of blockchain. In conclusion, the reasonable bilateral relations between transcendent governance and blockchain dimensions shows that utilizing blockchain technology as a proper mean to substantiate transcendent governance is worth taking action, and it can help governors to achieve transcendent governance based and through enforcing blockchain technology in the digital governance era.

Various evidence suggests that blockchain technology in the supply chain can significantly improve the performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and provide a foundation for sustainable advancement. Studies indicate that blockchain can enhance transparency and timely provision of information, improving decision-making processes and management of sustainable supply chains. Therefore, this study, adopting a mixed-methods approach, first identifies the success factors for implementing blockchain in sustainable supply chain management through content analysis of existing texts and then uses a descriptive correlational method to design an interpretive structural framework. Participants in the field portion of this research included 15 experts (academics and managers with industrial experience). The results indicate that support from senior management and effective planning and implementation is at the forefront as key success factors for the technology in the supply chains of SMEs. Government support and proper management of financial constraints are subsequent levels that will lead to enhancing infrastructure and strengthening organizational culture. Based on the findings, to bolster the identified success factors of blockchain technology in the supply chain, implementing innovative tools such as gamification is recommended, as these tools can improve user experience, increase participation, and motivate activities.

The main concern in the halal food supply chain is its halal integrity. Tracking systems based on emerging technologies are now used in the halal food supply chain to gain consumers' trust. To reduce the challenges of the halal food supply chain, blockchain technology is being used to improve its transparency and greater integrity. In the present research, by reviewing the related literature and experts' opinions, after identifying the challenges, functions, and technical requirements of blockchain in the halal food supply chain, the relationships among these have been determined through Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM), and a procedure for its application has been provided. The results of this study show that if the decision makers want to apply blockchain technology in the halal food supply chain, they should first select and improve the tools and technical requirements of blockchain as an infrastructure and then, reduce the challenges based on the relationship between them, which can lead to an increase in customer satisfaction.