economic development

Economy and development in this field have been essential for human life throughout history, and providing necessities and creating prosperity are the main concerns, and each religion and school in its territory has always promised to fulfill human needs better and more. In the meantime, Islam, as a heavenly religion, presented its program in this area in the form of an economic model, fourteen centuries ago. The purpose of this research is to study and explain the Islamic model of economic development at the beginning of Islam. Max Weber's work on the role and function of religion in economic development and the views of Muslim thinkers on the function and impact of the Islamic program in the change and development of human life has been carried out using the research method of content analysis and documentary-historical analysis. The statistical community of this research is Ayat Quran, prophetic hadiths and events are the beginning of Islam. The results of the research show that 10 percent of verses and 15 percent of hadiths are related to the concept of economic development, focusing on the components of change in attitude towards business and transactions, the importance of zakat and charity, and the issue of inheritance and financial responsibilities of each It is the people of society.

Entrepreneurship development is an essential requirement for Iran and a crucial element in driving its economic growth and development. The Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation, as a prominent support institution, plays a significant role in addressing various aspects of poverty by fostering employment opportunities. In the current state of Iran's economy—characterized by deficiencies, scarcities, and mismanagement that have resulted in high unemployment, diminished gross domestic product, reduced government investment capabilities, and weakened non-oil exports—fostering entrepreneurship and cultivating an entrepreneurial mindset can positively impact the economic conditions. This research aims to formulate a policymaking model for entrepreneurship development in the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation in Sistan and Baluchestan Province.

The study used a qualitative method and employs thematic analysis as the research strategy. Library studies and interviews were conducted to identify the factors forming the entrepreneurship development policymaking model. The statistical population includes 15 experts in the field of entrepreneurship, including managers and senior officials in the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation of Sistan and Baluchestan Province, as well as entrepreneurship professors at the University of Sistan and Baluchestan, selected using the purposive snowball sampling technique. Through thematic analysis, the study identified four main variables, 19 components, and 132 indicators. Experts validated these factors using the Delphi approach, leading to the design of the research's conceptual model.

The four primary variables identified were: the fundamental-structural variable, the contextual-situational variable, the mediating variable, and the consequences variable. The fundamental-structural variable comprised identifying and determining clients' needs, political-legal conditions, cultural-social conditions, and information and awareness tools. The contextual-situational variable included institutional structure, the influence of policymaking institutions, information and communication technology, educational tools and empowerment, knowledge and knowledge dissemination tools, predictive evaluation, timely response evaluation, and deterrence evaluation. The mediating variable encompassed coordinating institutions, economic and financial tools, incentive and motivational tools, monitoring tools, and implementation procedures. The outcome variable encompassed economic, cultural, and social consequences. 

he Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation is the most influential organization supporting employment and self-sufficiency in Iran. The executive managers of this foundation can formulate a policy for entrepreneurship development with specific and practical guidelines to achieve the objectives of job creation and entrepreneurship. By utilizing the factors outlined in the entrepreneurial development policy model from this research, the foundation can enhance its response to these challenges, provide a suitable platform for increasing social support, and improve clients' economic and social conditions through entrepreneurial activities.

Historical factors impacting underdevelopment have been a constant concern for researchers. In the theoretical literature, the central problem addressed by the dependency school is inequality. The aim of research is to demonstrate, using an analytical-descriptive approach within the framework of old and new perspectives on dependency, the effect that the increase in inequality has had on Iran's economic dependence. this research tries to analyze from the channel of the performance of transnational corporation. The research findings show that inequality has made Iran's economic dependence. firstly, from a political economy point of view, it is suggested that inequality and lack of industry capability and technological backwardness of Iran are the driving force behind the tendency to import. this issue reveals an aspect of the Iran's economic dependence. In this context, transnational corporation have an impact on the economic dependence due to their role in controlling trade relations of countries through the term of trade. Secondly, the improvement of technological industry capability, along with the reorganisation of the institutional system, requires the transferring capital, technology which is carried out by transnational corporation and can lead to dependency. The research findings suggest that entry of transnational corporations into Iran with the aim of transferring capital and technology has not led to the realisation of development goals without the provision of appropriate institutional platforms.

The aim of the current research is to identify the factors affecting the commercialization of the products of knowledge-based companies located in science and technology parks and growth centers. The research method is applicable according to its purpose, and qualitative in terms of its implementation. The statistical population of the research includes 12 experts and specialists in the field of knowledge-based centers in West Azarbaijan province, and the samples were selected using a purposeful sampling method. Data collection was done through semi-structured interviews. To analyze the data through data-based and coding, MAXQDA software was used. The results of the research showed that the model designed was identified by 14 indicators that includes causal conditions (management factors, information factors, financial factors), background conditions (laws and regulations, technological capabilities), core category (market factors, product factors), strategies (strengthening interactions, marketing and sales capabilities), consequences (economic development, knowledge-based economy, entrepreneurship development), intervening conditions (individual factors, cultural-social factors); explaining the components of commercialization of products of knowledge-based companies.

This article is written to identify and level institutions that influence innovation. For this purpose, the theoretical framework of Williamson (2000) and the deductive thematic analysis of the texts containing the thoughts of 9 prominent economic experts, namely Friedrich List, Joseph Schumpeter, Joseph Stiglitz, Douglas North, Daron Acemoğlu, Richard Nelson, Dani Rodrik, Ha-Joon Chang, and Mariana Mazzucato are used. The purposive sampling method has been used in the selection of experts and the selection of their works. As a result, the thematic network of institutions influencing innovation has been presented, consisting of four categories of institutions: 1) Social embeddedness (a culture that favors risk-taking, creativity, and innovation; acceptance of transformation, diversity, and dissent; freedom in thought, expression, and action; high acceptance towards social mobility; dynamism, sense of belonging and hope for the future; and social capital, participation and cooperation); 2) Institutional environment (protection of (intellectual) property rights; granting independence and political and economic freedoms; rule of law and good governance; eliminating monopolies and encouraging inclusive political and economic competition; and a playground encouraging collective entrepreneurial actions); 3) Governance (supporting education and skills training; supporting basic and applied research; supporting new businesses and infant industries; investing and providing venture capital; granting tax exemptions and incentives; supporting collaborations and technological learning; developing new standards and regulations; facilitating access to foreign capital and manpower; and encouraging exports and imports control); and 4) Resource allocation and employment (encouraging innovation in economic enterprises; directing innovation by government agencies; and facilitating innovation by intermediary institutions).

The purpose of the current research is to provide a model of ecotourism and sustainable tourism development with an emphasis on foreign exchange and economic development of Qeshm Island. The research method is applicable in terms of purpose, and mixed (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of its implementation. The statistical population in the qualitative section includes 19 experts, including managers and experts in the field of tourism, hoteliers, travel agencies, tours and ecotours; by means of the snowball sampling method, and in the quantitative section, it includes 244 employees of the Cultural Heritage Organization, handicrafts and tourism of Qeshm Free Zone. Data collection in the qualitative part was done using semi-structured interviews of the members of the statistical community, and data collection in the quantitative part was done through a questionnaire. In the data analysis of the qualitative part, the coding process in the MAXQDA 2018 software was used, and in the quantitative part, SPSS 16 and AMOS software were used; and the data was analyzed using the factor analysis method. The results in the qualitative section showed that 207 interview codes, 68 subcategories, and 14 categories were extracted. Causal factors include cultural and social factors, the potential of Qeshm Island for tourism and economic and political factors, background features including geographical location, capacity and potential facilities of Qeshm and geosites, intervening conditions including lack of strategy and proper planning and infrastructural problems as well as strategies and interactions include goal-setting and strategy determination to achieve the goal, education and culture building, and providing suitable infrastructure for tourism. The results of quantitative analysis show the significance of measurement models and structural equations at the confidence level of 95%.

The activity of development institutions has a significant role in the economy and development of countries' industries. The Foundation of the Underprivileged of the Islamic Revolution, as one of the most important institutions that was established by the order of Imam Khomeini (RA), has an important mission in the removal of deprivation and the economic activity of the country. Determining the guiding lines of the road map is important in formulating a strategic plan. The aim of the current research is to determine the broad outlines of the road map of Mustafafan Foundation as a development institution. The paradigm of the current research is interpretative and it has used the qualitative research method based on Narrative inquiry. The data has been collected through the library study of documents, documents, regulations, previous strategies and published reports until the end of 2022. In this research, there were 16 people from the presidents of the eras, members of the board of trustees of Mustafafan Foundation, managers and senior vice presidents of economics and deprivation reduction in the foundation, and executive and scientific experts in similar institutions. The results showed that the guidelines of the road map of Mustafafan Foundation, as a development institution responsible for its creation, are located in 8 dimensions, which are: 1) industrial development, 2) development of knowledge-based technology, 3) development of human capital, 4) development of foreign exchange. 5) development of food security, 6) development of national infrastructure,7) development of platform economy & 8) elimination of deprivation. Mustafafan Foundation plays a role by considering the two axes of compensating for the market failure in allocating resources and compensating for the government's failure in governance as a development institution.

The purpose of this research is to implement interpretive structural modelling to determine the role of free zones in the country's economic development. The necessity and importance of conducting research is that considering the role of free zones in the economic development of most countries, our country has taken noteworthy measures with the establishment of the first free zone in 1369 until today, but unfortunately, these zones are due to various reasons. , including the structure of the government administration, lack of requirements and conditions for commercial-industrial activities, inappropriate location, lack of proper implementation of related laws, lack of necessary guarantees for foreign investment, and most importantly, legal obstacles related to the structure of the administration, redundant investment procedures, and  Due to severe bureaucracy, the free zones of our country have not yet reached their true position and have not been able to play a significant role in the economic development of the country, and this research seeks to identify the factors that affect the promotion of the role of free zones in the economic development of the country and provide a model in this regard.

Design/ methodology/ approach:  

In terms of method, this research was qualitative-quantitative research that was conducted in the qualitative part with interpretive structural modeling. The intended statistical population is made up of experts familiar with the subject of the research, including university professors (experts in the economic field) who are among the scientific experts and officials in the field of free zones and the economic field (in the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance, the Secretariat of the Supreme Council of Commercial and Industrial Free Zones and the Free Zones faction of the Islamic Council), as well as legal experts in the free zones. And the data was collected and sampled theoretically through scientific interviews with 15 of these experts. In the second step, in order to validate the model obtained from the first step, a questionnaire was designed and distributed in the target statistical community, and after data collection, the validity of the model was investigated using statistical analysis.

The results of the current research show that the status of all indicators except the reform and communication index and the risk reduction index are favorable in the model; According to the influence-dependence diagram, the variable "implementation of policies and knowledge-orientated" has a high influence and has little influence and is placed in the independent variables area. "Development of special advantages of free zones" variables have a high influence and dependence; therefore, they are linked variables. The two variables of "facilitating the process of affairs" also have high dependence but little influence; therefore, they are considered dependent variables. The variable "economic functions and capabilities" is also placed in the first quadrant, which is the autonomous region.

Limitations & Consequences:

 It was not possible to include other important intervening variables in the research due to their great complexity; also, the information was obtained from a single source and it is prudent to generalize it to other areas.Practical Consequences: The implementation of an interpretative structural model to determine the role of free zones in the country's economic development leads to a better understanding of the decision-making environment by managers.

Innovation or value of the Article: 

Despite the great importance of free zones in the economic development of the country, no research has been done on the implementation of interpretive structural modelling of the role of free zones in the economic development of the country. The current research is the first step in this field.

This research aims to deepen the understanding of how the integration of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and strategic management accounting (SMA) as a strategic approach can positively impact community culture, alleviate deprivation in communities adjacent to industries, and contribute to the economic and managerial development of companies and industries. This study explores how to combine these two areas and identify an efficient model based on this integration. The primary focus is on how organizations can use CSR strategies to improve their economic, social, and environmental performance. Additionally, this study seeks to offer solutions for enhancing social and environmental commitments to achieve sustainable development goals.

This study employs a grounded theory method, a robust and effective approach in qualitative research. This method involves deep data analysis through field collection and interpretation. Data for this study was collected through semi-structured interviews with managers and experts from various companies and field surveys. The data analysis process follows the Strauss and Corbin approach and is conducted in three stages: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. In the open coding phase, basic concepts and categories were extracted from the data. In the axial coding phase, these categories are divided into main and subcategories and linked together. Finally, a comprehensive theory is developed in the selective coding phase based on the relationships between different categories.

The findings indicate that industries and companies have a responsibility toward their communities and the environment. Industrial activities can negatively impact both people's lives and the environment. Therefore, industries must first address and compensate for any harm caused, and then focus on alleviating deprivation and fostering community development. This approach helps improve the living conditions of people and the environment while building trust and loyalty among local communities. The research also reveals that companies incorporating social responsibility into their overall strategy can reap long-term economic and social benefits. The results demonstrate that integrating CSR and SMA enhances organizational performance, increases stakeholder satisfaction, and promotes economic sustainability.

This research demonstrates that integrating CSR and SMA significantly enhances organizational and community performance, contributing to sustainability, social justice, and sustainable economic development. Companies should implement comprehensive strategies to improve social and environmental conditions, which not only support economic growth but also foster trust and loyalty among local communities. This strategic approach enables companies to achieve both financial and social objectives simultaneously, thereby strengthening their competitive position and improving their public image over time. The research underscores the importance of utilizing strategic management accounting tools to fulfill CSR goals and shows how an integrated approach can elevate the overall performance of organizations.

The aim of the current research is to identify the influencing variables on promoting the national brand in the automobile industry with an economic approach using the ground theory method. The current research was conducted using qualitative method (qualitative content analysis) and fuzzy Delphi analysis. Finally, using the fuzzy Delphi analysis, the factors extracted from the interviews with experts were analyzed and the final qualitative model was designed. Based on fuzzy Delphi analysis among the components: choosing the best technology transfer strategy in order to promote national branding in the automobile industry in line with economic development with the Cripps number (0.917), considering key economic factors in the country in order to promote branding National in the automotive industry with the Cripps number (0.903), according to experts, they have the highest amount of these components. In the end, 34 components and 88 indicators were confirmed, mostly causal factors or preconditions, intervening factors, background factors, strategies and consequences were identified

Among the development experts, the explanations given by the institutionalists regarding the reason of the development and non-development of societies, due to their use of the Institution and conducting interdisciplinary studies, have superior characteristics. In this approach, in order to achieve development, societies are forced to change the existing institutional structure to a structure that encourages reducing transaction costs at the level of their political, economic, and social interactions. In this process, the fundamental step is to know the transaction costs and the factors affecting them. Therefore, in this article, while introducing new institutional economics as the main origin of transaction cost economics, it is shown that in this theory, we are faced with two approaches, one of which focuses on the firm and its interface, and the other emphasizes on macro structures. In the following, while criticizing the opinions of the pioneers of the transaction costs theory, about two behavioral assumptions of rationality and opportunism as the main effective factors in creating TCs, it is shown that uncertainty is the main assumption that constitutes the explanation of this theory.

The impact of COVID-19 on the way we live has been unprecedented. Travel and tourism were among the leading sectors to face a catastrophic downturn as national borders were closed to contain the outbreak. Precautionary measures were taken, and social distancing became a norm. Most people had to cancel or postpone their travel plans. The current crisis requires a strong preparation from the industry for a fresh start on health and resilience. The emergence of that deadly disease has led to huge financial losses and created global health and economic crises around the world. Epidemics have a negative effect on the behavior of tourists and their mental health. As a result, they abandon their planned tours for fear of catching the disease, as it seems impossible to avoid the transmission of the virus during the trip. Globally, travel and tourism make a significant contribution to job creation as well as socio-economic and cultural development worldwide. Now, according to the existing potentials and the drivers that can lead to re-upgrading the competitive advantage of travel and tourism after the COVID-19 era in our country, it is necessary to carry out necessary investigations so as to identify the forces affecting it and invest in them. This can again improve Iran's position. Therefore, this research seeks to identify and structure the factors affecting the success of agile marketing in turbulent conditions after COVID-19. This research was conducted with a qualitative approach in terms of data collection. It is also descriptive in terms of its purpose and is in the category of applied research. The statistical population of the research consisted of the professors and senior managers and active experts in the units related to the field of marketing in Yazd City. The selection of the participants in the present research was non-random and by targeted judgmental sampling. The respondents to the questionnaires of this research were 10 professors and senior managers and active experts in the units related to marketing and tourism, of which three professors were in Yazd University, four experts in the field of tourism and three in marketing. In this research, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect the data. To design the items of the questionnaire, first, several internal and external articles related to the research topic were reviewed, and agile marketing factors were identified in each article. These surveys to find agile marketing factors were done until saturation was reached and no new factor was encountered. The questionnaire items on agile marketing factors were found from different articles. The data obtained from the research questionnaire were analyzed through the ISM technique. In the current research, the opinions of experts were used to check the validity of the questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of a series of completely standard tables related to structural-interpretive modeling, so it had acceptable validity. According to the results of the research, thirteen factors are involved in agile marketing. The indicators of responsiveness, market-based organizational learning, group and regional sales development, marketing mix compatibility, and rapid change of marketing mix in pace with the change of market competitive conditions are among the most important factors affecting success. In many cities, regions and countries, tourism plays an important role as a strategic pillar of the economy's GDP. The tourism and leisure industry plays a vital role in economic activity and customer satisfaction, but now it has also become the most vulnerable member of the industry. The development of the tourism industry is of great importance, especially for developing countries that are faced with problems such as high unemployment, limited foreign exchange resources, and a single-product economy. In turbulent environments, industries constantly face challenges. Failure to quickly respond to these challenges may result in significant financial losses. Agile marketing is effective in the turbulent post-corona situation. The analysis of influence-dependency power showed that market-based organizational learning has the most influence and dependency power. Based on the findings of this research, in order to increase the success of agile marketing in post-corona unbalanced conditions, it is suggested to use agile marketing to discover opportunities and align the market trends so that they may not adopt ambiguous strategies against sudden changes. Agile marketing makes it possible to make changes to any part of the program without disrupting other parts. It is recommended that there should be very clear and explicit communication and the duties of each department should be specified. Also, by holding daily meetings, important departments in this industry should be aware of the work process. Priorities are taken into account, because it enables different departments to put on the right track, thereby increasing the sale of products and services and making the business prosperous. The agile method allows dividing the goals into different and independent and yet related parts, testing each part on a daily or weekly basis, and checking the results. If it does not work, another method should be adopted. This not only avoids the waste of time and big expenses but also, in a short time, determines the result of every decision and action. It is suggested that all the departments interact and choose the best solutions together. It is also recommended to be customer-oriented because agile marketing is customer-oriented and can always involve customers' opinions in the work process. By changing the customer's behavior, different departments can be quickly organized in line with the customer's satisfaction. And finally, agile marketing allows you to work on all the parts of a big project at the same time. Therefore, it is suggested to comprehensively investigate environmental imbalance with agile marketing

Entrepreneurship, as a key driver of economic growth and development, contributes to an increase in Gross National Product (GNP) and per capita income by creating new businesses, thereby playing a crucial role in promoting balanced regional development. This is particularly important for developing countries where poverty and unemployment are significant challenges. Consequently, this study explores the factors influencing the development of entrepreneurial home-based businesses in Ilam Province to understand the positive impacts of establishing such businesses. The present research employs an exploratory mixed-methods approach (qualitative-quantitative). The qualitative study population includes all experts, while the quantitative population comprises the owners of entrepreneurial home businesses in Ilam Province. In the qualitative section, participants were selected using the snowball sampling method, reaching theoretical saturation with 12 participants. In the quantitative section, 120 owners of entrepreneurial home businesses were selected through a complete enumeration method. Data collection tools included semi-structured interviews for the qualitative part and a researcher-made questionnaire for the quantitative part. Data analysis in the qualitative section was conducted using thematic analysis and in the quantitative section, structural equation modeling. Based on the results, 57 indicators were identified within 15 sub-themes and 6 main themes, including marketing capabilities, competitive intelligence, government policy, entrepreneurial empowerment, strategic communications, and social acceptance. These were evaluated and ultimately confirmed in the quantitative section. It is recommended that policymakers, macro planners, and local officials develop and implement supportive and educational programs tailored to the identified indicators and themes for the owners of home businesses.

The purpose of this research is to present a model for the economic development of Less Developed Rurals of Mazandaran Province with the regional innovation system approach. In terms of purpose, this research was applied and in terms of the method of data collection according to the nature of the study, it was qualitative, descriptive, and survey type. The current research is a case study. The research community of Less Developed Rural of Mazandaran province is based on the list of less-developed areas in support matters in 2018. The researchers with the help of provincial trustee institutions such as Mazandaran Governorate updated the said list and expressed the challenges and solutions based on the foundation's data theory method based on the existing situation. In order to collect research data, while comprehensively reviewing the literature on rural development, regional innovation system, and framework related to a sustainable livelihood, through in-depth interviews with 43 scientific and experimental experts in the fields of rural development, the economy of deprived areas, regional innovation system and Also, more than 10 interviews and specialized meetings were held with provincial officials. The findings of the research show that strengthening the role and position of civil institutions in the governance process, using the capacity of cooperative companies by the local community, providing national and media awareness to attract Investment opportunities in the private sector, paying attention to the capacity of the innovation ecosystem, especially from the aspect of financing and modifying the cultivation pattern based on regional natural capabilities and regional capabilities, are among the most important solutions for the economic development of disadvantaged rural areas in Mazandaran province.

Considering the flows, interactions and connections beyond the local level as a desirable option in the ecosystem of economic development of local communities with a knowledge-based approach has been considered by international researchers, having said that the analysis and integration of the traits of connections and flows of individuals, Goods, information, technologies and innovations under transposal relations can transform the development of knowledge-based economy. In the current research, in addition to the library review of laws and upstream documents, related domestic and foreign texts, in a qualitative manner and using the Delphi technique, semi-structured interviews were also conducted with 14 experts in this field who were selected in a purposeful manner. It was carried out and the data was analyzed with Micmac software to explain the place of conventional flows of Trans local relations in the development policies of the country's knowledge-based economy in the context of the framework of multiple flows of Kingdom and how to link between structure and action in this ecosystem, as the Social context or environment in which the activists of this field operate, should be analyzed. The application of the concept of Trans local relations and structural rearrangement in accordance with it as a new approach in the development policies of the knowledge-based economy to achieve a holistic view in the direction of updating networking policies in the development of technologies and innovations, especially in local communities in the future next to others recommendations are Among the Suggestions of This Study.

Undoubtedly, Nahj al-Balagheh is a life-giving book and a divine gift to human society. This eternal book contains part of the sayings of Imam Ali (a.s.) Is. In the Shia religion, paying attention to the words of Hazrat Ali (a.s.) and matching the actions of his followers with the wishes of the pious masters is one of the main emphasis. One of the important things for every country is the issue of economy and strengthening the economic foundation of that country, to have an efficient and productive economy, we need to reform its structures and foundations. One of the topics worth considering in the economy is the existence of ownership. Many researchers have considered the level of support of property rights by the government as one of the most important influencing factors in economic development. Every year, the International Property Rights Index is calculated for all countries of the world by the Institute of Property Rights Union. The score of our country, the Islamic Republic of Iran, is not a good score. This index is a suitable tool for policy makers, business communities and civil activists. In this research, with the understanding of this issue, the discussion of property rights from the perspective of Nahj al-Balagha has been investigated with a library method, and then property rights and especially intellectual property have been observed from a global perspective. The results of library surveys show that property rights are a prominent issue from the perspective of Hazrat Ali (a.s.) and his emphasis was on justice in Islamic society, which is one of the important components of property rights. In this research, by observing the research done both domestically and internationally, the obstacles to the formalization of property rights have been emphasized, and the benefits of property rights have been explained while pointing to the forces that should defend property rights. It has been done, so that by recognizing this very important factor and explaining its dimensions and drawing the attention of other researchers to this topic, the ground for work and entrepreneurship and economic development will be provided.

Covid_19 pandemic is the most important issue that the world is facing with which directly effects human and even animal health. In addition to its irreparable effects on human health, this disease has had many economic social and environmental effects on the world and has alleviate the quality of human life. This essay proposes five main solutions for the world after Covid_19. Authors first recommend economic redistribution by advising to avoid a development model concentrated on cumulative economic growth then the importance of regenerative agriculture, protection of environment, reduction of consumption as well as unnecessary travel and forgiveness of debts at the international level as the key solutions for the world post covid-19 to deal with current risks. After reviewing each solution, we suggestions for further research are presented.