epistemology

Decision-making is a foundational element in both individual and organizational contexts, drawing significant scholarly attention in the field of management. Theories in decision-making are underpinned by foundational assumptions that stem from differing ontological and epistemological paradigms. Thus, exploring the critical topic of decision-making through the lens of Iranian-Islamic texts gains particular importance in addressing these theoretical underpinnings. This study aims to examine the structural components of decision-making based on the thought of Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi. The research methodology integrates several layers: interpretive in terms of paradigm; exploratory in terms of logic; qualitative in terms of strategy; case study in terms of research method; descriptive-exploratory in terms of its methodological nature; document-based in terms of data collection tools; and thematic analysis as the analytical approach. Through this methodology, the research identified 224 descriptive codes, 28 interpretive codes, and 6 overarching themes: 1.Attention to Divine Will, 2.Decision and Action, 3.The Role of Divine Influence in Decision-Making, 4.Growth through Decision-Making, 5.Errors and Failures in Decision-Making, 6.Determination in Decision Implementation. The exploration of the structural components of decision-making, as inspired by the thought of Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi, contributes to the enrichment of existing theoretical frameworks in the field of decision-making.

Frederick Herzberg was a psychologist who presented a theory of two-factor health-motivational in 1975. Herzberg's theory has identified a set of factors that discribes job dissatisfaction, which introduces these factors as a maintenance factors ( in some articles has been defined as Hygiene Factors). He also describes the set of factors that cause job satisfaction and motivation in the job as motivating factors (in some articles has been defined as Motivators). Despite the current uses of this theory, more criticisms have been made by experts on this theory from a different perspectives . Accordingly, in the first part of this paper it has tried to explain the subject of motivation and discribe the two-factor theory of Fredrick Herzberg in details. In the second part, it has been studied the philosophical review of the theory from the perspective of ontology, epistemology, nature of human, methodology, and also critique of this theory from a symbolic-interpretative viewpoint.

The methodology of Islamic futures studies is the first step in Islamicization of this knowledge. Identifying it is one of the important issues in this knowledge. The difference between the approach of Islam to epistemology and ontology is the basis for the differences and important distinctions in the methodology of Islamic futures studies. Therefore, identification of the methodology of Islamic futures studies is of special importance based on Islamic teachings and principles. In this research, data were collected by library method and analyzed by descriptive-analytical method. Finally, three types of methodology for Islamic futures studies were identified in this research, which include analytical methodology of futuristics, which with rational explanation aims at future studies; interpretive methodology also focuses on the internal factors of human beings. Intuitive methodology also focuses on the inner experiences of individuals about future issues and calls them implicit knowledge.
As a result, three types of methodology for Islamic futures studies have been achieved

The assessment of vulnerability to drought in different areas is a new scope in literature in spatial planning and environmental planning, and various researchers, according to their research subjects, have presented different approaches in this subject. Considering that Iran is also one of the countries exposed to extensive droughts, the necessity of categorizing and recognizing the theoretical frameworks affecting the formation of various vulnerability assessment approaches for researchers in this field has become more urgent.
This paper tries to classify the approaches to drought vulnerability assessment by using the comparative study method and considering the relationship between the epistemology and ontology of the "drought vulnerability", and to provide a theoretical framework for the ontology of approaches to assess the vulnerability to drought.
Findings: Vulnerability assessment approaches to drought can be divided into three categories and a dual classification from the ontology point of view; from the perspective of epistemology, these approaches are influenced by four concepts including effects, adaptability, risk and model.
The drought Vulnerability Assessment Approaches from the perspective of epistemology are influenced by four concepts including effects, adaptability, risk and model, and from the perspective of ontology, they can be divided into two general categories. Each of these categories itself contains smaller categories that are affected by how vulnerabilities are defined. The most important achievement of this paper is to illustrate the relationship between each of these categories and the epistemological roots that govern them, which makes researchers, prior to assessing vulnerability to drought, having sufficient knowledge of the epistemic roots of approach to best evaluation.

This paper seeks to overcome the apparent contradictions between global demand for sustainability and the structure of conventional financial discourse by putting forth a strategy for diversifying academic finance. It comprises four sections. We first situate academic finance within the broader spectrum of social sciences and highlight its ontological, epistemological and methodological assumptions. Second, we show that these assumptions, taken for granted within the field of finance, are the object of much debate within other fields – as is demonstrated by controversy regarding logical positivism, social ontology and performativity –which brings out the limitations of paradigmatic unity in finance. Third, we characterize diversification in finance with reference to the nested epistemological structure of scientific discourse. We argue that diversification is a process by which (i) finance research is extended to other existing paradigms in social sciences; (ii) new research metaphors are developed within the current paradigm; and (iii) puzzle-solving robustness is achieved. Fourth, I develop a research agenda for the diversification of academic finance. This agenda is broken down into themes, paradigmatic hypotheses, and research questions.

Today, knowledge is regarded as the first strategic source for people and organizations. Organizations can make success if they create new knowledge, distribute it widely across the organization and rapidly change it into new technologies and products. In order to be successful in this field and have access to knowledge, organizations need to know and understand the epistemological and philosophical foundations of knowledge management. The philosophy of "knowledge management" is recognized by Islam and the West as a discipline, and it can be the source of economy, power and welfare. The concentration on the philosophy of knowledge management and comparing between its traditional view and modern view can contribute to discovering new ways, through which knowledge can be recognized, managed and applied. Using the "cyclic process of analysis", the present paper seeks to explain the epistemological and philosophical foundations of knowledge management in the West, review them and compare them with the religious epistemology and principles of Islam. A deep understanding of the substantial difference between the western view and Islamic view about knowledge management can pave the way for replacing the existing foundations with those of religious epistemology.Thus, the information and results about Islamic and Western knowledge management can be gained by referring to these issues to make conclusions. This study shows that acquisition, maintenance, application and distributing of knowledge are, according to Islamic sources, the cycle of life or process of knowledge management. Furthermore, the aforementioned process including silence and distributing of knowledge is considered as a constant and creative process, and the stop and disparity of any cycle or process will pose risk to the whole organization. On the contrary, the continuous and evolutionary development of knowledge, not only helps create new knowledge in the organization, but also improves decision-making, brings a decisive competitive advantage to organizations, and in general, raises the organization's Performance.

The main goal of this article is to explain how the field of Knowledge Management is affected by The Theory of Knowledge (or Epistemology). Moreover, it proposes the rout of this effectiveness. The initial purpose of this statement is to propose a conceptual model showing the effects of the Knowledge Theory on Knowledge Management and expressing the theorems and rules showing this rout of effectiveness. First of all, for achieving the goal of this article, the literature relating to the foundation of Epistemology is reviewed. By a careful review related to knowledge definition, its categorization and its legalization approach, the direct relation between Epistemology and Knowledge Management is cleared. By reviewing the existing paradigms in Knowledge Management and its related fields, the indirect relationship between Epistemology and Knowledge Management is defined. This relation is determined by paradigms and theories embedded in other related disciplines. These extracted relations are discussed in the form of fourteen extensive theorems and then proposed in a conceptual model. Then, six composed theorems are extracted by combining these fourteen theorems. These six theorems can explain the problem statement. Finally, all theorems are integrated in one main theorem. The final theory is proposed in the form of an initial theory expressing the rout of effectiveness of the Knowledge Management from Epistemology. This model can be used for reviewing and reconstructing Knowledge Management theories and extending this field based on other competitive Epistemologies.

To have a proper understanding of educational management, one should consider it as a philosophy. Due to the significance of educational management in the process of education, the present paper opens a new window to the epistemology root of educational management which in turn is influenced by the first formulated theory of it, namely Taylorism.Our research method is documentary-analytical and no need for making hypothesis has been felt. Based on research findings, Taylorism-oriented educational management is somehow founded on positivism view, whose prime goal in the organization of education is the dissemination of true science for the actual world.On this basis, epistemology begins with sense and experience, and knowledge is separated from human interests. Experimental exploration is the most important way of acquiring knowledge. Consequently, each action of a given organization should have scientific support.The main function of science is to define phenomena and to forecast the affairs; therefore, theoretical science should be practiced and viewed with a knowledge development look and awareness of organization staff towards efficiency enhancement.