export

The virtual space and the increasing use of it by people in their daily life has been the beginning of the production of a trading unit called digital currency. Economic freedom is the ability of individuals to make their own economic decisions without interference/restrictions of the government or anti-market decisions of the government in favor of certain groups. However, it is not a definition referring to the removal of the government from legislation, planning and implementation of macroeconomic policies; Because supervision and control of the market, activities and policies of trade (domestic and foreign) is the inherent duty of governments. Economic freedom emphasizes the importance of the development and presence of the private sector, banks and private financial institutions, competitive market, import management and support of domestic industries. In this research, using panel data during the period from 2015 to 2021, the effect of digital currency and economic freedom on the export of goods in selected science-producing countries has been investigated by the method of generalized moments. The results show the positive and significant effect of digital currency, rate Conventional currency is innovation, economic freedom over the export of goods.

The current study is in the field of futurology and in it, the scenarios are challenging descriptions of possible futures that can be used for the development of electronic commerce in the agricultural sector by providing the possibility of looking into the future. The current research was conducted with the aim of studying the future of e-commerce in Iran's agricultural products export sector with a scenario writing approach.

The statistical population of this research includes academic experts and industry experts. The proposed research model, after conducting interviews and expert meetings with research experts; It has been edited. After distributing 200 questionnaires among the statistical population of the research, the sample size of this research is equal to 186 experts who are available and willing to cooperate, who were selected by a combination of two non-probability targeted sampling methods and snowball sampling. The collected information was analyzed with the help of scenario wizard software to provide a model for the future research of electronic commerce in Iran's agricultural products export sector with a scenario writing approach. Findings and

The results show that two scenarios can be considered for the future research of e-commerce in Iran's agricultural products export sector. The organization has the greatest influence on the future of e-commerce in the export sector of agricultural products.

With the increasing competition in global markets, the internationalization of knowledge-based companies has become a necessity. Achieving this requires a dynamic and coordinated innovation ecosystem capable of synergistically supporting these companies. The purpose of this study is to explore the role of the innovation ecosystem in the internationalization of knowledge-based companies.

Design/Methodology/Approach:

To identify and analyze the role of innovation ecosystem components in the internationalization of eight knowledge-based companies from the Export Excellence Club, the case study method was employed. This group includes four five-star and four four-star companies. The research adopts a qualitative approach, an applied orientation, and a descriptive perspective. A deductive approach was used for qualitative content analysis. Based on the selected model, the study considers actors, activities, artifacts, institutions, and their interrelationships (co-evolution/specialization, cooperation/complementarity, competition/substitution) as components of the innovation ecosystem to structure the analysis of its impact on the international activities of the companies.

The findings indicate that governmental organizations, such as the Science and Technology Deputy, the Innovation and Prosperity Fund, the Central Bank, and affiliated banks; domestic and foreign companies, both public and private; universities and research centers; business consultants and specialists; brokers and intermediaries, such as technology and trade attachés; trade delegations, associations, and syndicates; play a critical role as actors. Key activities include funding, research and development, market feasibility, education and training, consultancy services, and the establishment of international offices. Hard and formal institutions such as laws, regulations, government policies, and support programs are crucial. Artifacts like knowledge, technology, resources, capital, products and services, and platforms also play an essential role. Furthermore, the relationships and networking within the ecosystem, including competition and substitution in domestic relations, international cooperation and interaction, consortium formation, strategic collaborations, engagement with universities and research centers, and partnerships with global industrial giants, are key drivers in the internationalization process of knowledge-based companies.

Research Limitations/Implications:

The findings of this article can aid in the development of policies and support programs to enhance the international activities of knowledge-based companies and provide actionable recommendations for policymakers and practitioners.Practical Implications:Practical recommendations derived from the findings include implementing international training programs for managers and staff, establishing a centralized and independent institution for knowledge-based export, offering efficient loans with diversified collateral options and credit lines, utilizing legal consultants with international expertise, and creating secure and fast financial transaction channels.

Originality/Value:

This study provides a comprehensive examination of the role of the innovation ecosystem in the internationalization of knowledge-based companies, a relatively under-researched area in the Iranian context.FundingNo financial support.

The volatility of oil trading policies in Iran has increased in recent years and has become a chronic problem. Considering that the continuation of these fluctuations has adverse effects on society, such as economic and political instability, identifying its causes is of fundamental importance. The main purpose of the research is to identify the factors affecting the commercial policies of the oil industry. In every country, the government, as the main governing body and an institution-building pillar, can be effective on the extent and manner of the impact of international trade on economic growth by forming and directing institutions. This article analyzes and examines the reasons for the effects on oil commercial policies in Iran using data extracted from a field study in 1402 and applying the fuzzy Delphi method. The results of the research show that the indicators of political stability, commercial stability, the role of sanctions and the effectiveness of the government have had the greatest impact on the export and import of Iranian oil, respectively. Also, variables of degree of trade openness, exchange rate, customs tariff and inflation rate have a positive and significant effect on oil exports and imports

Export and its improvement for small and medium enterprises is an important and central issue as a tool to achieve the desired economic growth and sustainable development. One of the success levers of these industries is entrepreneurial export, in this regard, due to the importance of human resources, it is vital to formulate a career path that fits this issue, and the absence of it, these organizations suffer a significant decrease in exports. In this regard, this research was carried out with the aim of developing a model for improving the export of entrepreneurs in small and medium industries in Iran with the approach of developing a career path in Iran. This research was carried out using a mixed method (qualitative-quantitative) that extracted 21 components of the desired model in the qualitative part and using content analysis, interviews with 21 experts, and determining the relationship between indicators to achieve the model in the quantitative part. It was done by relying on the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) method. The qualitative and quantitative data analysis of the research resulted in an eight-level model, the most effective component of this model being the eighth level of job prospects, and the most effective components were the ability to sell an idea or product and a strong understanding of the conditions of the exporting entrepreneur's organization.

The purpose of the research: The purpose of the research is to identify the antecedents and consequences of the bundling of government support with the approach of competitive advantage of agricultural product exporting companies in Khuzestan province.

This research was conducted in terms of practical purpose and qualitative data collection method and theme analysis approach. The participants in this research include experts of agricultural products exporting companies in Khuzestan province with at least 10 years of export experience, and the required data is collected through semi-structured interviews. They were collected until reaching theoretical sufficiency.

In this part, after the search for themes (selective codes) and the formation of sub-themes, finally 5 main themes were obtained, which are the result of semi-structured interviews with 16 experts and experts in the field of research, 2 dimensions of which are related to Antecedents under the title of managerial performance (management performance in export support, positive mental models of managers) and infrastructure factors of the agricultural industry (agricultural industry infrastructure, Khuzestan market dynamics and transport fleet) and 3 dimensions related to the consequences including value creation (creating Value in business, creating value for the customer (improving economic conditions (economic growth and prosperity, direct and indirect job creation) and creating a competitive advantage (proper positioning compared to competitors).

The existence of effective government support bundling in the export of agricultural products of Khuzestan province creates a competitive advantage over other competitors in terms of quality, appearance, method of sending the product, etc., which leads to the growth of exports, increase in income and increase in employment in this province. It becomes the field.

Considering the high speed of growth and development of the Persian Gulf countries and their need for civil development, and since Iran has abundant resources and potential to produce high-quality construction products, and because of its neighborhood and cost-effectiveness in terms of transportation, these countries are very profitable destination for export. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of providing a digital marketing model for the development of export markets for construction industry products in the Persian Gulf countries.This research has been analyzed and coded by using the Strauss and Corbin approach of grounded theory. Data obtained from semi-structured interviews conducted with 24 experts active in construction companies of Kish Island continued until the theoretical saturation of this process was reached. Based on this model, among the extracted concepts, supply and demand pressure from neighboring countries, logistical issues due to geographical location, technological platform in terms of using block chain technology, budget allocation, Arabic language website design, content marketing according to the need and culture of the neighboring Arab-speaking countries and specialized consultations were among the components that were particularly important in the discussion of export in the construction industry. The findings of this research can help the activists in the construction industry and the export of construction products to implement efficient digital marketing in order to achieve its major benefits, including profitability and foreign exchange.

Given the considerable number of studies that have investigated the relationship between e-commerce and export performance, along with the lack of attention paid to consolidating the fragmented findings in the existing literature, the main objective is to systematically analyze previous studies and combine quantitative research findings to gain a better understanding of how e-commerce affects export development. This study employs a multi-level meta-analysis approach, Prisma protocol and comprehensive CMA software to identify and analyze articles from reputable domestic and international journals published between January 2000 and November 2023. After a thorough review, 16 studies were selected and included in the meta-analysis. Data from these studies, consisting of a total of 132 coefficients, were extracted and analyzed at two levels of analysis. According to Cohen's interpretation criteria, the overall effect size obtained in this study was positive and ranged from medium to high. This suggests that the adoption of e-commerce and the utilization of new technologies can serve as valuable assets in attaining exceptional results in the export markets. However, it is crucial to take into account other factors such as gross domestic product, exchange rates, and foreign direct investment, as they play a moderating role in the correlation between e-commerce and exports. Furthermore, the results indicate that the impact of e-commerce on exports is more prominent in developed countries compared to other countries.

Exporting can bring in new resources and income from foreign markets and these resources can help to invest in research and development, develop new technologies, grow and improve business. By entering the global markets, the products and services of international companies are improved and grow day by day. Successful companies in the international arena are said to be companies that use successful export strategies. For this reason, exporting through the mediation of the competitive advantage of intelligent services can expand international businesses in terms of size and technical knowledge. The aim of this research is the impact of exports on the performance of international businesses by mediating the competitive advantage of smart services.

The current research method is based on the purpose, applied and based on the nature of the data, descriptive survey. The statistical population of the research included 110 managers and employees of international Iranian start-up companies and international businesses. Standard questionnaires have formed the data collection tool in this research. Also, the software used to analyze the research data was SPSS and structural equation modeling using the PLS approach.

The findings indicate the positive and important role of export, market intelligence, product innovation and pricing on improving the competitive advantage of intelligent services and the performance of international businesses. It was also concluded that the competitive advantage of intelligent services plays the role of mediating the effectiveness of this relationship.

Many businesses use new technologies to be more present and gain more market share. According to the results of the research, it can be said that when companies enter the field of export by mediating the competitive advantage of intelligent services, they witness an increase in their productivity and performance. Therefore, exporting to foreign markets allows the business to reach new markets, the amount of demand and market opportunities are different in different countries, and the company's competitive advantage can help the company to grow in foreign markets.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of internet marketing capabilities on the export performance of companies. The research method is a descriptive survey type and The studied population included CEOs and board members of food exporting companies in Tehran (who have engaged in internet marketing). In this research, we used120 questionnaires for 63 selected companies as a statistical sample. In order to analyze the data, using the structural equation method and using SmartPLS software, results were obtained that show that Internet marketing capabilities have an effect on the export performance of companies. Also, Internet marketing capabilities have an effect on the export performance of companies due to the mediating role of international strategic orientation, access to information, information technology infrastructure, and international network capabilities.Therefore, the results of this research paper are applied and useful for the companies which are active in the field of export and international trade.

The purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the job crafting of marketing staff in the export sector. The impact of job crafting can be very high and impacts such as stability, flexibility, participation and performance in business. In fact, having more control over tasks and taking advantage of the unique strengths and experiences of employees will help them to progress in their work and feel satisfied, confident and happy. The present study is a descriptive research in terms of applied purpose and in terms of data collection.

Structural equation modeling technique has been used for analysis. The statistical population of this research is 210 marketing experts in the export sector in Zar Macaroni Company. Therefore, sampling method is available that due to the uncertainty of the statistical population, the sample size with a confidence level of 0.95, based on the Cochran’s formula of 132 people has been determined. Due to the survey and the lack of research, a questionnaire was used to collect data. The validity of the questionnaire was first confirmed through content validity, then through convergent and divergent validity. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient.

First, a conceptual model was designed based on the theoretical foundations, which according to the theoretical framework, the three variables of active personality, personal initiative and work significance were considered effective on job crafting. Then, the results of the analytical section showed that active personality has a significant effect on job crafting. Personal initiative has a significant effect on job creation. Meaningfulness of work has a significant effect on job crafting. Undoubtedly, it can be said that the job crafting of employees has become one of the most important and challenging issues among companies, especially in the export sector. However, it is better to thoroughly examine job crafting for companies and organizations.

To realize the capacities of Iranian technology-based companies in the global markets, there is an urgent need for networking between domestic capabilities and foreign opportunities. International Business Incubators are one of the focal players in creating such communication networks but there is still no proper understanding of their functions in a developing country like Iran. The purpose of this article is to extract the functions, position, and working space of export innovation centers as a hub or communication intermediary in the export network of high-tech companies. In this research, to pursue a multi-case study approach, three Iranian international innovation centers with extensive international experience are selected. By conducting in-depth interviews with 22 managers and experts related to these three centers, the main functions of export innovation centers are identified (the following three theoretical approaches extracted from the research background). By analyzing the categories and themes from the interviews, 11 organizing themes and 5 overarching themes of the role of export innovation centers are identified, which are: export coaching, clustering of companies, weak ties, strong ties, and strategic protection. These roles are presented in a schematic model along with a description of the working space of growth centers and their communication network for export. Also, by evaluating the level of fulfillment of the above roles in three centers, three levels of maturity, growing, foundation, and initiator for an export innovation center are suggested, so that the path of international development towards growth and innovation centers in the country will become clearer.

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The most important relative advantage of Iran’s economy has long been the export of crude oil and natural gas. Due to the raw nature of these products, specialization in the production and export of these products will not have a significant effect on the sustainable economic growth of Iran’s economy. One of the solutions to this problem, is to infiltrate the downstream industries of these products, the most important of which is the development of the petrochemical industry. In this study, an attempt has been made to examine Iran’s export opportunities in the petrochemical industry to four member countries of the ECOTA trade agreement, including Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, and Turkey, using the integrated approach of the economic complexity-decision support model. The results of the research show that Iran’s most attractive export opportunities exist in the market of Turkey and then Pakistan, most of which are related to the export of crude oil and natural gas or other upstream products of the petrochemical industry. In the intermediate and downstream products of the petrochemical industry, Iran has a good export performance in the world market, but has not been able to penetrate well in the mentioned countries. The results of the research show that these products also have a significant market in Turkey and Pakistan, which also their tariff rate is less than 5% on average. Based on this, there are potential export opportunities for developing the export of middle and downstream products in the market of these countries.

Exporting means the transfer of goods from one place to another, which leads to an increase in gross production in one or more areas in today's era, for organizations and companies to win production competitions, necessary strategies to continue their survival, lean production approach is one of these strategies. Based on this, in the current research, we intend to investigate the factors affecting the increase in exports in Tabriz Tractorsazi Casting Company with a lean production approach. Based on this, this research is descriptive-survey research in terms of its developmental and practical purpose in terms of the method of collecting the required data, and in terms of the method of data analysis, it is an exploratory analysis. The statistical population of this research consists of 51 managers of different production, sales, and accounting departments of Tabriz Tractor Manufacturing Company, who were studied as a whole. Lean production management is effective in increasing exports in Iran's tractor casting company. Therefore, lean production management can be used as an effective approach to increase exports, based on the quality results of the predictive quality criterion (Q2), the value of Q2 for all structures is strong and it indicates that the model has a high predictive power about the index and the results of this research are applicable

 Exporting is one of the most attractive methods of entering foreign markets for small and medium-sized companies. What is important among these is to examine the factors affecting exports and determine the important variables and then make appropriate policies based on the results of the research and development of the export of goods and services. The present study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of marketing capabilities on the financial performance of export companies. The statistical population consists of small and medium export companies. The research data was collected through a questionnaire among 340 active companies that are active in the international field of this industry, through virtual communication channels, and about 150 companies responded to the questionnaire items based on the Cochran formula and using a simple random sampling method. Then, the data of these questionnaires were extracted and analyzed using spss software, partial least squares method and smart pls software. were analyzed. Examining the results of this research showed that financial resources, information resources and relational resources have a significant effect on the financial performance of export companies.

Measuring the trade performance of countries is one of the important topics in the field of international trade. Regarding the complex and multi-dimensional nature of trade performance, it is necessary to use appropriate criteria for its measurement. However, the literature review indicates that, this topic has received less attention. Previous research, ignoring various dimensions of trade performance, have mainly used one or more limited criteria for its measurement. In addition, there is not enough consistency among different studies in terms of criteria used for trade performance measurement. Also, causal relationships between the criteria and their priority and weights are ignored in previous studies. These issues have made it difficult to achieve a precise, comprehensive measurement of trade performance and also to compare the results of different studies. Thus, the present study, using experts’ opinions and MADM methods, has introduced a reliable framework of appropriate criteria for trade performance measurement, which also considers the causal relationships between the criteria and their priority. Based on the results, fifteen suitable criteria for trade performance measurement are recognized and categorized in three dimensions, namely, general criteria for trade, export-related criteria and import-related criteria. In addition, the most important criteria are introduced as “export value”, “number/type of customers in export market” and “import value”, respectively.

This article examines two aspects of the effects of environmental regulations on Iran’s export of environmental goods. First, the effects of environmental regulations on export destinations, and secondly, the effects of Iran’s environmental regulations. The study method is using panel data from 1996 to 2021 in the framework of the gravity model and the generalized least squares (GLS) and Poisson maximum likelihood (PPML) methods. The energy intensity index was introduced as an alternative index for the environmental regulation variable in the model. The results show that the milder environmental regulations of trading partners have a positive effect on the export of Iran’s environmental goods. But Iran’s environmental regulations have not played a role in increasing the export and competitiveness of environmental goods of this country, and Porter’s hypothesis is not true for the export of this category of goods. In this way, the development of Iran’s export of environmental goods is not affected by the implementation of its strict environmental laws and policies. It is suggested that in order to develop the export of environmental goods, it should be placed on the agenda of Iran’s foreign trade affairs trustees in order to develop a road map and use the capacity of environmental cooperation with export destinations with milder environmental regulations.

In the field of marketing, like other social phenomena, it is necessary to pay attention to the demands of the society as well as to protect the environment. The purpose of the market is not only customer-oriented, but it has been directed towards paying attention to the sensitivities of the society, that attention to the society and the environment should be operationalized in the form of sustainable marketing. This issue is known as a very important issue in knowledge-based export companies. the current research has been conducted with the aim of presenting a sustainable marketing development model , which provides practical and applicable solutions for the development of sustainable marketing that these companies, by being aware of these programs and their correct implementation, can achieve sustainable value-addition as well as sustainable competitive advantage and as a result export development and witness improved performance, increased profitability.This research has been done using the glaser approach and the data has been collected through semi-structured with 14 experts in the field of marketing and specialists of knowledge-based export companies, which after analysis and analyzing the data obtained from the interview, the sustainable marketing development model was presented that this model includes 5 categories (environmental intelligence, technological intelligence, strengthening of core interactions, development of social and green marketing, development of internal and external knowledge) which, according to the opinions of research experts, it has been considered as a strategy for the development of sustainable marketing in knowledge-based export companies.