financing

Universities are affected by the effects of technological changes and such changes affect the key functions of the university such as development and management of knowledge and human resource training. For this reason, it is necessary to identify the mega trends affecting future universities from the perspective of technological developments and analyze their effect on the economy of higher education. Technological developments on universities have an impact on the future of higher education in Iran in different dimensions. In this article, according to the scope of the research, while identifying the mega technological trends affecting the future of universities in Iran, the effects of these mega trends on the financing of public universities were examined. Finally it is necessary to identify the mega technological trends affecting universities in Iran, to identify the impact of these technologies in the future of higher education in different sectors, and to make appropriate policies. Technologies undoubtedly play a huge role in education now and in the future at all levels, a fact that has been especially strongly reinforced by the situation of the Covid-19 pandemic. These technological developments create opportunities and challenges for universities, which must be responded to in a scientific and policy-making process. In this research, two key research questions have been answered: Question 1: What are the mega trends affecting the future of universities in Iran related to the development of new technologies in the field of education? Question 2: What are the effects of identified mega trends on public universities in Iran in the field of financing?

A single case study methodology was used to carry out this research. The mentioned research is at the level of macro-policy making and is studied by public universities. In this research, based on the methodology of a case study through the study of literature, mega trends affecting the future of universities were identified from the perspective of technological developments. Then, based on previous studies, a series of evidence, events and statistics, as well as exploratory interviews with experts, the initial theoretical framework of the research, consisting of 15 mega trends, was presented. Next, the initial theoretical framework was verified using tools such as studying documents and previous studies, statistics and events, and interviewing 13 experts. The selection of experts was based on direct identification and the snowball method and continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Interviews with experts were coded and in the article some of the experts' points of view related to each mega trend are presented.  One of the main steps of research is research validation. Four features including construct validity, internal validity, external validity and reliability were validated in single case study in this research.

Based on previous studies, a series of evidences, events and statistics, as well as exploratory interviews, the initial theoretical framework of the research consisting of 3 sections and 15 mega trends was presented. In the following, the initial theoretical framework was examined based on the case study method and tools such as the study of previous documents and activities, statistics and events, and interviews with experts. Based on this, while revising the mentioned framework, the number of mega trends was reduced from 15 mega trends to 8 mega trends and 19 policy proposals were presented. The 8 mega trends presented in the final framework include mentoring, self-learning, interdisciplinary and skill-based training, blended learning, online and simulated laboratories, online tests, entering new sectors in education and global competition in attracting students. The results of the research show that the 8 mega trends caused by technological developments have a high effect on at least one method of financing in public universities, and it is necessary for policy makers, managers and researchers to understand the effects of these mega trends on the development of universities in Iran.

Research limitations:

 It is suggested to use quantitative and qualitative methods to expand the scope of research from public universities and the financing sector to all kinds of universities and other higher education sectors. Also, universities have various dimensions (such as technological infrastructures and educational methods) that are affected by technological mega trends and it is necessary to investigate in the future researches. The issue of the effects of new technologies such as artificial intelligence is one of the topics of future research from the technical and managerial perspectives in higher education. In the end, it is suggested that the results of the mentioned research should be examined in different public universities with different levels of ability, and the specific characteristics of the universities.

Practical implications: 

The results of this research can be used by policy makers, managers and researchers. Paying attention to multiple specializations in faculty members, employing lecturers from industry in universities, using new business models in public universities to realize continuous and short-term education, paying attention to new technologies such as artificial intelligence in teaching students, More use of self-learning methods, special attention to non-formal education, more serious attention to the needs of industry and society, allocation of funds by the government to equip classrooms with new educational technologies, changes in curricula based on flexibility and continuity, Creating new methods of online and virtual exams, creating virtual laboratories, paying attention to university marketing especially in attracting foreign students, using international infrastructure in the field of education and creating international consortia in holding training courses are among the practical suggestions of this research.

Originality/value: 

In this research, the main goal is to identify the mega trends of technology and examine the impact of mega trends on the future of universities in Iran. Of course, in this research, the focus is on public universities and the financing system in Iran. These technological developments are presented in the context of new technologies such as digital transformation and have serious effects on the activities and performance of the university in the future. The research results are useful and valuable for various stakeholders of higher education, including policy makers and administrators. Also, providing original data from interviews with experts also adds to the value of the research.

In the world of innovation and the digital economy, startups are recognized as driving forces of economic growth and creativity. This research examines the impact of investment at various stages of a startup’s growth on its valuation. Using data from over 52,000 startups across different investment stages (Series A, B, and C) and employing statistical methods and regression analysis, the study investigates the relationship between the amount of investment and the valuation of companies before and after fundraising. The findings indicate that while the amount of investment has a positive effect on the valuation of startups, this effect also depends on other factors such as market conditions and the quality of managerial decisions. By providing comprehensive and practical analyses, this research assists managers, investors, and policymakers in making better decisions regarding the financing and growth management of startups.

The knowledge about human capital as a driving force of economic development has increased in recent years (Rashki , 2019). "Industry 0. 4" or "Fourth Industrial Revolution" is changing our lifestyles and customer-bank relations. It inevitably interprets that both existing commercial techniques and monetary management are not excluded from this change (Singh , 2022). Rapid changes in today's world have created great challenges for banks. Pioneer banks took advantage of opportunities with managerial tools and advanced technologies to achieve banking objectives (Najafbeigi et al , 2011). Such measures lead to bank changes, discussion of the bank's problems, solving problems, and preparing the bank for a successful future.

The “Establishment Act of Bimeh Markazi Iran & Insurance Operations” is the main legal framework governing the activity of the insurance industry and supervision authority in Iran. Although in the Establishment Act, the stable conditions governing the insurance industry are considered, the rapidly changing environment of economic activities requires flexibility and adaptability in the rules and regulations governing the insurance industry, especially in the current era for, to provide transformation in the insurance industry. Considering that more than half a century has passed since the approval of this Act and the new requirements that are imposed on the insurance industry from both the internal environment and the international environment, it is necessary to review it. In this review, the use of experiences and relevant international standard frameworks, as well as the experiences of insurance industry experts can be effective in reaching the desired model and targeted and effective reforms. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the challenges and gaps of Act and review it to identify the solutions of the insurance industry administration in terms of laws and regulations.  

This study was done based on Mixed Method by using survey through questionnaires and in-depth interviews with experts, to identify gaps and areas that need to be amended in the Establishment Act and main laws of the insurance industry. 10 interviews have done and the questionnaire that designed based on the opinions of experts and international insurance standards, has distributed between 52 senior managers of insurance industry and academic professors that received 25 answers. Data gathered from interviews and questionnaires have analyzed and important poins have extracted. 

Drivers of changing the rules, Shariah dimension, legal dimension, executive dimension, organizational structure of the supervisory authority, budget of the supervisory organization, independency of the supervisory, structure of regulation and supervision and inhibiting factors have been counted as 9 main or axial codings of interviews. In analysis of questionnaires, maintaining the integrity of supervision and regulation in Central Insurance, amending the insurance laws, independency of supervisor, role of Reinsurance for Central Insurance, access and sharing of banking information and insurance records of policyholders between supervisor and insurance companies, Takaful, composition of members of the Supreme Council of Insurance and the authority of Council to update the laws, issuing joint insurance products with banks and improving the organizational performance of Central Insurance have been identified as the main issues of concern to the insurance industry. Also, maintaining and promoting competition and preventing fraud, ensuring the appropriate financial status of insurance companies to fulfill obligations to policyholders and other stakeholders, as well as using standard methods to determine capital requirements, supervising the arbitration system and dealing with disputes between the insurance company and agents, creating new institutions and mechanisms in the matter of risk trading in line with the development and emergence of new technologies and tools, helping to standardize data and processes, establishing data governance, guiding companies towards RegTech and using SupTech, and finally using all financial and spiritual capacities for development of insurance are among the most important duties of the insurance industry supervisor.At the end, suggestions have been made to solve the aforementioned gaps and challenges and to improve the legal framework governing the Iran’s insurance industry. Recommendations of this study include compilation of necessary qualifications and term of office for director general of supervision authority (Central Insurance), diversifying the financing methods of Central Insurance in order to strengthen its independency, the mechanism of the cooperation and coordination of Central Insurance with other regulatory governing bodies, changing the composition of Supreme Insurance Council, developing plans and actions of the supervisor regarding new risks of technology and digital transformation, use of capital market capacity in risk transferring and prediction of of virtual insurance companies establishment, and the revision of the goals of the supervisory authority in the areas of prudential supervision and business supervision.

The aim of the present study is to analyze the foundations of financing through factoring with a risk management approach. 

The research method is descriptive-analytical, utilizing library resources. 

Financing through factoring is conducted within the framework of a contract involving two parties: the seller and the factor. In other words, the factoring contract materializes through an agreement between the factor and the seller. Signing this contract establishes a contractual relationship between the seller and the factor.  Findings indicate that, although financial risk is not inherently positive, understanding it leads to better and more informed decision-making in trade or investment, helping to evaluate value in terms of the risk-reward ratio. Among the advantages of issuing commodity factoring notes are financing for producers, liquidity of receivables before their due date, encouraging credit sales guaranteed by exchanges, directing societal savings toward the real economy, providing essential raw materials for intermediate and final consumers through deferred payments, exemption from income tax, and supporting the industrial sector by attracting public investments. 

If this instrument becomes common, it is likely to extend the maturity dates of long-term credit sales.

Compared to civil engineering projects, port construction engineering projects have a larger investment scale, longer cycle and uncertain natural environment, and there are potential influencing factors that are considered sources of risk for port investment projects. Therefore, in this research, the design of a theoretical model of possible risk management for decision-making in port investment projects under conditions of uncertainty has been discussed.

In terms of method, this research is one of the qualitative researches and the strategy of grounded theory was used in it. Data collection was done through interviews with experts and financial experts of port projects in the country. The coding process was used to analyze the research data.

The research results indicate the identification of 10 categories for contextual conditions (including risks related to investment costs, legal and governmental decisions, reduced revenues of economic centers, etc.), the identification of four categories for causal conditions (including dependence on investor performance, dependence on external factors, dependence on internal factors, and commercial management of port projects), the identification of three categories for intervening factors (including governmental and legal interventions, interventions related to investors, and managerial and operational interventions of port organizations), the identification of two categories for strategies (including strategies related to managers and strategies related to investors), and the identification of two categories for outcomes (including governmental outcomes and outcomes related to investors).

Applying the results of this research can pave the way for the success of investment projects in the country's ports for investors and help the government and related organizations in policy making and planning for the development of the country's ports.

Today, a large part of the company's property and assets are related to intangible assets, whose value and price have been determined in recent years for two reasons, the formation of concession contracts and the determination of the share of each partner in capital contracts. Joint ventures have been taken into consideration. In this research, a conceptual model has been presented to identify the influencing factors in technology valuation in the field of financing using foundation data theory. For this purpose, a model has been presented by using the opinion of the experts of Isfahan Regional Electricity Distribution Company and a comprehensive review of the issue in the field of technology valuation selection for the analysis of financial decisions in the field of financing and investment in the solar energy industry. To develop the presented model, a qualitative model based on foundational data theory has been followed. With regard to all the cases mentioned in this research, the technology valuation model for the analysis of financial decisions in the field of financing and investment in the solar energy industry according to the collection of experts' opinions according to three main categories (valuation model, technology organization and investment) and 9 sub-categories (valuation model, technology organization and investment) and 9 sub-categories (low cost, exclusive experience, value provided by technology, communication, technological infrastructure, agility, knowledge management, human resources, new financing model) design has been To ensure that the factors are chosen correctly or not, a content validity analysis has been performed for each of the categories, and according to the results, all the categories have the necessary sufficiency to be included in the valuation model. In the continuation of the research, using the structural equation model, the relationships of the indicators have been modeled in Lisrel software to determine the influence of each factor on each other and also on its main factors. Based on the obtained results, the relationship between the subcategory of human resources and the technology organization in the funding valuation model is identified as meaningless with an impact factor of 0.24. Therefore, this criterion cannot be included in the financing valuation model. But the relationship of other factors with their main criteria in the valuation model of financing is significant. Finally, the validity of the model has been investigated using statistical tests.

The aim of this study is to analyze the factors influencing the financing of renewable energy projects to achieve sustainable development goals using a fuzzy cognitive map approach.

This applied research was conducted in both qualitative and quantitative sections. In the qualitative section, content analysis with a conventional and directed approach was employed, and in the quantitative section, a causal method was used. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews in the qualitative phase and pairwise comparison questionnaires in the quantitative phase. The participants were senior managers and experts from the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Organization (SATBA), selected using purposive and theoretical sampling (a total of 21 participants).

The qualitative findings revealed key influencing factors, including "social responsibility," "direct and indirect government support," "sustainable economic development," "environmental sustainability," "support from financial funds," "commercial creditworthiness of financial suppliers," "foresight and capital planning," "financial capacities," "investment return policies," "empowerment of financial institutions," "renewable energy development policies," "investment culture in renewable energy," and "optimal management of investment risks." The fuzzy cognitive map results showed that "direct and indirect government support for the energy industry" had the highest output and influence, while "commercial creditworthiness of financial suppliers" had the highest input power and susceptibility to influence.

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the factors affecting the financing of renewable energy projects. It highlights the critical roles of government support policies and the commercial creditworthiness of financial suppliers in the success of these projects, suggesting that improvements in these areas can contribute to achieving sustainable development goals.

One of the major problems in Farajah is the financing of ongoing projects, which due to the lack of necessary credit and budget deficit and the lack of allocation of approved credit, the mentioned projects are closed and half-finished or are being carried out at a very low speed. is.

This research is a career in terms of purpose and a survey in terms of nature, and by using a questionnaire and a survey of the subordinate units of Faraja that use Islamic Treasury documents in some way, the effectiveness of financing through Islamic Treasury documents on the progress And Faraja's progress was measured.

Financing through Islamic treasury documents was not effective in advancing Faraja's goals, and also did not save and reduce costs in Faraja, and this type of financing only causes financial discipline in Faraja's future.

According to the data available in Faraja in 1401, the budget received from the Islamic treasury documents was 1.21% of the total budget of Faraja in 1402, this figure has increased to 1.98%, which is a very low figure and number. It is very insignificant in advancing the goals and missions of the organization. After reviewing the information and data obtained, it was found that financing in Faraja through Islamic treasury documents is more towards paying the accumulated debts of contractors and their claims, and the solution to this problem is to maintain the purchasing power of payments with the announced inflation rate. through Iran's Statistics Center and creating the necessary mechanism to welcome and use contractors from such bonds and provide wider financing in Faraja so that we don't see projects that are under construction and projects that are half-finished or closed.

The aim of this study is to identify the components of financing through factoring with a risk management approach. 

The study is applied in nature, cross-sectional in data collection, and descriptive-survey in its execution. The statistical population consisted of experts in financial management and accounting with relevant specializations and at least five years of executive experience in banks. The sampling method was purposive and chain sampling, with a sample size of 15 individuals. The data were analyzed using the qualitative method of thematic analysis. The validity of the research tool was ensured through thematic analysis, and reliability was confirmed using the test-retest method and dual coders. 

The results indicated the identification of 14 basic themes, 5 organizing themes, and 1 overarching theme for the model. The organizing themes include financial risk management, selection of factoring as a financing method, economic and financial factors, relationships with factoring companies, and interaction with business partners. Each of these themes emphasizes various processes essential to managing financial risks and decision-making in the use of factoring within organizations. 

The findings suggest that factoring, as a financing method, can contribute to improving liquidity and profitability when financial risks are managed effectively. Moreover, establishing effective relationships with factoring companies and setting terms of interaction with business partners are key factors for the successful implementation of this financing method.

Financing is one of the important issues that every industry faces in some way. Therefore, in order to maximize the wealth of shareholders, one of the decisions of the managers of small and medium sized industrial units is the decisions related to financing. Hence, the purpose of this research was to design a financing model for small and medium sized industries in Iran in order to improve productivity management. Since this research had a qualitative approach, the grounded theory method was used as a research method. The data was collected through in-depth and open interviews with 20 academic and industry experts, which was then coded and validated. The extracted codes included 411 concepts (open codes) and 20 main categories. Based on the systematic approach of foundational data theory, the identified codes were classified into six categories, including " central phenomenon, causal conditions, background conditions, intervening conditions, strategies and consequences". The results obtained from the interviews show that the central phenomenon of "financing" includes "drafting of financial plans during the financing process", "financial monitoring and evaluation during the financing process" and the categories of "development of operational activities", "developments of company's finances" and "company's environmental causes" as causal conditions have an effect on the categories of the central phenomenon. The foundational categories as necessary background conditions for the realization of financing in small and medium sized industries include: "financial accounting standards", "standardized financial statements", "company’s financial affairs management", "financing institutions", and "company's general management". Meanwhile, some categories act as interfering conditions in realizing financing in small and medium sized industries including: "macro environmental interventions", "internal company interventions" and "prerequisites for realizing financing" which are both background and intervention conditions. They can influence the presented strategies. These strategies include: "corporate discipline", "analysis and monitoring of the prevailing situation in the company", "actions and classification of matters for financing" and "using auxiliary levers" which are the necessary strategies in the implementation of financing in small and medium sized industries. If the central phenomenon is realized, the categories of "business excellence", organization of financial flows" and "economic development" can be expected as the resulting consequences.

Usually, the strategies established by institutions affect the company's performance, so less attention is paid to systems such as taxation, incentive strategies, maintaining business ownership, and their mentality towards sustainable and continuous growth of startups. This article aims to design a model of entrepreneurial financing strategies. The research method applied has a mixed approach (qualitative-quantitative) of an exploratory type. In the quantitative part of the research, the data collected through a questionnaire designed based on the identification indicators of the entrepreneurial financing strategies model and distributed among the studied community were quantitatively analyzed statistically. For statistical analysis, the structural equation method and SPSS and SMART-PL software were used. In the qualitative section, after reviewing and analyzing the content of all interviews, the proposed model of entrepreneurial financing strategies for knowledge-based companies in Iran includes eight main components, including contextual factors related to potential sources of financing, legal and upstream factors, communication factors, international, regional factors, and sanctions, entrepreneur's characteristics, innovation, business-related factors and, management factors.

Foreign investment has played an important role in the world economy since the late 19th century. The world is characterized by different levels of development based on the role of foreign investment and they have documented plans to increase the amount of its absorption in their country. In Iran, the program of increasing foreign investment has been on the agenda for many years and has formed an important part of the country's financing system. The situation of Iran's foreign investment management is good compared to some OPEC standards and in others it needs more attention and search. Based on this, the government system of the country should put on the agenda to strengthen the freedom of information flow in order to increase the access and transparency of the country. Also, important decisions have been made to secure foreign investment and take serious steps in the field of using new technologies and developing international cooperation.

The analysis of the business environment in Iran shows that one of the reasons for the slow growth and productivity of knowledge-based companies in Iran is the difficult financing conditions of these companies. The purpose of this article is to identify the constituent components of the model of entrepreneurial strategies for financing knowledge enterprises in Iran. The research method is applied and, in terms of data collection, it has a hybrid approach (qualitative-quantitative) of exploratory type. Knowledge enterprises form the statistical population of the research. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire based on the results of qualitative research, designed and distributed among the statistical sample. To analyze statistical data, descriptive and inferential statistics, SPSS and Lisrel software was used. The findings of the research showed that the most essential components of the model of entrepreneurial strategies for financing knowledge enterprise are: cognitive capital (2.95), relational capital (average 2.88), structural capital (average 3.32), and social capital (average 3.05). As a result, in forming entrepreneurial strategies, the contextual and structural components were directed so that they could ultimately help the company's financing strategy.

In the present unstable business environment, supply chains are considerably impacted by disruptions, necessitating the implementation of resilience strategies. These strategies, however, pose significant financial challenges for companies. Therefore, financing is essential in developing resilient supply chain networks. In addition to utilizing existing capital, options such as bank loans and trade credit can be employed to alleviate the financial burden and enhance working capital.  The present scholarship has failed to address the issue of financial strain resulting from the adoption of resilience strategies. Additionally, the significance of trade credit and repayment scheduling in all levels of the supply chain network also left under-researched. To fill this research gap, this paper proposes a three-tiered supply chain network consisting of main/support suppliers, factories, and distribution centers under uncertain demand conditions. The network is developed to effectively handle demand uncertainty and achieve optimal net present value and demand estimation. To solve the bi-objective model of the study, a preemptive fuzzy ideal programming approach accompanied by the implementation of the CPLEX solver is utilized. The findings lend support to the importance of securing financial support for support suppliers and establishing effective trade credit agreements across all levels of the supply chain.

The business cluster development model is a new method that has been used in the last two decades to develop and empower small and medium enterprises. Many countries, both developed and developing, have taken advantage of this development model to achieve regional development goals and improve the quality and quantity of their advantageous businesses located in a geographical area. In this research, the factors influencing the performance of business cluster development in Iran have been investigated using theme analysis and fuzzy cognitive map techniques. The data was collected using open interview tools and questionnaires. The present research encompasses the period from 2018 to 2021 and focuses on Iran, specifically examining all provinces where business cluster development plans have been enacted. Based on the model obtained from the fuzzy cognitive map method, the most important factor that affects the performance of business cluster development initiatives is financing of the plans and projects. On the other hand, the most crucial factor for effectiveness is the augmentation of collaborative efforts. Finally, based on the identification of the most important affected and influencing factors, backward and forward scenarios related to the performance of business cluster development plans were examined.

One of the main challenges of the industry is the provision of financial resources. This issue has doubled these challenges in government industries, including the defense industry, due to the budget restrictions that have occurred in recent years. On the other hand, strengthening the country's defense base depends on the provision of new and innovative defense items, and the development of the defense industry depends on the provision of stable financial resources. Chain financing is a creative approach that companies use to allocate financial resources and optimize financial flows in the supply chain. This approach aims to reduce costs, increase profitability and efficiency of the organization as much as possible.

In this research, first, the models and tools of defense financing in the country and its comparative study with the top defense countries of the world were conducted, and then interviews were conducted with experts, and then by implementing the Delphi method, binomial test, and one-sample t-test, financing methods were confirmed. Then the approved methods were ranked and selected using the best-worst multi-criteria decision-making technique.

investment methods from partnership with the private sector and outsourcing, increasing revenues through market development and exporting weapons and military products, increasing revenues through product diversification and dual-purpose, reducing costs through redesigning research and Innovation with effective communication with knowledge bases, production of non-productive assets (sale or lease of extra assets and turning them into profitable assets) are respectively the five priorities of experts to provide financial resources from operational, investment and financing activities.

In the current situation of the country, the sanctions and its consequences against the country's economy (difficulty importing raw materials, increasing exchange rates, increasing prices, inflation, economic stagnation and increasing production costs) have caused producers to develop The quantity and quality of their products and especially in the field of financing the supply chain of their products face many problems. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of designing the model of the financing chain in the household appliance assembly industry. In terms of the purpose of this study, it is a type of developmental and exploratory research that was conducted in a qualitative manner using thematic analysis method. The statistical population of this research consists of the sources that were used to analyze the theme. And in order to strengthen the validity of the research, the opinions of supply chain experts and professors were used in the evaluation of the findings. The sampling method is purposeful. Based on this, after searching the databases, 147 sources, including books and articles, were identified and downloaded, and a total of 51 sources contained related codes, which were considered as the selected sample of the research. The results of theme analysis identified 151 basic themes, 43 organizing themes, and 13 comprehensive themes, which were presented in the framework of the assembly industry financing chain model.

Financing has always been one of the main challenges of creating and developing start-up businesses and small economic industries. Therefore, the purpose of the current research is to identify and present a model for financing small and medium industries with the approach of evaluation laboratory and decision test based on the process of interpretive structural modeling and Fuzzy Dimetal. This article deals with the design of different scenarios in the financing of small and medium enterprises. For this reason, taking into account the previous studies and the fuzzy screening method, a dynamic model has been developed to extract effective factors on the financing of small and medium enterprises and to specify the cause-effect circles. Then, using structural modeling technique and Fuzzy Demetall, relationships and levels between them, the amount of influential and influential coefficients have been determined and included in the model, finally, in order to test the accuracy of the model and determine the behavior of state and rate variables, we collected Information from 30 small and medium-sized enterprises has been requested to know the new methods of financing in a period of 12 months, which was evaluated by analyzing the behavior of the variables in the framework of the model, as well as the sensitivity analysis, and the validity of the designed dynamic model. The results showed that small and medium enterprises can benefit from the designed model and scenarios for optimal financing of their business.