ontology

In today’s interconnected global business environment, companies face the challenge of engaging with diverse stakeholders, including suppliers, customers, government regulators, and employees who represent a wide array of multicultural, ethnic, and religious backgrounds. Organizational excellence depends on guiding employee behavior toward collective goals, often requiring leaders to navigate these complexities adeptly. A company’s competitive edge often lies in its ability to interpret the societal context in which it operates, assign meaning to it, and integrate this understanding into its operations. The ability to lead effectively in such a dynamic landscape is crucial for addressing challenges such as communication barriers, interpersonal and intragroup conflicts, and employee turnover. As a result, organizations are increasingly seeking leaders capable of influencing individuals with diverse worldviews and balancing economic profitability, social responsibility, and environmental sustainability. This need has given rise to the Theory of Being-Based Leadership (TBCL), which provides a framework for leadership development based on five levels of existence: the physical world, the world of images and imagination, the level of self-awareness, the spiritual level, and the non-dual level. This article aims to explore the Theory of Being-Based Leadership, identifying key indicators for leadership development across these five levels and examining how each level advances leadership theory and practice. Additionally, the study identifies and characterizes leadership styles corresponding to each level, contributing to a holistic understanding of effective leadership in modern organizations.
This research adopts a qualitative and exploratory methodology, utilizing thematic analysis as the primary analytical approach. The study draws from a wide range of articles and research on Being-Based Leadership published in reputable databases, including international sources like Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, and domestic platforms such as NoorMags, the Comprehensive Portal of Humanities, MagIran, Ganj Irandoc, and SID, spanning from 2000 to 2024. Search terms like “Spiritual,” “Leader,” “Spiritual Leadership,” and “Being-Centered Leadership” were employed. Due to the novelty of the Being-Based Leadership concept, the available literature is relatively limited, with Dr. Farai and his colleagues being the principal contributors to this field. The study also incorporated foundational texts in organizational theory and management to provide additional context for leadership theories related to each level of existence. Ultimately, 17 sources, including articles, books, and theses, were selected for coding and thematic analysis. Leadership indicators at each of the five levels were identified through systematic coding into three thematic categories, resulting in a detailed framework for leadership development.
The thematic analysis identified 159 basic themes, 37 organizing themes, and 17 overarching themes related to leadership development at the five levels of existence. These findings highlight indicators of leadership behaviors and actions across all levels, providing insights into how leaders can develop competencies and practices that align with the multidimensional nature of organizational dynamics. The study offers a structured understanding of leadership development indicators based on the five levels, with particular emphasis on enhancing organizational leaders’ roles and fostering their capacity to guide diverse teams effectively.
Leadership is a dynamic, evolving process that transcends an individual leader’s level of existence and extends into an ongoing social framework involving multiple stakeholders. Effective leadership enables individuals to engage in deeper, more meaningful collaborations, fostering adaptability and resilience in complex situations. The Theory of Being-Based Leadership addresses both the personal evolution of leaders and the nuanced social contexts in which they operate. By emphasizing interpersonal competencies, trust-building, respect, and organizational commitment, Being-Based Leadership provides a comprehensive approach to developing long-term leadership effectiveness. This framework not only enriches the understanding of leadership traits and behaviors but also integrates them into a model for holistic and sustainable organizational success.

Decision-making is a foundational element in both individual and organizational contexts, drawing significant scholarly attention in the field of management. Theories in decision-making are underpinned by foundational assumptions that stem from differing ontological and epistemological paradigms. Thus, exploring the critical topic of decision-making through the lens of Iranian-Islamic texts gains particular importance in addressing these theoretical underpinnings. This study aims to examine the structural components of decision-making based on the thought of Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi. The research methodology integrates several layers: interpretive in terms of paradigm; exploratory in terms of logic; qualitative in terms of strategy; case study in terms of research method; descriptive-exploratory in terms of its methodological nature; document-based in terms of data collection tools; and thematic analysis as the analytical approach. Through this methodology, the research identified 224 descriptive codes, 28 interpretive codes, and 6 overarching themes: 1.Attention to Divine Will, 2.Decision and Action, 3.The Role of Divine Influence in Decision-Making, 4.Growth through Decision-Making, 5.Errors and Failures in Decision-Making, 6.Determination in Decision Implementation. The exploration of the structural components of decision-making, as inspired by the thought of Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi, contributes to the enrichment of existing theoretical frameworks in the field of decision-making.

Leadership has a special place in human life and seeks to create a potential force to inspire people to achieve individual and organizational goals. Today, the pursuit of perfection and the search for the meaning and concept of individual and organizational life is a subject that is very important for leaders and followers. Non- duality leadership draws the path of human perfection based on ontology, epistemology and progress in the worlds of being. This theory is a new concept in the field of organizational leadership that pursues human happiness in individual and organizational life. The purpose of this research is to conceptualize the theory of non- duality leadership. This research was identified, compiled and analyzed in terms of its objective, fundamental, and in terms of implementation method, with the method of systematic review and content analysis of various propositions related to the concept of non- duality leadership. EBSCO, SCOPUS, WIELY, SCIENCE DIRECT, PROQUEST, SPRINGER databases were used to identify the sources and finally 19 articles were selected from the total of 189 identified articles. As a result of aggregation and after the coding process, the coded propositions were categorized into six main categories of nature, factors affecting formation, characteristics, growth and excellence strategies, consequences and values.

Organization is a complex phenomenon that is difficult to understand its various aspects. The use of metaphorical recognition method in the area of organization and management studies has been a response to this need. None of the expressed metaphors is free of ontological presuppositions. The purpose of this paper is to investigate and classify organizational metaphors from an ontological point of view. The method of this research is argumentative – interpretive in nature, and it uses the typology method and document review, in which the types are formed based on induction and by choosing appropriate conceptual labels. In this way, the metaphors expressed about the organization were collected and studied with an inductive approach and analyzed based on their type of view on the existence of the organization. Then, the metaphors were adapted according to the ontological assumptions deduced from them with the paradigms presented in the literature. By clarifying the ontology of the mentioned metaphors, it is possible to open the way for new metaphors, especially regarding Islamic ontology, and secondly, prevent new metaphors from falling into the trap of this tautology or eclecticism.

A multicultural society is ready for opportunities and threats that require an efficient policy. Policies are effective when they are formulated based on sound principles and assumptions, and while adapting values and norms, they can lead the society from the current situation to the desired situation. The fundamental question is what are the principles of multicultural society policy-making from the perspective of Islam? Islam is the most comprehensive and complete religion among the heavenly religions, which has provided different principles for the policy-making of a multicultural society. Using a descriptive-analytical method, this study tries to explain the principles of ontology, anthropology, sociology, and theology for the policy-making of a multicultural society from the perspective of Islam. They are discussed such as the components of the unity and multiplicity of existence, diversity, levels, and relations of existence in the foundations of ontology. In the basics of anthropology, ethnic, linguistic, and gender diversity is explained and in the basics of sociology, the levels of society from the family to cultural organizations and the level of Islamic government are discussed and in the basics of theology, the role of religion in the social arena is analyzed.

 Despite advances in the capabilities of data mining algorithms, the knowledge extracted by these algorithms require a great deal of refinement to become actionable for business executives. The main objective of this research is to identify common business problems of customer support domain that can be solved with the help of data mining techniques and to formulate an ontology of business understanding. Hence, customer support business problems are first identified through interviews with the domain experts, and then, with the review of related literature, the ontology of customer support problems is developed. As results of the research, the business objectives of the customer support domain that lead to value creation and profitability are identified along with key activities and outputs of each activity and the analytical steps required based on data mining techniques to achieve each business objective. Finally, based on CRISP-DM data mining model, the ontology of business understanding is introduced.

Customer support is the establishment of a set of processes and systems aimed at achieving customer satisfaction and loyalty and ultimately creating a profitable and lasting business relationship. Customer-related data and information technology tools are the foundation of a successful customer support strategy. Today, the rapid growth of information technologies and the Internet have opened up new opportunities to create profitable and successful customer relationship through data mining. Business decision makers expect the output of the data mining process to be easily interpreted and applied. Therefore, data mining techniques should provide actionable knowledge to these people. The lack of focus on business understanding in formulating the data mining problem and the lack of knowledge of the business domain is the root of this problem (Cao, 2017. Li, 2014). So far, data mining has been seen as a data-driven process that has little focus on the context and knowledge of the business domain. The main purpose of this article is to model key customer support business problems, goals, and activities that can be solved by data mining techniques. In this regard, ontology is used as a tool for structuring and displaying knowledge of customer support. The ontology is a detailed and transparent explanation of a common conceptualization (Gruber, 1993). Cao argues that if the ontology integration between the framework and the methodology of data mining and organization/business can be established, the actionability of data mining output can be assured.

This study presents a model and method that facilitates business understanding of customer support for data mining problem and actioable knowledge discovery. To this end, first by interviewing software support experts in the software industry, the key concepts that are essentially business problems addressed by data mining algorithms are identified and presented in the form of basic artifacts. In the next step, related literature has been reviewed to generalize the basic artifact to the field of consumer support domain. The final artifact has been reconciled with the help of experts. Accordingly, the interview questions were formulated by experts. 1-What are the key activities in the area of ​​customer support? 2- What are the main goals in customer support? 3-What kind of data is stored in customer support? The purpose of the above questions is to identify the leading business goals in the area of ​​customer support first. Then, to reach each goal, data analysis steps must be made on specific data, and finally the outputs of the steps identified. The following five queries were searched through Google Scholar for literature review. The reason for choosing Google Scholar is to index all the databases in the world by the search engine's search algorithm. The last ten years date range, between 2009 and 2019, was considered as the search time limit. - Customer relationship + Literature review - Customer support + Literature review - Customer service + Literature review - Customer experience + Literature review - Customer journey + Literature review The reason for the literature search query in the search query is that identifying relevant concepts in the domain of customer support and building the ontology of understanding customer support business as the research goal is pursued.

Customer support business objectives were identified. Each goal has analytical steps that must be applied to specific customer support data. For example, two analytical steps have been identified for the purpose of optimizing revenue from existing customers, including finding the relationship between features and needs and matching the service portfolio to customer needs. These analytical steps are meant to classify customers based on similar features and assign customers to the product based on similar features. For this purpose, background data and client transaction databases should be used. The formulated artifact of the research acts like this.

Most efforts to improve the data mining process have so far focused on improving data mining modeling, processes, and algorithms. There is a profound semantic gap between what a knowledge engineer deduces from data mining algorithms and what a business user pursues for profitability and business metrics. There are two major limitations to an approach that overcomes knowledge engineering: first, business requirements are not considered correctly, and second, the business user does not have the technical and statistical knowledge needed to perform the data mining process himself. Current ontologies of data mining are generally focused on the modeling and technical evaluation of data mining outputs. There is no evidence of a business-centric system modeling and architecture review among data mining ontologies. The artifact of this research has not only provided understanding of customer support business problems to begin the data mining process but also provided the basis for producing architectures for recording and sharing the extracted knowledge and production of a learning system. Future research should focus on the prototype production of a learning system that also characterizes the data mining process modeling step associated with any problem identified in the research artifact. In other words, data mining ontologies first need to be scrutinized, and then the mapping or integration between data mining ontologies and ontology business support ontologies defined in which the user identifies the problem and other stages of the data mining process can be proposed.

Entrepreneurship is defined as the process of creating new economic or business activity entailing the opportunity recognition, evaluation and exploitation behaviors. Opportunity is hence at the heart of entrepreneurial activities. Yet, this construct has be utilized inconsistently in the literature such that it is posited that possibly the most consistency in the literature is inconsistency in the conceptualization and operationalization of this construct. One important reason for this inconsistency is supposed to result from the nature of the opportunity construct which is argued as a non-researchable construct in recent discussions in the literature. This research, which is basic-theoretical in terms of the purpose and descriptive-content analysis in terms of data collection, combines 18 papers related to measuring the construct of opportunity using the meta-synthesis approach and presents an integrated framework for studying the construct of opportunity in entrepreneurship studies. It presents 4 paths for making the opportunity construct measurable which can provide valuable insights for entrepreneurship scholars to progress research on the most important construct of this field.

Frederick Herzberg was a psychologist who presented a theory of two-factor health-motivational in 1975. Herzberg's theory has identified a set of factors that discribes job dissatisfaction, which introduces these factors as a maintenance factors ( in some articles has been defined as Hygiene Factors). He also describes the set of factors that cause job satisfaction and motivation in the job as motivating factors (in some articles has been defined as Motivators). Despite the current uses of this theory, more criticisms have been made by experts on this theory from a different perspectives . Accordingly, in the first part of this paper it has tried to explain the subject of motivation and discribe the two-factor theory of Fredrick Herzberg in details. In the second part, it has been studied the philosophical review of the theory from the perspective of ontology, epistemology, nature of human, methodology, and also critique of this theory from a symbolic-interpretative viewpoint.

The methodology of Islamic futures studies is the first step in Islamicization of this knowledge. Identifying it is one of the important issues in this knowledge. The difference between the approach of Islam to epistemology and ontology is the basis for the differences and important distinctions in the methodology of Islamic futures studies. Therefore, identification of the methodology of Islamic futures studies is of special importance based on Islamic teachings and principles. In this research, data were collected by library method and analyzed by descriptive-analytical method. Finally, three types of methodology for Islamic futures studies were identified in this research, which include analytical methodology of futuristics, which with rational explanation aims at future studies; interpretive methodology also focuses on the internal factors of human beings. Intuitive methodology also focuses on the inner experiences of individuals about future issues and calls them implicit knowledge.
As a result, three types of methodology for Islamic futures studies have been achieved

The assessment of vulnerability to drought in different areas is a new scope in literature in spatial planning and environmental planning, and various researchers, according to their research subjects, have presented different approaches in this subject. Considering that Iran is also one of the countries exposed to extensive droughts, the necessity of categorizing and recognizing the theoretical frameworks affecting the formation of various vulnerability assessment approaches for researchers in this field has become more urgent.
This paper tries to classify the approaches to drought vulnerability assessment by using the comparative study method and considering the relationship between the epistemology and ontology of the "drought vulnerability", and to provide a theoretical framework for the ontology of approaches to assess the vulnerability to drought.
Findings: Vulnerability assessment approaches to drought can be divided into three categories and a dual classification from the ontology point of view; from the perspective of epistemology, these approaches are influenced by four concepts including effects, adaptability, risk and model.
The drought Vulnerability Assessment Approaches from the perspective of epistemology are influenced by four concepts including effects, adaptability, risk and model, and from the perspective of ontology, they can be divided into two general categories. Each of these categories itself contains smaller categories that are affected by how vulnerabilities are defined. The most important achievement of this paper is to illustrate the relationship between each of these categories and the epistemological roots that govern them, which makes researchers, prior to assessing vulnerability to drought, having sufficient knowledge of the epistemic roots of approach to best evaluation.

The ontological foundations in futurology represent the perspective of the futurologist about existence. Before futurology, the ontological approach to future must be clarified, because only when the futurological perspective of the future is determined on the basis of the ontology of the future, one can gain a proper and accurate understanding of the future and its related propositions. Without a precise approach to existence, the process of futurology cannot be pursued in a desirable and effective manner. In this research, following the main approaches to the ontological foundations of futurology, a conceptual framework was created based on theoretical foundations, and then, by referring to religious and philosophical sources, the needed data were collected and analyzed by using the descriptive-analytical method. After describing the propositions and analyzing them, three foundations were identified: “the difference between the degrees and the actual fact of existence”, “the existence of causal relations in the system of being” and “the necessary concomitance of time and movement as the ontological foundations of futurology”.

Nowadays, there is an increasing need in military systems for more intelligent and higher semantic interactions, efficient transfer of military information, and developing a common language among forces for synchronized decision making and a coordinated action. In the same vein, ontology has become an innovative tool for military information modelling. In the present paper, using an innovative methodology which is a combination of knowledge engineering and automatic methods of data derivation, and with the purpose of modelling of military knowledge for developing a common semantic infrastructure for commanding and control systems, as well as a common language among forces, the ontology of battle field was modelled in three sub-ontologies of military, geographical and civil branches using Protégé software in OWL language. Finally, the developed ontology was evaluated using a comprehensive verification plan for coverage and credibility and correctness of ontology application. The developed ontology is the first domestic ontology which is applicable as semantic infrastructure for various command and control systems

Nowadays accidents, related fatalities and other consequences are a worldwide problem. This issue is particularly important in developing countries, such as Iran. For incident management and the various organizations involved, access to updated information is the first important step to establish the communication between the involved parties and for the optimal management of accidents. But the disparities and differences in the structure and semantics of data and services create significant barriers in information integration. The purpose of this study is to provide the means of solving interoperability problems, through combining the existing technologies in the field of web services and Geospatial Web service with the ones in the field of Semantic Web. Following this aim, a system for identification and notification of accident-prone roads has been designed based on the service-oriented architecture. In this system, the ontology is used to enrich the semantics of data and services. For this purpose, the designed ontology consists of concepts related to the field of road accidents and their relationships. The findings of this study show that this system has the capability of storing other organizations’ data, which have different ontology designs. Also, a Geospatial Web service is implemented in accordance with the OGC standards and with semantic annotation of that, an ontology-based web service is developed.

Man is a decision-maker being. Decision –making means solving problems and choosing solutions. To make a decision and to solve a problem, managers must make some arrangements in order to be able to understand the problem and solve it. Some of these arrangements are made consciously and some others are applied carelessly. Under the influence of cognitive and educational factors during their lives, men form some conceptions and use them naturally when making decisions.By obtaining factual and valuable information and properly processing it in their minds, prudent managers can create an atmosphere for making better decisions. The attitudes can provide the managers with some facilities in the process of decision-making. These attitudes can play a significant role in all the stages of decision making. The present paper focuses on the ontological and anthropological insights (knowledge) which influence decision-making. Having these implicit insights, faithful managers are capable of handling problems more effectively. This paper tries to investigate the effect of attitudes on decision-making by analyzing the concept of attitude and expounding the stages of decision-making and referring to Islamic sources.

In the military environment, managers and leaders, through investment in knowledge assets to facilitate the solution of problems faced in the future, provide. In this respect, knowledge of police practices and the effective asset management for sophisticated knowledge of the police. One of the basic elements of police knowledge management, ontology modeling, knowledge management is usually the police are not sufficiently considered. The main mission of the police force to protect lives and property of people in the world, and the votes of law enforcement and crime prevention, disaster management, security research and society. A police investigation is successful enough that each of the main activities of the police investigation to be conducted successfully and guidance. In many countries, national and local levels, according to police reportsata from paper to automated systems management and integration of reports into and increasingly, it makes the data available. In this paper, the concept of ontology, ontology types, benefits, applications and in law enforcement Vyzgyhay ontology, the ontology development based on police affairs, and the ontological approach to knowledge management in the police and finally given the characteristics of detective work to assess the situation and assess the ontological approaches to environmental threats in police knowledge management model, was making sense.