production

In this research, a model has been proposed to optimize the transportation route. By considering different customers, different demands, considering different distribution points, considering different products and, different production process time of products, the current model has been able to examine the topic of vehicle routing from different aspects. These items were not available in previous studies, and other models have only generally increased profits. After solving the model by two methods, the results have shown that the planning done for vehicle routing has made a significant contribution to reducing operating costs, the route traveled, and at the same time reducing the consumption of fossil fuels. that the delivery of the consignment to the customers was within the time limit requested by the customers and exactly according to the time limit, and the products were delivered to the customers before the end of the expected deadline. Therefore, customer demand has been delivered to customers in the shortest possible way, at the lowest cost, with the lowest emissions and without shortages. Also, the results of the exact and meta-heuristic solution algorithms have shown the high adaptation of the modeling and the limitations of the model; In such a way that all the limitations of the proposed system have become feasible and the problem has been able to achieve an optimal answer in the desired period of time.

Health spending is an important expenditure item for production growth because it includes both public expenditure and private investment. Therefore, investment in health can lead to production growth by increasing income. This study explains the effects of the quartiles of the share of the rich and the poor in the combination of public and private health expenditures, in line with the general policies of the health system, on the growth of the production sector, using the final quartile regression model for the period from 1989 to 2021. The results of the estimation show that the indicators of both private and public government health expenditures and the literacy rate have a positive temporal correlation with production growth in the first (Q25) and second (Q50) quartiles. As the time lag components decrease and the data move towards the third (Q75) and fourth (Q95) quartiles, the correlation between the study indicators and production growth increases. In other words, in the upper quartiles of society, increases in health expenditures and literacy rates have led to greater production growth. Moreover, according to the results, a one-unit increase in the ratio of the health cost of the richest 20% to the poorest 20% in the third (Q75) and fourth (Q95) quartiles reduces GDP per capita growth by 0.26 and 0.30 units, respectively. The results also suggest that the impact of public health expenditures on production growth is greater than that of private health expenditures. Therefore, policymakers should direct public health investments in such a way that they benefit every citizen equally, without profit motives. On the other hand, due to the sensitivity of the issue, citizens must have a strong oversight role over the private sector, and economic policymakers should establish a model system for private health investments that complements public health investments.

Today, due to the increase in complexities and uncertainties faced by manufacturing organizations, the production of products faces planned/unplanned events that happen during the production life cycle. Meanwhile, some factors can have a significant impact on the success or failure of the organization, and the most effective of such factors is the occurrence of delays and disruptions in the production and delivery schedule. Some of these factors are caused by the nature of the industry, which is difficult to reduce/eliminate. The effect of many other factors can be reduced and sometimes eliminated. Most of the manufacturing-related literature focuses on providing solutions to the issues that lead to delays. The neglected point in the literature is to identify the underlying factors that lead to delays in the production schedule and delivery of products and to provide a comprehensive framework for identifying delays in production environments. This study aims to reduce delays and optimize production time by identifying and ranking the possible factors causing delays in production organizations based on the review of the literature related to production and empirical research.

Design/methodology/approach

: This research includes a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods to provide a more detailed analysis of the dimensions related to the problem. First, four types of production systems, i.e., engineering to order, manufacturing to order, assembly to order and production to warehouse have been described, and then these production environments have been compared with different aspects. In the following, by reviewing previous research and benefiting from experts, factors affecting delays in production projects have been identified and localized, and the weight of each criterion has been determined using Shannon's entropy method. Finally, by applying this model in the manufacturing industries of Iran and using the TOPSIS technique, the causes of delay have been ranked.

Due to their nature, production systems are exposed to risks caused by various delay factors. The results indicated that engineering based on order, manufacturing based on order, assembly based on order, and production for warehouse are exposed to more risks, respectively. The most important causes of delay in each production system were among the other results. Based on the findings, it seems that manufacturing organizations, knowing the nature of the system, rank their system in terms of delays, and prevent unfortunate events in this field by careful planning.

Research limitations/implications:

 The extent of industries and manufacturing companies in identifying comprehensive criteria contributed to the study. However, from the point of view of specialization of the results, every industry must obtain relevant results by implementing the proposed approach according to the type of its production system. Therefore, more context-specific research is needed to examine the unique aspects of organizational cultures that include social, political, economic, technological, personnel, and personal considerations. Therefore, future studies should provide the analysis and findings in each case because each one will bring distinctive and unique findings in its case.

Practical implications:

 Accurate identification of the production system used in manufacturing industries and the main causes of delay can provide managers with a more effective view to prevent destructive consequences.

Originality/value:

 This study investigated the causes of delays in various production projects in Iranian manufacturing organizations. No research has been performed on investigating the reasons for delays in various types of production environments in the manufacturing organizations in Iran, as a developing country exhibiting differences in the aspects of cultures, social, political, economic, technological, personnel and personal.

This research explores the development of an agile-lean production model enhanced by blockchain technology specifically tailored for the jewelry and gold industry. The adoption of blockchain aims to tackle prevalent challenges such as intricate supply chains, diminished value addition, transparency deficiencies, and fraud risks. By leveraging blockchain’s capabilities, including immutable origin verification and automated smart contracts, this model seeks to revolutionize the industry. It promises significant improvements in process efficiency, waste reduction, and overall product quality.Blockchain’s potential to provide a transparent and tamper-proof record of transactions is particularly advantageous for verifying the authenticity and ethical sourcing of precious materials. This research emphasizes that successfully integrating this advanced model requires substantial capital investment and a strategic approach to human resource management, adept handling of legal challenges, and robust data security measures.Further, the study will explore the practical implementation of blockchain within various stages of the production process, assessing its impact on operational agility and lean manufacturing principles. By addressing these critical aspects, the research offers a comprehensive framework for the jewelry and gold industry to enhance its competitive edge and sustainability.

Currently, the need to expand accurate and rapid quality assurance to provide high quality and safe manufactured products; Yes, quality focuses more on internal issues that are used to control and improve internal processes and seek to improve performance for customer satisfaction and competitiveness. The quality of products and processes is emphasized in industry, government and society. The quality performance evaluation system is highly dependent on the identification and selection of critical success factors and its indicators in the framework of quality management. To achieve this goal, there are problems in the production industry, such as low production efficiency, low accuracy and lack of innovation in products.

Based on this, a plan has been proposed to introduce the artificial intelligence method of manufacturing companies to solve the above problems and, as a result, improve product quality and production efficiency. For this purpose, a network based on an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system is presented to evaluate the accuracy of the results and compare its efficiency. The proposed method is opposed to hard calculations and will save time and money. In industries, the volume of data has increased, which has led to the emergence of new concepts such as big data analytics, and the limitations and advantages of artificial intelligence-based solutions are discussed to creative attention to new solutions and new directions in manufacturing, commercial and service industries to improve efficiency. Stimulate your processes, increase the value of your solutions, and design new products to find new businesses and markets. Almost all international roadmaps focused on innovation and research include artificial intelligence as a fundamental driver of future technology. A challenge for traditional methods in quality management is the management of high-dimensional and non-linear production data. To solve these problems, a process based on artificial intelligence has been developed in this research to improve product quality and production efficiency. In this research, an adaptive neural-fuzzy inference model that has the advantages of neural network and fuzzy inference together, to evaluate and extracts the quality level of manufactured products; And it is proposed to infer how a set of production parameters and process quality of a production system are related.

In order to train the proposed model, the data related to the quality process of one piece from the production line of Khazar Plastic Industrial Company was used and 550 data related to the quality process with emphasis on influential variables including "appearance standard, external diameter of large gear, thickness of gear, The length of the metal shaft, the height of the metal shaft, the external diameter of the metal shaft" are considered as input variables and final quality as output variables. Finally, the accuracy of the results and the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference model have been evaluated using statistical indices of correlation coefficient and root-mean-square error. 

the results show the data used to evaluate the quality of the production part in the adaptive-proposal neuro-fuzzy method; With a correlation coefficient of 0.95 and a mean square error of 0.42869, it provided a good match between the quality of the model output and the actual values.

Currently, imposing carbon tariffs is criticized as one of the factors limiting trade between countries. Considering the importance of dealing with climate change and the interest of countries in imposing climate policies such as imposing carbon tariffs, the present research evaluates the effects of imposing this policy under four scenarios of imposing carbon tariffs by the European Union, Japan, the United States of America and all regions. It has studied the production and trade in Iran’s target industries using the environment-oriented general equilibrium model of the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP-E). In this regard, the 141 countries and regions and 65 sectors in the GTAP10 data have been divided into 5 regions and 9 sectors according to the purpose of the research. The estimation of the model using RunGtap software shows that imposing the carbon tariff on energy intensive industries in Iran. According to the results of this study, in order to maintain and develop the export markets of energy-intensive industries, it is necessary to adopt the necessary measures to decarbonize the production process of the aforementioned industries, including the use of new technologies, incentive policies, and carbon pricing. Key words: carbon tariff, energy industries on Iran, production, trade, GTAP-E model.

The purpose of this research was to phenomenology of the experiences of operational project managers of the construction camp in the face of the crisis of continued erosion of sanctions based on big data fuzzification. The method of conducting this research is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive. Due to the use of both qualitative and quantitative methods in this research, a mixed method type is used. Sampling has been selected from the operational project managers of the construction camp. Due to the use of qualitative method, a structured interview tool was used. According to this method, the sample number was considered to include 35 successful managers in order to implement the interview process. The method of conducting the research in the quantitative research method was a survey, and researcher-made questionnaires including 33 open questions were used to measure the experiences of successful managers. The variables of the research included the ability to plan and organize in crisis conditions, the ability to lead in times of crisis, and the ability to control the organization in crisis conditions. Based on the results, the most important component of leadership ability in times of crisis, including strategies to increase profit and income, was selected. Based on the results, the most important component of production logistics service management requirements, increasing and deepening the relationship with production logistics service management requirements, human capital development was selected. Based on the results, the most important component of the organization's control power in critical conditions, market segmentation according to the type of project and requests was selected.

Social entrepreneurship means innovative social value creation activities. Researchers have confirmed that this phenomenon leads to sustainable social and economic development. For the development of the contextual nature of social entrepreneurship in any specific field, its specific processes and mechanisms must be known first. Therefore, this research seeks to answer the question of how social entrepreneurship initiatives are formed in a developing country like Iran. For this purpose, a qualitative research method has been used in the way of Grounded theory. In-depth interviews were conducted with 9 social entrepreneurs who have experienced the studied process. The analysis of the structure of values and interactions of social entrepreneurs with others from childhood to the moment of creating their social initiative led to the formation of the grounded theory. The pattern obtained from this research shows that the main category that leads to the creation of social entrepreneurial initiatives is the individual's tendency towards socially responsible activities, which makes the creation of social initiatives desirable. If such a person finds it possible to create a social initiative under the influence of mediating and special environmental conditions, they take special strategies that will result in the formation of a new social entrepreneurial initiative. Based on the study results, strengthening the individuals’ social responsibility feelings through increased awareness is recommended.

The purpose of this research is to design and plan the production and distribution supply chain in an integrated manner.

By using the bi-level programing approach, it is possible to maintain the integrity of decision-making while managing the conflict between the goals and interests of the decision-makers. In the proposed model, supply chain design decisions are considered at the leader level and production and distribution planning decisions are jointly considered at the follower level. At the leader level, the three goals of minimizing the costs of the entire supply chain, maximizing reliability and minimizing adverse environmental effects, and at the follower level, minimizing production costs and minimizing distribution costs are pursued. Therefore, the proposed bi-level programing model is multi-objective and multi-follower. To calculate the credibility of SCOR12 model parameters, hierarchical data analysis technique and fault tree analysis were used. The carbon dioxide emission factor was used to measure the adverse environmental effects. Finally, meta-heuristic technique has been used to solve the proposed model.

The findings indicate that due to the high accuracy of the MOEA/D algorithm, the findings of this algorithm can be trusted for the supply chain problem.

This research is considered a new approach in terms of leveling the problem and choosing the problem of leader and follower. If the decisions related to the design and planning of the supply chain are made with the cooperation of the supply chain links and in an integrated manner, the probability of achieving more favorable results increases

The objective of this research is to design a business model for producing vegetable milk based on the business canvas with a focus on the proposed value block.

The research is practical in terms of its purpose, and the data collection method is descriptive-survey with a survey approach to data analysis. The research has been conducted using a qualitative method, and the thematic analysis method has been used to build the model. The statistical population includes manufacturers, specialists, and experienced engineers with a minimum work experience of three years, of which 15 individuals have been purposefully sampled. Qualitative data collection has been conducted through conceptual in-depth interviews using open-ended questions, and the validity of the interview questions has been checked by research experts, supervisors, and advisors.

The research findings indicate that the causal conditions include economic conditions, organizational structure, managerial causes, central categories, corporate factors, creating loyal customers, creating value, intervening conditions, transparent work rules, managerial factors, efficient management, control mechanisms, strategies, structural factors, and institutional background conditions, communication networks, customer-oriented network, distribution network. The consequences include the efficiency of the designed business environment.

The research provides valuable insights into the factors that need to be considered when designing a business model for the production of vegetable milk. Specifically, the findings highlight the importance of creating loyal customers, adding value, and efficient management in the success of the business. The research can be used by business owners and managers to develop a comprehensive strategy for the successful production and distribution of vegetable milk.

Energy saving regarding its high share in energy consumption of industries has a significant impact on the growth and development of countries. This study aims to evaluate the performance of Iran's electricity generation, transmission, and distribution processes.

By using a network data envelopment analysis (DEA) model, the overall efficiency scores, and efficiency scores of production, transmission, and distribution processes are calculated. The network structure considers the main and surplus inputs (fuel consumption costs, internal consumption, transmission substation capacity, power transmission lines length, transformers capacity, low and medium voltage network length), intermediate sizes (net power generation, gross power generation, and delivered energy), desirable (nominal power, actual power, and delivered energy) and undesirable outputs (environmental pollutants, and energy losses).

An algorithm based on a multi-objective programming model is presented to evaluate network performance and simultaneously to evaluate processes efficiency. The proposed algorithm is used to evaluate 16 electricity areas in Iran.

The results showed that Tehran, Khorasan, Khuzestan, and Zanjan are the most efficient areas.

During the last four decades oil revenues are one of the most important sources of government revenue which have a high impact on the economy. The source of oil revenue can be used as a positive lever for development and infrastructure projects of countries due to the impact of sanctions on oil revenues. For a better understanding of how to allocate oil revenues in the Iranian economy, in this study modeling and simulation methods ere followed. It aims to allocate oil revenues to the private and public sectors over a 20-year horizon. Using the system dynamics method and using Vensim Software, the cause-effect relationships and the state and flow of the model are designed and the economic effects are simulated under different scenarios. The simulation performed in this model is done in three modes; The first scenario is the total oil revenues for investment in the public sector, the second scenario is the allocation of all oil revenues in the form of facilities to the private sector through the National Development Fund and finally, the third scenario in which 70% of oil revenues go to the public sector and the rest through the Development Fund. National is allocated to the private sector. The results show that the allocation of oil revenues to the public sector to invest in production and infrastructure projects is a good scenario in the economy in the long run, which has positive economic effects on national production, welfare and investment.

For resource-based economies like Iran, the  the most important way to end the oil-dependency era is technological development. Therefore, the present study examines the technological development and catch- up trajectory of Iranian E&P companies in the field of EOR through experience-based and research-based learnings, with the mediating role of technological capabilities. In the first stage, considering the nature of knowledge and technology in EOR industry, it was examined that which mode of learning is more applicable in this industry. Then, by means of Thematic Analysis and through reviewing the most reliable sources, the relationship between modes of learning, types of capabilities, and types of technological catch-up were investigated in one framework to determine the technological path from learning to catch-up. In the second stage, with a case study of two Iranian E&P companies, their catch-up stages were studied. The research findings show that the first company has followed the path-following pattern by accumulating operational capability level through experience-based learning mechanisms, and the second company has followed path-creating pattern by adding research-based learning mechanisms and accumulating innovative capability.

In this study, with the aim of "identifying the ideological requirements for the production of computer games with the ability to compete with other manufacturers in the world," it is an attempt was made to examine the production requirements in the ideological dimension. For this purpose, the mixed method with the exploratory approach was used in both quantitative and qualitative parts. Qualitative section Twelve experts of the gaming industry, using purposive sampling method, were selected from among the activists and officials of the gaming industry of the country as Delphi panel. In the quantitative part, from the results obtained by the Delphi method, a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire was prepared for the descriptive survey method, and 220 computer game makers in Tehran were surveyed by a questionnaire. According to the research findings, 11 indicators, which are ideologically necessary to produce a competitive computer game, were identified by the Delphi panel. Also, according to a census conducted by the creators of computer games in Tehran, paying attention to the ideological dimension with an average of 4.34, is necessary to produce a game and is of great importance

Today, utilizing human capital has become a major concern due to our dealing with economic issues and finding solutions for people's livelihood difficulties. Iran's Supreme Leader has, therefore, time and again focused on employment and boosting production. This article has a quality approach to the issue and adopted content analytical method to identify effective factors on employing human resources in production from the viewpoint of the Supreme Leader. It has considered all the Supreme Leader's remarks concerning production and employment in the years 2008-2018, extracted from www.Khamenei.ir site, counted to be 414. The software used is MAX QDA12 and the validity of research was approved by the experts. After analyzing the speeches, the extracted components were titled as signs, concepts and categories. Here are some of them:  the importance of knowledge-based production, using knowledge-based human resources, workers' position and entrepreneurs' value, utilizing intellectual elites and the relationship between industry and university, using knowledge-based companies, utilizing educated young people, taking advantage of scientific management, solving the workers' problems, facilitating the employment, culture making, creating work interest, empowering the private sector, making small productive firms active, enriching national production, preventing the import and smuggling of the goods, supporting national production by the government, supporting the production by the people, developing the skills and encouraging the entrepreneurs, exploiting individuals' innovation, wealth creation, increasing non-oil exports and economic growth, increasing quality and quantity of production , preventing social damages and reducing unemployment . These concepts were then studied in three categories including the importance, approach, and outcomes of utilizing the human capital in production and employment.

The aim of the current quantitative applied research was to design a model for the investigation of the extent to which automobile production strategies may impact domestic manufacturers’ sustainable competitive advantage. The research data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire whose construct and content validity had been confirmed and its reliability had been verified through Cronbach alpha. The research population comprised senior managers of automobile manufacturing companies located in Tehran, Iran from whom a random sample was selected. The data obtained from 384 completed questionnaires were analyzed through Structural Equation Modeling to find out the relationship among various factors of the model and the Variance-Covariance analysis. The findings emerging from the study revealed that the latent variable of sustainable competitive advantage was delineated by cost, quality, diversity, and flexibility; and that the latent variable of domestic automobile manufacturers’ production and operations strategies were delineated by Kaizen strategies, enterprise resource planning, punctuality, and supply chain management models. Research findings bore on the significant positive effects of production and operations strategies on Iranian automotive industries sustainable competitive advantage.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the green timing in the production of two workshops by balancing the completion time and energy consumption. The research method is descriptive-analytic and also applicable to the purpose. This research has been designed to evaluate the performance of solving time-varying multi-machine flow shop problem considering the objective functions of minimizing total finishing time energy consumption, and the total weighted latency and early maturity of the work. Data were gathered through interviews and information from Padideh mashinsazi Gharb company and then implemented in MATLAB software. A total of 30 problems were produced with different dimensions based on commonly used methods and were evaluated by Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) and Multiple Objective Particle Swarm Optimization algorithms (MOPSO). Three criteria for comparing MID, MS, and SNS were used along with the solution time to compare different states of the algorithm. Considering sustainability considerations in the timing of production and construction, in addition to the economic benefits of reducing carbon emissions, it helps the environment. The results of the comparison of the two algorithms using two hierarchical and tops analysis methods showed that the outputs from the comparison of the NSGA-II algorithm with the MOPSO algorithm are better for these problems.

Complex products and systems (CoPS) have a vital role in the development process of countries, especially in emerging economies. One of the most important components affecting the success of production and development projects of complex products and systems is the ability in knowledge integration. This capability directly influences the country's innovation capability and enables timely response to changes in the dynamic global environment. The aim of this study is to typology of the factors affecting knowledge integration in the production and development projects of these products. For this purpose, a qualitative thematic analysis research method has been used for data analysis and 235 basic themes, 22 organizing themes and finally 4 global themes have been extracted from the literature review and the opinions of Iranian Aviation Industry experts. The research findings demonstrate that the success of knowledge integration of complex products and systems depends on four categories of contextual factors including environmental factors, product and technology specifications, organizational requirements and contexts, and knowledge development strategy, network structure and processes. The results also indicate that various solutions to the problem of complex product design and development require deep consideration of the environmental factors including institutional components and government.

One of the methods of futurology is scenario writing. In this study, the main factors of the future formation of the standardization system have been identified and analyzed, and the scenarios for the standardization system have been extracted. To this end, based on library studies, a list of the most important factors and variables effective in determining the status of the system was first identified and then, based on expert opinions, the factors that were below the mean scores were eliminated. This way, the selected factors for the next stage of the research on and the designing of the cross-impact questionnaire were extracted. Then, using the questionnaire and applying the cross-impact analysis method using MicMac software, the opinions of the experts were analyzed and 9 factors were identified out of the 24 previously extracted factors as the final key (risk) factors. The results of this section were presented to experts in the form of another questionnaire to determine the uncertainties and significance of each variable. Finally, based on the results and calculations performed on the results of the uncertainty questionnaire, the future scenarios of the standardization system in the field of production technology were identified. According to the results, the two uncertainties of “production policies in order to develop a competitive ground in industries”, and “the possibility of producing modern equipment and machinery” were found to have the highest coefficients and therefore constitute the axes of the scenario of this study.