r&d

During the last years, the emergence of new technologies and the creation of great changes in global markets have made it more necessary to pay attention to technology and project portfolio management.

With the aim of analyzing the factors and components of the portfolio management of health R&D projects.Research

The research is applied in terms of purpose, which was conducted with the qualitative method of Sandusky and Barroso's seven-stage Metasynthesis model. The statistical population is all studies conducted in Iranian articles from 1393 to 1400 and foreign articles from 1998 to 2022, previous researches, databases.

In this regard, 260 researches in the field of the subject were evaluated and finally 60 articles were selected purposefully and by analyzing the content and combining the relevant literature with open, central and selective coding methods, a total of 100 open codes, 19 central codes, 14 The key category was selected and analyzed during the systematic search and combination process, and its validity was confirmed through Kaufman's kappa test.

key categories identified include; Financial management, intellectual capital management, technology management, IT management, R&D management, strategic management, project portfolio management, healthcare services management, health information technology management, quality management, political factors, cultural factors, economic factors and The legal factors were categorized into three categories: main, contextual, and environmental factors, and finally, after going through the seven stages of the research, the portfolio management model of R&D projects in the field of health services based on information technology was formulated.

Science, technology and innovation (STI) policy is shaped by persistent framings that arise from historical context. Two established frames are identified as co-existing and dominant in contemporary innovation policy discussions. The first frame is identified as beginning with a Post-World War II institutionalisation of government support for science and R&D with the presumption that this would contribute to growth and address market failure in private provision of new knowledge. The second frame emerged in the 1980s globalising world and its emphasis on competitiveness which is shaped by the national systems of innovation for knowledge creation and commercialisation. STI policy focuses on building links, clusters and networks, and on stimulating learning between elements in the systems, and enabling entrepreneurship. A third frame linked to contemporary social and environmental challenges such as the Sustainable Development Goals and calling for transformative change is identified and distinguished from the two earlier frames. Transformation refers to socio-technical system change as conceptualised in the sustainability transitions literature. The nature of this third framing is examined with the aim of identifying its key features and its potential for provoking a re-examination of the earlier two frames. One key feature is its focus on experimentation, and the argument that the Global South does not need to play catch-up to follow the transformation model of the Global North. It is argued that all three frames are relevant for policymaking, but exploring options for transformative innovation policy should be a priority.

Small businesses are the driving force behind economic growth, job creation and poverty reduction in developing countries. They are like tools with which economic growth and industrialization are accelerated. In addition, small-scale businesses are known as feeders for large-scale businesses, so they have become more important in pursuit of the economic and social development. Small businesses often struggle to survive and are vulnerable to competition from large companies. This type of business has a significant role in the sustainable economic and social development of a country in terms of contributing to GDP. Because of their strategic role in promoting the economy of a nation in terms of poverty reduction and creation of job opportunities, they are recognized in the management of the country.

The Resource Based View (RBV) believes that the company's resources enable it to gain a competitive advantage and achieve excellent performance in the long run. From a perspective of resources, the strengths and weaknesses of firms have been addressed in order to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. Thus, in our study, we investigate the factors affecting the performance of small businesses at the firm-level such as ownership, experience, export ratio, inventory and R&D and labor-level factors including skills, education, gender, and manufacturing work force. Firm-specific factors are those that are specific to a business and distinguish it from other companies. Furthermore, in this study, four variables including industry type, total assets, sales and number of employees have been used as control variables.

The sample consists of small firms located in the urban and rural parts of Iran. The data are collected from 17000 industrial workshops by the Iranian Statistics Center. There is no single definition of small and medium industries in Iran; even at the level of industrial statistics centers of the country, different definitions are used. The Statistics Center of Iran has classified businesses into four categories including 1-9 staff, 10-49 staff, 50-99 staff and more than 100 staff. This is because the most common criterion for defining small and medium-sized industries is the number of employees; in many studies, workshops with 1 to 15 people are considered as small businesses, from 15 to 250 people as medium-sized businesses, and more than that as large businesses. The sample of this research consists of industrial workshops with 15 employees and fewer.. The firms with missing data were excluded. Thus, our final sample included 1527 small business. A correlation matrix and a hierarchical linear regression model were used to test the research hypotheses by the SPSS software.

The data show that, out of 5643 industrial workshops with 1 to 15 employees in 1991, only 106 workshops (1.88%) were active in exporting their products to foreign countries. The majority of workshop ownership (93.6%) is in the hands of the private sector. Next to that, most of the workshops are cooperatively owned (4.6%) and publicly owned (1.8%), respectively. The results show the impacts of factors such as company experience, research and development activities as well as skills and education of employees on the performance of small businesses in Iran. However, the type of ownership (private, government or cooperative) and export activity have no effect on the performance including assets growth and sales growth. Export activity and export experience did not affect the performance of small businesses in Iran. The findings also show that the type of industry, sales volume and assets play a significant controlling role in the performance of small businesses. In this study, there are some limitations, the most important of which are 1) confidentiality of the data available in the Statistics Center of Iran, which has led to a lot of time and money spent on the research, 2) the unavailability of some financial information of companies causing the researcher in the field not to consider more financial criteria for performance, and 3) the incompleteness of some data and the unavailability of corporate information that has limited the use of more samples.

Small businesses that are more involved in manufacturing activities and spend less money on product designs and development processes have more growth in assets and, therefore, perform better than other small companies. The Findings show that experience affects the performance of small businesses. Our findings show that there is a relationship between employee skills and small business performance. In fact, this means that having a skilled staff is essential for a small industrial workshop.  Finally, the findings indicate that younger small businesses that have limited R&D activities but well-educated workforce and focus on production have better performance in Iran.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of method, due to the use of qualitative and quantitative methods, it is of mixed type. The statistical population of this research is in the qualitative part of 12 research and development experts and in the quantitative part of 36 managers and research experts and development companies of power plant equipment manufacturing and power supply industries of Mapna Industrial Group. Exploratory analysis (content analysis and Grounded theory) and MAX QDA2018 software have been used to identify the factors affecting the development of research and development capabilities, and CVR and CVI forms have been used to confirm the validity of the indicators and extractive factors. Finally, the validation of the Exploratory model was performed by confirmatory factor analysis and SMARTPLS 3 software.

According to the findings of the exploration phase, 56 indices and 8 categories were identified, which confirmed the validity of the exploratory model, 6 indices were removed and finally after confirmatory factor analysis 5 more indices were removed and the final pattern of research with 45 indices and 8 indices. Confirmed.

The results of the exploratory analysis of the frequency and importance of the themes and categories of R&D ability in the power and energy supply industries indicate that the abilities are: finance, human resources, commercialization, Management of R&D project portfolio, Providing technological infrastructure, Management of R&D projects, R&D networking and intellectual property protection are the most important issues.

Power plant equipment's manufacturing industries need to move beyond the boundaries of knowledge and technology, due to the use of advanced technologies in the production processes. What facilitates this movement is research and development in these companies. The present study seeks to develop a dynamic model of research and development strategy to achieve business objectives using the dynamic system modeling method as a powerful tool to analyze the factors affecting the system and analyze the relationships between them and predict future system behavior based on pre-defined scenarios. The causal loops have been extracted and modeled with the viewpoint of experts in the power industry, and Vensim software has been used for modeling. In this study, three scenarios are considered to increase the achievement of R&D strategy objectives. In the baseline scenario, it is assumed that the values of the decision parameters and levers are consistent with the past trend. In optimistic scenario, R&D budget and external collaborations will improve and the organization is more successful in attracting external funding and support for R&D projects, Also, in this scenario, the quality of project management is improved by reducing project execution time and project failure rate. In the pessimistic scenario, the above variables change in the opposite direction. The simulation results show that the 20% change in most of the variables will affect more than 20%, indicating the effectiveness of the change.

In today's fast-paced and highly uncertain environment where customer needs, technology, employee needs, community status, monetary systems, geographic location and everything are changing, companies cannot always rely on the production and supply of their existing products. A new product development strategy is an important activity that helps companies stay alive and make continuous improvements. However, most organizations consider these factors static and disregard these dynamics. Since the relationship between the factors contributing to the success of new product development has many dynamics and feedbacks, the systems dynamics tool is a useful tool to analyze in this area. In this research, in order to identify and analyze the dynamics of the factors affecting the success of a new product development, based on the theoretical background and opinions of industry experts, key variables in the field of new product development have been identified and the causal relationships between these variables are outlined. Accordingly, the system simulated in Tejarat Bank from 1392 to 1404. The results of the simulation and review show that considering the considered policies optimizes the new product development of regulatory financial products in the aforementioned organization.

The emergence of emerging technologies in recent years and the conduct of banking operations on various platforms, which is an evolution of the banking ecosystem, necessitate explaining the factors influencing new product development in the field of financial technology to apply regulatory compliance with international standards. One of the differentiated aspects of new products and services is the observance of the standards that are required in the banking industry. Therefore, in order to help solve the existing problems, it is necessary to identify and investigate the factors affecting the development of new products in the field of financial regulatory technologies. The purpose of this research is applied and is a descriptive-survey method. Affecting factors extracted from the literature review, opinion of banking industry experts in Tejarat bank and the approved questionnaire distributed in the community of experts, and the results analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis and structural equations using Smart-PLS3 software. In this study, seven main factors with 46 sub factors influencing new product development in the field of regulatory technology identified and it was confirmed that all key identified factors had a significant impact on the development of new financial regulatory technology products.

This study is an empirical research that examines the firm-specific factors that affect the export performance of SMEs in Iran. The statistical population includes active exporter manufacturing firms based on the census of the Statistical Center of Iran. Due to missing data, 1169 manufacturing firms were selected as the final sample of this study. Pearson correlation coefficient and hierarchical multivariate regression methods were used to analyze the data. The results suggest that smaller, privately owned companies have better export performance. Also, the level of technology and capital intensity do not affect the export performance of small and medium-sized businesses. The findings of the research indicate the effect of staff skills and their degree of education on export performance. Research and development (R&D) and product diversity also have an effect on export performance. The results show that manufacturing companies with a few numbers of products have better performance in export.

According to economic theory, it is expected that by increasing import, competition for domestic enterprises increase and to maintain market share, they carry out innovative and R&D activities. So, in this study, the effect of import competition on R&D in Iran’s manufacturing industries was investigated. For this purpose, the Data from Iranian manufacturing was used in the form of four-digit ISIC codes for the period of 1994-2013. The results of model estimation based on dynamic panel data by SYSGMM approach showed import increase reduces R&D activities in the industry. Also, despite the fact that profiitebilty of industries has a negative impact on R&D activities, import increase in high-profit industries lead to R&D activities increase. In addition, the results indicate that R&D activates in industries with human capital and large firm is more, and import increase also encourages R&D activities in these industries.

Power plant industries are among the mother industries that research and development with the forward-looking perspective are crucial in which due to the rapid changes in technology. On the other hand, part of R&D is done within the supply chain of these industries. Finally, the power plant products success is strongly dependent on existing and future successful R&D collaborations in the supply chain. Mapna Group, as a manufacturer of power plant products, needs to develop research and development collaboration in its supply chain with a forward-looking approach in order to gain competitive advantage and to be present in the global markets. Since no research has been done in this regard, the purpose of this study is to identify the factors influencing the success of R&D collaborations in MAPNA Group Supply Chain. This research is a descriptive survey in terms of method, and is applied in terms of purpose. Factors affecting the R&D collaborations in the supply chain are extracted from overviewing the literature and the supply chain experts' viewpoints, and the questionnaire approved by the MAPNA Group’s Experts was distributed and results were analyzed by the confirmatory factor analysis with structural equations and PLS software. In this study, 8 key success factors in R&D collaboration were identified and wereconfirmed together with 25 indicators. According to the Network Analysis Process (ANP), the first priority is the integrated supply chain leadership, the second priority is the technology intelligence, and the next priorities respectively are the partner specificity factors, suppliers management, financial management, research and development management, legal obligations and IT management.

Regarding the importance of CoPS in providing the organization with technological capability and the differences existing between these systems and mass products, it is essential to develop a model to collaborate on CoPS R&D. Exploitation of the capabilities of the network of collaborators is a desirable option due to inability of the organization in providing the resources comprising finance, human, facilities and expertise. Reviewing the literature on CoPS and technological collaboration incorporating the kind and motivations of collaborators and organizational forms of collaboration and interviewing 18 experts of the organization, a model was developed based on TRL approach and fuzzy cognitive mapping tool. Considering the model developed, the steps of project is classified into 3 categories: Green(able to be collaborated in network), Yellow (able to be collaborated on condition) and red (unable to be collaborated). The role of the members of the network and the strategy of collaborating with them is specified as follows: R&D contract with universities and consulting agents, Educational acquisition with faculty members, outsourcing the projects intended as military service compensation, and R&D contract or research funding with knowledge-based institutions. On the other hand, the position of technology developing and designing centers is specified employing the national innovation system as an upper hand document. Validity of model is proven by checklist of good theories.

Drawing on institutional theory, we examine how institutions have influenced technology development trends in the U.S. since the mid-19th century. Based on an inductive analysis of the history of technology development and corporate R&D, we show that both formal and informal institutional rules and constraints played a role in the initial rise of markets for technology, their decline during the early-20th century, and their eventual return at the end of the 20th century. We also find that formal and informal institutions influenced the widespread adoption of in-house R&D labs during the mid-20th century. Our study integrates insights from both the economics and sociology branches of institutional theory. This perspective is particularly useful to analyze historical phenomenon and shifts in trends across long time periods.