smart tourism

Shiraz, as one of the most important cities in the country in the field of tourism, is considered ‎to have very significant natural and historical attractions of Iran, many of which are relics of ‎the ancient history of Iran. Attention to the tourism industry's development is paramount to ‎exploit these capacities fully. The adoption of innovative technologies in this field improves ‎the welfare and tourist experience and the possibility of competition with other tourism ‎destinations at the global level, turning Shiraz into a prominent global destination. This ‎research aims to identify the challenges of implementing the Fourth Industrial Revolution in ‎the tourism industry and provide solutions to solve them. This research is exploratory and ‎uses a mixed research strategy (qualitative-quantitative), considered applied research. Data ‎collection was done through literature reviews and semi-structured interviews. This research ‎is cross-sectional. 43 challenges were identified from the literature review and interviews ‎with experts. According to the results of the fuzzy screening, 37 challenges were finalized ‎and classified in 5 dimensions. Additionally, through a review of previous literature and ‎interviews with experts, 22 solutions were collected to solve these challenges. Among them, ‎one challenge was eliminated in the fuzzy screening process.‎

In recent years, smart cities and smart tourism destinations have received wide attention due to providing effective solutions to solve the problems faced by the communities and promoting a sustainable competitive advantage from the point of view of tourism destination marketing. However, the consequences of its development on the residents from socio-cultural aspects have not been studied. The purpose of this study is to analyze the basic cultural and social functions of smart tourism development in Tabriz city. The current research is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive survey in terms of its nature. In this research, a qualitative approach was used with the method of content analysis and using library resources and in-depth semi-structured interviews. The expert members were selected by the snowball method and theoretical saturation was obtained after interviewing 13 experts, but three more interviews were conducted for more certainty. After performing three stages of open, core and selective coding, the findings identified 19 concepts in the form of 7 sub-themes, including innovation acceptance, public value, sustainability, promotion of citizen participation, tourism co-creation, residents’ subjective well-being and new technologies ethical aspects. The results of this study can be of great help to policy-makers and managers of urban tourism destinations in order to understand and manage how its development affects people.

The development of smart technology has led to the birth of smart tourism, which can improve tourists' experience and satisfaction both before, during, and after the trip. A group of factors and features of smart technologies can affect the creation of a memorable experience and the intention of tourists to visit again. This study examines the role of tourists' use of smart technologies in the travel experience of satisfaction and the intention to visit again in Tehran, Isfahan, Mashhad, and Tabriz. The data required for this study was collected through a standard questionnaire completed by 540 people who have visited these metropolises in the last two years. The structural equation modeling method and Smart PLS software were used to evaluate the impact of each of these factors. The results of this research showed that there is a significant relationship between the variables of informativeness, interaction, and personalization and memorable experience. Also, memorable experience has led to the satisfaction of tourists and the intention to visit again among them. Anyway, the results of this study showed that the ability to access smart tourism technologies has no significant relationship with a memorable experience.

Overtourism is a danger for tourism destinations because the factors that give power to tourism, if not managed well, will impose unavoidable negative consequences that will lead to a decrease in the number of tourists in the destinations. The current research has been conducted with the aim of investigating and analyzing overtourism from the point of view of smart tourism for tourism destinations. This research is of the developmental-applied type and in terms of methodology, it is in the category of qualitative research. In order to collect qualitative data, the interview tool was used. The participants in this research are 21 managers and officials of organizations in charge of tourism, tourism practitioners and activists, academic faculty members of universities who are in charge of the subject, who conducted interviews with the snowball method and reaching theoretical saturation. In this regard, the findings of the interview were analyzed using thematic analysis method and finally 193 open codes, 18 central codes and 3 selective codes were extracted. The results show that overtourism management includes three dimensions of tourism supply with facilities and attraction components, spatial and geographical location of the destination, environmental and psychological tolerance capacity of natives, smart tourism platforms, smart services, smart marketing and advertising, tourism demand dimension with the components of the behavioral and personality patterns of tourists, seasonality of tourism, psychological and social tolerance capacity of tourists, spatial and geographical location of origin, tourist culture and travel style, tourist motivation and structural/management dimension with the components of intelligent distribution mechanism, government And smart governance, laws and policies, smart structure and system, smart management pattern and style, education and culture building are categorized.

The purpose of this research is "identifying and prioritizing the implementation factors of blockchain technology in the development of tourism industry in Tehran province". The studied community in the qualitative part includes experts and professors of the tourism industry and in the quantitative part it includes tourists of tourist places in Tehran province. The size of the sample studied in the qualitative part was 10 experts and in the quantitative part 384 people were determined. In order to collect data in this research, a semi-structured interview was used in the qualitative part and a questionnaire was used in the quantitative part, the validity of which was content validity by experts with the help of Delphi technique, and the construct and structure validity by confirmatory factor analysis in smart pls software and reliability. It has been confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient in spss software. In order to analyze the data in the qualitative part of the coding and in the quantitative part of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, for the normality test, and the confirmatory factor analysis test and structural equation modeling were used to confirm the components and present the model in smart pls software. The results showed that the factors of blockchain technology implementation in the development of the tourism industry in Tehran province, in order of priority, include 1- results and consequences; 2- Technology applications; 3- Blockchain technology in tourism; 4- Information needs; 5- Supply chain management.

Many developed and developing countries have recognized the growth of the tourism industry as an effective approach to the prosperity of their economy.Tourism development can lead to capital attraction, which in turn improves other sectors. Tourism is a complex economic sector that significantly affects employment, balance of payments and socio-economic development of different regions. In today's world, almost everything we see works intelligently. The tourism industry needs to be intelligent, it needs to provide higher quality and faster services.The aim of this study is to model and prioritize the dimensions of Smart Tourism Development Strategies in Iran using the ANP technique. This research is considered a survey in terms of practical purpose and in terms of research strategy because it examines people's perceptions with questionnaire and interview tools, and in fact, the data of this research is of the perceptual type. The statistical community is in the qualitative sector of the tourism sector, with a sample size based on theoretical saturation of 15 people. The sampling method was used in this study to target the sampling method.. The main tool for data collection in the qualitative sector was a semi-structured in-depth interview, and qualitative data analysis was done by the foundation data opinion method, and the ANP technique was used in the factor prioritization section. In the qualitative sector, we found 19 components in the field of smart tourism development strategies, with economic factors having the highest weight and ranking first, and political factors having the lowest weight and ranking last.

Today, tourism is known as the largest and most diverse industry in the world. The current research was conducted with the aim of presenting a model of smart tourism development strategies in Iran. In the first part of the qualitative method with an inductive approach, it is exploratory in nature and basic research in terms of direction. In the second part, a quantitative method was used to confirm the dimensions and model. Therefore, in terms of practical purpose, in terms of research strategy, it is considered a survey. The statistical population in the qualitative section is experts in the field of tourism, whose sample size is 15 people based on theoretical saturation. In this section, the method of sampling is purposeful. The statistical population is a small part of the tourists in Iran (unlimited), based on this, the sample size was determined to be 384 people. The main tool of data collection was semi-structured in-depth interview in the qualitative part and the questionnaire was used in the quantitative part. Qualitative data analysis was done using the data-based theory method and quantitative data analysis was done using structural equation method (Amos). Based on the obtained paradigm model, the components related to smart tourism in six categories of causal factors (economic factors, technological factors, infrastructural factors and legal factors), background conditions (environment, social factors and cultural factors), intervention conditions (Government support and political and security factors), core category (smart tourism goals, smart tourism experiences and smart tourism business ecosystem), including strategies (support industries, technical measures and electronic marketing) and finally consequences (consequences economic, social, stability and political) were identified. In the quantitative section, the case model was examined and confirmed.

A B S T R A C T
The ever-increasing progress of Information and communication technologies has caused tourism to move away from its traditional form, and the application of smart tourism has received much attention as one of the critical components of the development of the tourism industry. In the meantime, eco-lodges as one of the accommodation facilities whose demand has grown significantly in the recent years, must move towards developing smart tourism to meet the emerging needs of tourists, improve the tourist experience and increase their competitive advantage. However, there hasn't been enough research on the development of smart tourism in eco-lodges. Hence, the aim of this study is to identify the challenges of developing smart tourism in eco-lodges. The research method is practical in terms of its purpose and descriptive survey in data collection, and a qualitative approach has been used to answer the research questions. Sampling was done in a judgmental way and the number of samples was obtained based on the repetition of data and theoretical saturation during the interview. The information analysis in this research has been done using the theme analysis method. By extracting the challenges affecting the smartness of eco-lodges (codes, concepts, and categories), the researchers decided to present the relevant structure. Content validity was checked with the strategy of triangulation (researcher triangulation, methodological triangulation, theoretical triangulation), and the reliability of the research was also controlled by preparing and using a written framework (interview protocol) for the interview. Interviews were conducted by 12 owners and professional and experienced managers of eco-lodges. Then, by analyzing the themes of the interviews, 28 extraction codes and 5 concept extraction codes were formed. Technological challenges, economic challenges, specialized knowledge challenges, psychological challenges, and implementation challenges are the identified concepts, which have finally created the structure of smarting challenges of eco-lodges from the perspective of owners and managers by creating the category of smarting challenges.
Extended Abstract
The ever-increasing progress of Information and communication technologies has caused tourism to move away from its traditional form, and the application of smart tourism has received much attention as one of the critical components of the development of the tourism industry. Given the growing effect of smart technologies on the tourism industry, the growing impact of smart technologies on the tourism industry has prompted major international organizations, such as the World Tourism Organization and the World Economic Forum, to actively commit to promoting and fostering smart tourism globally. These entities recognize the transformative potential that smart technologies hold for the tourism industry, and their commitment serves as an acknowledgment of the imperative role that smart tourism plays in shaping the future of global tourism. In the meantime, the digitalization of tourism in Iran is also expanding rapidly, which can promise a future full of golden opportunities for tourism industry operators. However, smart tourism in Iran is still in the early stages of its development. Smart tourism and its benefits, especially in Ecotourism and Eco-lodge accommodations, have been neglected. Eco-lodges, one of the accommodation facilities whose demand has grown significantly in recent years, must move towards developing smart tourism to meet the emerging needs of tourists, improve the tourist experience and increase the competitive advantage. However, there hasn't been enough research on developing smart tourism in eco-lodges. When eco-lodges want to move towards smartening, they will face challenges; some are at the macro level and some at the micro level. Hence, this study aims to identify the challenges of developing smart tourism in eco-lodges from the point of view of the owners and managers of these accommodations. To address the purpose of this study, the following questions have been raised:
which factors (challenges) affect the development of smart tourism in eco-lodge accommodations from the point of view of owners and managers of eco-lodges?
What are the dimensions and structures of the model of the challenges of developing smart tourism in eco-lodges?

 
The research method is practical in terms of its purpose and descriptive survey in data collection, and a qualitative approach has been used to answer the research questions. Sampling was done in a judgmental way, and the number of samples was obtained based on the repetition of data and theoretical saturation during the interview. The information analysis in this research uses the theme analysis method. By extracting the challenges affecting the smartness of eco-lodges (codes, concepts, and categories), the researchers decided to present the relevant structure. Content validity was checked with the strategy of triangulation (researcher triangulation, methodological triangulation, theoretical triangulation), and the reliability of the research was also controlled by preparing and using a written framework (interview protocol) for the interview.
 
As it is clear, the current research, in order to investigate willingness/unwillingness, faces the questions that we have mentioned in the first step and at the beginning of the research. According to the stated questions and as mentioned before, the present research has been done in the qualitative phase. In order to answer the questions, firstly, by creating an interview, we had a conversation with 12 owners and experienced managers of eco-lodges who were selected by judgment. The interview continued until the required data reached the point of saturation. After each interview, the text of the interview was written on paper. The process of analyzing and Code extraction has been done by considering the issues and questions and open coding. It should also be noted that the coding process continued until theoretical adequacy was achieved. After the interview with the ninth person, we reached the point of saturation and coding, and to ensure this, we continued the interview until the twelfth person. Then, by analyzing the themes of the interviews, 28 extraction codes and 5 concept extraction codes were formed.
 
Technological challenges, economic challenges, specialized knowledge challenges, psychological challenges, and implementation challenges are the identified concepts which have finally created the structure of smarting challenges of eco-lodge accommodations from the perspective of owners and managers by creating the category of smarting challenges. Identifying these challenges could be the first step in smoothing the path toward developing smart tourism in eco-lodges. On the one hand, the result of this research can be used in future research to identify solutions to overcome the challenges of developing smart tourism in the eco-lodges. On the other hand, it can be used in tourism development policies and programs, especially smart and sustainable tourism development programs. Moreover, it can provide a clear vision to move towards smartness for the owners of tourism businesses, especially eco-lodges accommodations.
 
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
Authors’ Contribution
All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

his study aims to identify the effective factors and provide a model for the development of urban smart tourism in Tabriz city with a marketing ecosystem approach. The qualitative approach with the content analysis method was used in this regard. The field method with the in-depth interview technique was used to collect the required data while studying the library resources. The interviews continued until theoretical saturation was reached. In total, 16 experts in this field were interviewed by snowball sampling. MAXQDA software was used for content analysis. The findings of the research indicate that 33 subthemes in the form of five main themes include marketplace (global developments in the tourism market, public relations, promotion, etc.), technology (developments in the field of technology, upgrading purchasing systems, dynamic response systems, etc.), socio-economic (smart financial transfer, financial transparency, acceptance of innovation, etc.), geopolitics (strengthening Iran's tourism competitors, etc.), and environmental (smart management of resources, environmental crises, sustainability, etc.), form the model of urban smart tourism development in Tabriz. This research showed that the development of smart urban tourism at the international level has a higher complexity than domestic tourism. Managers of urban destinations can benefit from the results of this research, including the use of fifth-generation tourism, infrastructure development, increasing government support, developing smart projects, benchmarking and more cooperation with the world's leading smart cities and increasing the participation of local people to advance their development goals

Tourism is a sector that is directly and indirectly related to technological advances. Recently, Big data technology has provided significant opportunities for smartening the tourism industry. Accordingly, the present study aims to investigate the impact of factors affecting the acceptance of Big data technology to evaluate the impact of 10 components of the three dimensions of the TOE technology acceptance framework on the acceptance of Big data in the tourism sector. The present study is applied in terms of orientation and in terms of the type and manner of collecting survey-descriptive information. The statistical sample of the study included 100 employees, experts and managers of the IT department in the field of tourism who were selected using a researcher-made questionnaire and available sampling method. Then the research data were analyzed using SPSS22 and Smart PLS3 software. According to the findings, the factors of perceived comparative advantage, external support, external pressure, managerial support, human resource readiness, centralized structure, data-driven culture and complexity have been effective on the acceptance of big data in tourism; But the two factors of adaptation and technical readiness did not have a significant effect. According to the research results, due to the high importance of understanding the comparative advantage and lack of significant impact of adaptation and technical readiness; Attention to the introduction and application of an innovation is more important than the current technological facilities and capabilities of organizations to accept an innovation.

In the era of digital transformation, Big Data have assumed a crucial role in changing the global travel and providing significant challenges and opportunities for established companies, as well as new entrants into the tourism industry. this study sought to fill the knowledge gap of linkage the relationships between big data and marketing strategy with comprehensive viewpoints across different research fields in tourism and hospitality literatures. This study aims to identify and present a comprehensive model of data driven marketing in smart tourism. This study is conducted by Meta-synthesis approach. After performing CASP analysis, eventually,47 papers are investigated. we identified and prioritized the consequences, challenges, prerequisites and Dimensions of data driven marketing in smart tourism. After investigating the articles, we identified and prioritized the consequences of BD in 7 major Category including: 1-process 2-people 3-product 4-physical evidence 5-promotion 6-place 7-price.

The industrial revolution has affected the economy and various industries. Technology is the main factor of the fourth industrial revolution, which has a significant impact on tourism. The development of information technology and intelligence has led to the transformation of the tourism industry and creates a lot of competition and makes many developers of the tourism sector to engage in real innovations to attract tourists. Therefore, to investigate the smart economy in tourism, this study tries to evaluate the indicators of the smart tourism economy in Iran by using a model based on the best-worst multi-criteria decision-making method. For this purpose, first, by studying the research literature and the opinions of experts in the field of tourism, the effective dimensions and indicators of the smart economy in the tourism industry have been determined. According to experts, the best-worst method, increasing attractions and activities is the most important criterion in the economy of smart tourism. In addition, creating new markets for selling domestic products and using information technology are placed in the second and third priorities, respectively. The results of this research show that managers of the tourism industry should focus on increasing attractions, introducing services related to tourism information through smart tools, using online markets or e-commerce and making more use of the information technology platform.

The main purpose of this article was to investigate the role of social and cultural empowerment in institutionalizing smart programs of Iran's tourism industry and identify the components of smart tourism in Iran's urban destinations. As a mixed-method research, this study used contractual qualitative content analysis within its qualitative phase and a survey in its quantitative phase. As for the qualitative phase, 13 Iranian tourism managers were selected and interviewed through targeted and snowball sampling. Moreover, to conduct the quantitative phase, 390 travel agency experts were selected via convenience sampling, using Cochran's formula. The results of analyzing the data via structural equation modeling with the partial least squares approach showed that all observable and hidden variables were significant at the level of 0/05, all of which were confirmed. Furthermore, socio-cultural empowerment, smart governance, development of new smart technologies applications, and comprehensive smart tourism services were identified as components of the smart tourism industry in Iran. In addition, based on the Stone-Geisser index, the redundancy index of the social and cultural empowerment component was calculated to be 0/523 and based on its value in the final model (0/528), the strong predictive power of the model was confirmed.

Due to the lack of sufficient infrastructure to create smart tourism and poor planning for the use of technology in the tourism industry, Iran has serious problems in this area. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to design a smart tourism model in the sports industry. This research is based on the collection of exploratory information and based on the purpose of the type of basic research and has been done using the data theory of the foundation. The data collection tool was a semi-structured in-depth interview. The participating community consisted of university professors who were familiar with the subject of tourism as well as tourism managers and the method of purposeful sampling with a snowball technique was used. The collected data were analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding, and the final pattern was extracted. The final model consists of a set of central categories, causal conditions, necessary contexts, intervening variables, strategies, and consequences of smart tourism for the sports industry. In general, it can be said that the use of digital tools will bring countless benefits to businesses and activists in the sports tourism industry. Including the development of tourism to reduce reliance on oil and exit the mono-product economy. Also, the sports tourism industry with its unique value chain, on the one hand, is faced with digitally transformed tourists and on the other hand with basic spaces such as the origin of travel, travel route, tourist destination, and its external environment.

Today, tourism is one of the most dynamic activities in creating socio-economic transformation in the world, which has become increasingly important. Whereas coastal cities, as one of the most attractive spaces for tourists, have important economic, scientific, medical centers, etc..; therefore, in order to achieve sustainable tourism development, cities must be considered from all social, cultural, economic and environmental dimensions. Due to the advancement of technology and technological tools, the field of tourism also needs to be reviewed and changed. Therefore, a smart tourism destination with the level of utilization of innovative electronic and technological facilities and equipment is introduced. In other words, the development and quality of smart tourism platforms is an inevitable necessity and the importance of improving the level of intelligence of existing tourism infrastructure is always raised. But the fragmentation and vastness of this infrastructure is very costly and time consuming. Hence the need to create a tourist village in a smaller area, especially in coastal cities to accelerate its realization. Therefore, the present article as the main goal, assesses the need to establish a smart tourism village in Bandar-Anzali city, which has become one of the most important tourist attractions in Gilan province due to its beautiful beaches, natural attractions and beautiful landscapes.

The present research is applied based on the purpose of the research, and in order to achieve the objectives of the research, on the one hand, the situation and position of tourism in the region should be recognized and on the other hand, its level of sustainability should be measured so that the necessity and need of creating a smart tourist village can be better explained. Therefore, the Butler life cycle model was selected to identify the situation and position of tourism in the region, and the Prescott Allen model was determined to distinguish the level of sustainability. In the present article, the data were prepared in two categories such as questionnaire information and data collected from related organizations. Therefore, in addition to the Delphi method, 20 experts in the field of tourism and 384 samples in the two groups of the host and guest community in equal numbers were sampled according to the Cochran table in winter 2020. Then, through Prescott Allen's sustainability model, the trend of smart tourism sustainability was classified.

In order to provide a proper understanding of the current situation in the Butler life cycle explanation model, 21 items have been used in the questionnaire items in order to explaining the view of the host and guest community in terms of quantity, motivation and type of travel, the level of awareness of recognizing the tourism destination, the effects of tourism in different areas, the effects of management and planning, infrastructure and centralized intelligence activities. According to the results obtained from the Butler model, Bandar-Anzali city is in a range of sustainability stages. The level of satisfaction with tourism activity in the tourist village with a value of 0.64 in the Butler model has been largely satisfied by the host and guest respondents as well as experts. This degree of value in Prescott Allen's classification is at the level of potential stability. The level of familiarity with smart tourism, with a value of 0.27 in the Butler model, has been met to a small extent by the host and guest respondents as well as experts. This degree of value in Prescott Allen's classification is at the level of potential instability. The item of cyber infrastructure in the field of tourism, with a value of 0.16 in the Butler model, has been largely met by the host and guest respondents. This degree of value in Prescott Allen's classification is unstable. However, from the perspective of experts in this field, the value of this item is estimated to be 0.59 in the Butler model on average. This degree of value in Prescott Allen's classification is at a moderate level of stability. As a result, it can be said that the items related to smart tourism infrastructure are at the level of instability; which is very significant by those involved in this field and on the other hand, the level of satisfaction of the host community with tourism activities in the tourist village is at the level of potential sustainability and can be trusted and considered with a little focus and strategic plan.

According to the studies conducted in the current situation, the need for smart tourism is in the semi-life stage and in transition to the stage of consolidation and maturity, which is even more felt in the Post-Corona situation. Therefore, the need for this type of tourism (smart one) by strengthening the cyber infrastructure of the host community can put itself in the stage of stabilization and maturity for a long time. What seems more important than other factors, is to change attitudes and introduce the advantages of this type of tourism in the form of a smart village in the host community. If this situation is stabilized, it can be a good model for the development of smart tourism, especially in tourist villages.

Today, the rapid development of technology, has introduced smart all organizations and communities. The concept of smart tourism is an integration of the information and communication technologies with tourism industry for respond to the needs and wants of tourists, before, during and after the trip, which can increase the level of competitiveness of the destination (s). The main purpose of this article is to identify and ranking the factors affecting smart tourism in Iran. The research method use of descriptive- survey, functional goal, available sampling method and a researcher-made online questionnaire. The statistical population is of domestic and foreign tourists to the city of Isfahan and sample size is 384. The collection data are analysis using SPSS 22 and Smart PLS 2.0 software.The result showed that the positive and significant effect causal conditions on the central phenomenon of smart tourism, The central phenomenon of smart tourism on strategies, strategies on consequences, intervening factors and contextual factors on strategies. Also, the ranking results show that there is a significant difference with 95% probability in the ranking of the following dimensions affecting smart tourism.

The purpose of this study is to identify the components of smart tourism industry in Iran through mixed method. In the qualitative section, in the qualitative section, the statistical population consisted of tourism industry managers. 13 depth interview was conducted. Data analysis was performed in the qualitative part by conventional qualitative content analysis method using MaxqDa software. In the quantitative section, the statistical population consisted of experts from travel agencies as well as tourists from these three cities. 390 respondents were selected by using Cochran formula and random sampling method Structural equation modeling with partial least squares (PLS) approach was used for data analysis.The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that all observable variables were significant and confirmed at the 0.05 level. The results identified four components: smart governance, socio-cultural empowerment, development of using new smart technologies and comprehensive smart tourism services.

The development of information and communication technology has created a "new generation" of tourism that people have important demands, such as tracking travel arrangements and plans, searching for information, online booking tickets and hotels, online shopping, and comparing travel prices, providing mobile facilities and applications (Wi-Fi, short-term services and multimedia messaging), and also have less inclined to wait or delay and time is of value to them. Under these situations, to reduce the gap between the real world and the digital realm, smart tourism has emerged as an acceptable response to these structural changes. Following this trend, the main issue is that Iran has not yet taken appropriate and constructive measures and decisions in the field of smart tourism, and so far no suitable model has been presented in terms of it. The importance of the subject is that smart tourism helps tourists to expand the domain of their tourism experience by creating an environment for sharing information and experiences without borders. According to the importance of smart tourism, the main purpose of this study is to identify smart tourism components and also provide a practical pattern of smart tourism in order to examine its effects on tourist satisfaction and co-creation. 

In the current research, a combined method has been used to achieve the research objectives. In the first part of the qualitative method with inductive approach, in terms of nature, it is exploratory research and in terms of orientation, because it seeks to identify the components of smart tourism, it is a fundamental one. In the second part, SPSS 22 and Smart-PLS 2.0 software programs were used. The statistical population of this research in the qualitative stage is divided into two parts: A) experts in the field of tourism, including academic and management experts, and especially those who have scientific and educational background in the field of tourism management. Due to the limited number of these individuals, the sample was examined and interviewed theoretically (non-probability) and purposefully. B) Managers, deputies and experts of the Tourism Organization in Isfahan. The sample size of this research is 15 people. In the second part, a quantitative method was applied to investigate the effects of smart tourism on tourist satisfaction and co-creation. The validity of the research questions was accomplished in a formal way by experts and its reliability was calculated based on Cronbach's alpha that was obtained 0.823, which indicates the appropriate reliability of the research questions.  

Thereafter in-depth interviews with the expert group, 83 concepts, 19 main categories and 11 components for smart tourism were identified and extracted. The extracted categories were structured according to the Strauss and Corbin paradigm model in the form of six dimensions of causal conditions, intervening factors, contextual factors, interaction dimension or strategies of action, outcome and phenomenon. Reliability tests (Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability) and validity tests (convergent and divergent validity methods) were used to measure the fit of the reflective measurement model. Based on the results of the obtained measurement model, the factor load has a value greater than 0.5 in all cases, which indicates that there is an appropriate correlation between observable and latent variables. To evaluate the divergent validity of the measurement model, Fornell and Larker criterion was exerted and confirmed. Furthermore, in order to assess the quality or validity of the model, a validity check was used, which includes a subscription validity index and a redundancy validity index. According to the results, the effect of smart tourism on co-creation has been calculated to be 0.262. And the probability statistic of the test has been obtained 4.441. Also, the intensity of the effect of smart tourism on tourist satisfaction is calculated to be 0.231 and the probability statistic of the test has been obtained 3.890.  

According to the obtained results from Smart-PLS software program, it was found that smart tourism has a positive effect on tourist co-creation. Therefore, it can be concluded that tourists through smart approach can actively engage with tourism service providers and cooperate in creating co-creation and also they may even be directly involved in tourism proposals innovation. Based on the result of the positive and significant effect of smart tourism path coefficient on tourist satisfaction, it can be said that tourist satisfaction plays an important role in the continuation of tourism and the future of this industry. The results of this study also demonstrated that the type and amount of received information is directly related to travel planning.

Today, most resources around the world are consumed in cities with high economic importance and poor environmental performance. Global carbon dioxide emissions, largely due to urban growth and a major contributor to climate change, have increased by 45% over the 20-year period (1990 to 2010). The environmental problems and urban sprawl emphasize the importance of new sustainable solutions in communities. It requires the development of Smart urban spaces that provides the necessary platform to reach the sustainable city. Due to the rapid and pervasive development of digital and mobile technologies, the everyday life of people has been profoundly influenced in urban communities and the behavior and interests has been changed.

Due to the novelty of the concept of cyber park and the newness of ongoing cyber park projects in different parts of the world, in this research, an attempt has been made to take advantage of the features of the content analysis method, accurate and systematic analysis of research and actions taken. In this regard, while extracting and developing concepts related to cyber park, a summary of research findings in the form of a cyber park conceptual model is presented. In this way, based on the researches and actions performed and the analyzes performed during the research stages, the main functional areas are identified and extracted. In the continuation of the research, in one stage, the content and components of each functional area are categorized and presented separately, and in the next stage, through analysis and comparison, the interactions and interactions of different functional areas are determined. Finally, the activities that can be formed in cyberspace are explained. These activities arise from the interactions of three functional areas, including influencers and tourists, urban tourism spaces, and information and communication technology.

Cyberpark is being developed via the co-creation approach through digital interactions and built environment. So consecrating both virtual systems and real systems in nature, Cyberpark can establish a balance between digital and human life. A world of intelligent environments where sensors and computers are seamlessly embedded to enhance ordinary park activities, places where the landscape itself might respond to people moving through it. Tourism development relies on good public infrastructure. Cyberpark can influence public policy for infrastructure upgrade, making them more sustainable, innovative and resource-efficient and moving towards low carbon growth, thus attracting tourists and other sources of foreign investment. This Cyber-physical system allows tourists to exchange information, share knowledge, experiences, and transfer technology and innovation as drivers of future growth. Due to the new concept of Cyberpark and emerging similar innovations offering new forms for the future, this research supports a wide range of assumption, theoretical background, and previous technical approaches to analysis “smart UPS”, “smart torism” “ICT”, and digital interactions of people in urban socio-cultural environment, and attempts to develop the “conceptual model of Cyberpark”. The aim of Cyberpark is to use ICT Through co-creation to improve the values of public and tourism spaces and extensively the functions of them from different aspects.

The findings of this study indicate that Cyberparks are known to have three main functional areas includes: stakeholders and tourists, urban tourism spaces, and ICT. It consequently explains that how people and tourist experience the city, appreciate the environment, along with the way they interrelate to each other and with the urban space. The interaction of the activities in this cyber-physical context is beneficial for the environment, and should be the basis of development that would make cities more attractive places for living, visiting and working, since it is people who bring life to public spaces.